The research aimed to evaluate the hematological and biochemical parameters in patients with kidney failure who are being treated at the nephrology department. This study was performed on 100 samples (50 males and 50 females) of patients... more
The research aimed to evaluate the hematological and biochemical parameters in patients with kidney failure who are being treated at the nephrology department. This study was performed on 100 samples (50 males and 50 females) of patients who attended the nephrology department at Ibn Sina University Hospital. The survey of these samples was carried out among patients attending from January to May 2023. This study depended on the analysis of individual samples obtained from patient records, expressed as complete blood count (CBC) as well as biochemical changes in kidney function. It was found that most patients suffered from a decrease in hemoglobin, WBCs, and RBCs levels. According to the obtained results in this study, we found a significant decrease in the concentrations of hemoglobin, platelets, and leukocytes in both genders, while we found a significant increase in the concentrations of urea and creatinine. The results revealed no decline in potassium ions in patients, but sodium ions slightly decreased somewhat in males alone and not in females.
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Pharmacology and Pharmacy
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The Sunscreen products that contain different active ingredients which can affect the sunlight by absorbing, reflect or scatter it depends on the nature of these products. The effectiveness of a sunscreen product can be evaluated by... more
The Sunscreen products that contain different active ingredients which can affect the sunlight by absorbing, reflect or scatter it depends on the nature of these products. The effectiveness of a sunscreen product can be evaluated by determining the sun protection factor (SPF). This research aimed to determine the sun protection factor (SPF) values of six sunscreens commercial product by UV-Visible Spectroscopy. In this study, the absorption values of some cosmetic products as sunscreens (creams, lotions and foundations) were measured using the ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The Mansur equation was applied to calculate SPF values for each cosmetic product. The sun protections labelled values of these commercially available sunscreens were in the range (10-90). Therefore, this spectrophotometric method is fast, straightforward and can be used to determine the SPF values in cosmetic.
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An (4E,6E)-alkadienyl alcohol which is a solid compound which can be stored at rt, upon dissolving into a suitable solvent undergoes facile autoxidation (4E,6E)-alkadienyl alcohol 1 in air at room temperature. The result is complete... more
An (4E,6E)-alkadienyl alcohol which is a solid compound which can be stored at rt, upon dissolving into a suitable solvent undergoes facile autoxidation (4E,6E)-alkadienyl alcohol 1 in air at room temperature. The result is complete decompose leading to a mixture of products, including benzaldehyde (24%) and cinnamaldehyde (29%). Possible mechanistic explanations for the autoxidation are discussed.
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Synthesize of high-yielding, large-scale synthesis of N-protected-β-aminonitriles: tert-butyl (1R)-2-cyano-1-phenylethylcarbamate
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An (4E,6E)-alkadienyl alcohol which is a solid compound which can be stored at rt, upon dissolving into a suitable solvent undergoes facile autoxidation (4E,6E)-alkadienyl alcohol 1 in air at room temperature. The result is complete... more
An (4E,6E)-alkadienyl alcohol which is a solid compound which can be stored at rt, upon dissolving into a suitable solvent undergoes facile autoxidation (4E,6E)-alkadienyl alcohol 1 in air at room temperature. The result is complete decompose leading to a mixture of products, including benzaldehyde (24%) and cinnamaldehyde (29%). Possible mechanistic explanations for the autoxidation are discussed.
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This review provides insight into the variety of structures and biological activities found in the non-isoprenoid family of polyene natural products and examines the strategies and synthetic methods applied for the polyenic components in... more
This review provides insight into the variety of structures and biological activities found in the non-isoprenoid family of polyene natural products and examines the strategies and synthetic methods applied for the polyenic components in particular by way of examples.
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This study aimed to determine the ultraviolet absorption for some carboxylic acids and their salts of mono-and bivalent metals as organic UV filters by UV spectrophotometer, as well as, calculate the values of the sun protection factor... more
This study aimed to determine the ultraviolet absorption for some carboxylic acids and their salts of mono-and bivalent metals as organic UV filters by UV spectrophotometer, as well as, calculate the values of the sun protection factor (SPF) for these compounds. The solutions of organic UV filters are subjected to absorbance measurements in the range of 290 to 320 nm, with five nm intervals, using the ultraviolet spectrometer. The experiments have been carried out in three different solvents: H2O, MeOH, and EtOH. These salts included sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, calcium benzoate, and calcium salicylate. The calculated sun protection factor (SPF) of these solutions was evaluated using the Mansur equation. All organic filters showed some sunlight protection properties. The bestcalculated SPF values were 47.0 for salicylic acid, followed by the sodium salicylate salt at 40.3 and then the calcium salicylate salt at 39.7. These salicylic acid salts showed a high ability of UV absorbance compared to benzoic acid salts which showed SPF values of 11.5. This study presented organic UV filters with high SPF values and high solubility in polar solvents such as water and ethanol. Sodium and calcium salicylates would be recommended for use in the manufacture of sunscreen formulations.
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This study was concerned with examining the antibacterial activity of the essential oils (EO) of citrus peels (CP) against gram-negative bacteria, including three species: Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Salmonella spp., as well as... more
This study was concerned with examining the antibacterial activity of the essential oils (EO) of citrus peels (CP) against gram-negative bacteria, including three species: Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Salmonella spp., as well as two models of grampositive bacteria that were Streptococcus group A (S.G.A) and Staphylococcus aureus. The citrus peels employed in this study include orange [sweet orange (C. sinensis), bitter orange (C. aurantium)], lemon (C. limon), and tangerine (C. reticulata). Citrus peels essential oils (CPEO) were extracted using the hydrodistillation method. The results obtained of the gram-positive bacteria for CPEO extracts showed that the strongest effect was for the lemon peel EO extract, which showed a higher diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) than other extracts at a concentration of 50 mg/ml, followed by the tangerine peel EO extract, The results of the effect of CPEO extracts on the gramnegative bacteria showed that the strongest effect was for lemon peel EO extract, which showed a higher DIZ than other extracts, where the highest DIZs were on E.coli, Shigella spp., and Salmonella spp. at 21 mm, 20 mm, and 18 mm, respectively. Other EO extracts showed a good antibacterial activity on five bacterial strains at a concentration of 50 mg/ml, which was more effective than a concentration of 10 mg/ml, which gave lower DIZs on all bacterial strains. Briefly, the outcomes in this in vitro study clearly revealed the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of the CPEO extracts against both gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria.
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The major purpose of this study was to recognize the role of different extraction techniques (decoction, Soxhlet, and soaking) and solvents (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ether, and chloroform) on the antimicrobial activities of extracts... more
The major purpose of this study was to recognize the role of different extraction techniques (decoction, Soxhlet, and soaking) and solvents (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ether, and chloroform) on the antimicrobial activities of extracts of Teucrium davaeanum. These solvents were examined to determine the conditions for which extracts with a higher content of bioactive compounds. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to assess in vitro antimicrobial activity of the different crude botanical extracts against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antibiotics Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Azithromycin were used for antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The microbial growth was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition and the mean values are presented with ± S.E.M. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest inhibition diameter of 20±1 mm at a concentration of 0.1 g/mL against S. aureus, so it is considered to have higher efficacy than Ciprofloxacin, which showed an inhibition diameter of 15 mm. The isolated essential oil is also showed powerful inhibition effect with a diameter of 12±2 mm against S. aureus and 10±2 mm towards P. aeruginosa at a concentration of 0.1 g/mL, so it is a higher antimicrobial effect than Gentamycin and Azithromycin, which showed an inhibition diameter of 10 mm. The cold aqueous extract afforded an inhibiting diameter of 7 mm against S. aureus at a concentration of 0.1 g/mL, so it is considered to be less effective compared to the antibiotics that used as control. Moreover, hot water showed a low inhibitory effect on E. coli with 3±1 mm at a concentration of 0.1 g/mL. The results of applying ethanol extract showed an inhibitory effect on S. aureus only with 4±1 mm, otherwise, the results of applying chloroform extract and diethyl ether showed no inhibitory effect. Therefore, the most active extract was ethyl acetate extract, followed by volatile oil and then the cold aqueous extract. This could be attributed to the higher content of bioactive compounds in both extracts of ethyl acetate extract and essential oil.
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The objective of this study was to determine in vitro the ultraviolet absorbance (ABS) in the UVB range for botanical aqueous decoctions of some commonly used plants by the UV-VIS Spectrophotometer and then calculate the number of sun... more
The objective of this study was to determine in vitro the ultraviolet absorbance (ABS) in the UVB range for botanical aqueous decoctions of some commonly used plants by the UV-VIS Spectrophotometer and then calculate the number of sun protection factor (SPF) for each extract. The aqueous botanical extracts were prepared by soaking the dried botanical sample in boiled distilled water for 20 minutes (decoction). Then, the extract was filtered using filter paper. After dilution, the absorption values of aqueous decoctions of plants, which including: peppermint, sage, rosemary, basil, chamomile, cinnamon, dandelion, lavender, clove, and rose, were measured using the single-beam ultraviolet spectrometer in a range of 290-320 nm, with an increase of 5 nm per measurement. The measurement process repeated twice per wavelength, and then calculated the average absorption using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Then, the SPF was calculated by applying Mansour’s mathematical equation for each extract. All botanical aqueous extracts showed some sun protection properties. Matching the values of SPF, the best SPF value was to botanical aqueous extract of rose at 8.2. The SPF value of clove extract was found to be at 5.0. Rosemary aqueous extract revealed SPF at 4.0. The other values ranged from 1.0 (cinnamon extract) to 3.3 (sage extract). These aqueous extracts of plants have revealed absorbency in the UV region. The reason for optical absorbance values of aqueous solutions can be attributed to the content of the organic substances, which including glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other organic materials, that can be extracted in boiling water. Therefore, these extracts can protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV rays so they can be used in the formulation of sunscreens as emollients and sun blockers such as rose extract. Moreover, the aqueous extract of rose petals could be used as an alternative to the chemicals used in cosmetic manufacturing.
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The objective of this study was to formulate perfume with natural resins that include frankincense, benzoin, and mastic. In this study, the perfume was formulated using the following ingredients: 2% of each resin; 5% of perfume oil (from... more
The objective of this study was to formulate perfume with natural resins that include frankincense, benzoin, and mastic. In this study, the perfume was formulated using the following ingredients: 2% of each resin; 5% of perfume oil (from Delta aromatic); 4% of glycerin as a humectant; 2% of sodium salicylate as a preservative; and ethanol in distilled water as ingredient's carriers. The fragrant scent is owing to the 11 % of aromatic ingredients in an alcoholic solution. Both benzoin and frankincense are used as scents and fixatives, which can prevent the more volatile fragrance ingredients from evaporating too rapidly. Ten blended experiments of formulated perfume were undergone to evaluate by a sample of people who were selected randomly from Sirte University to choose the bestblended experiment scent among the ten experiments. Therefore, homogeneity, pleasing aroma, strength, and stability were evaluated as quality parameters of this perfumed formulation. However, a number of different approaches for enhanced perfume solubility by using different solvent ratios of ethanol in water have been proposed and applied to deliver the maximum flavors of using resins. This study will help to reduce chemical content in perfumery manufacturing by using natural sources that have amazing ascent. All the natural resins that are used in this research are purchased from local sources.
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The objective of this study was to determine in vitro the sun protection factor (SPF) of some botanical oils. In this study, the absorption values of oils of plants that including: rosemary, basil, thyme, chamomile, rose, clove bud,... more
The objective of this study was to determine in vitro the sun protection factor (SPF) of some botanical oils. In this study, the absorption values of oils of plants that including: rosemary, basil, thyme, chamomile, rose, clove bud, ginger , carrot, and camphor were measured using the ultraviolet spectrophotometer and then the Mansur equation was applied to calculate SPF values for each botanical oil. The sun protection values of these oils were in the range (2.0-9.1). Comparing the values of SPF, the best SPF value was to botanical oil of chamomile at 9.1.Correspondingly, SPF value of camphor oil was found to be at 8.5 .Ginger oil also showed high SPF at 7.1. The other values ranged from 2.0(carrot oil) to 5.5(thyme oil). The lowest SPF value was to carrot oil. Natural botanical oils are well-known for their beneficial health effects, mainly as moisturizing, scenting and anti-oxidizing so that they are used in formulations of creams and lotions. This study will help to select the best oils in sunscreen manufacturing. This study can also contribute to reduce organic UV-filters content in sunscreen formulations by a suitable botanical oil selection and the implementation of different strategies to design products as sunscreens. All the botanical oils that are used in this research are purchased from prominent local Libyan company in this field (Al Madina for Perfumes, Oils and Ornaments).
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The Sunscreen products that contain different active ingredients can affect the sunlight by absorbing, reflect or scatter it depends on the nature of these products. The effectiveness of a sunscreen product can be evaluated by determining... more
The Sunscreen products that contain different active ingredients can affect the sunlight by absorbing, reflect or scatter it depends on the nature of these products. The effectiveness of a sunscreen product can be evaluated by determining the sun protection factor (SPF). This research aimed to determine the sun protection factor (SPF) values of six sunscreens commercial product (creams, lotions and foundations) by UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The Mansur equation was applied to calculate SPF values for each cosmetic product. The sun protections labelled values of these commercially available sunscreens were in the range (10-90%).
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The aim of this research was to develop sunscreen cream formulation with natural ingredients and calculated sun protection factor (SPF) for it. The sunscreen is prepared using water phase that includes distilled water as a main solvent,... more
The aim of this research was to develop sunscreen cream formulation with natural ingredients and calculated sun protection factor (SPF) for it. The sunscreen is prepared using water phase that includes distilled water as a main solvent, glycerine as a moisturizer, Arabic gum as a thickener, and citric acid as a preservative. The oil phase is composed of one of the following oils: paraffin oil, olive oil, sesame oil or pond oil, and beeswax foundation as emulsifier. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are both employed in sunscreen as inorganic physical sun blockers. The best cream texture was obtained in the case of using beeswax foundation as emulsifier by 8%. The best solubility of sunscreen cream is obtained using equal proportions of hexane and ethanol. An in vitro SPF (sun protection factor) of used samples is calculated according to Mansur's method. Moreover, Mansur's method calculates only SPF values of organic substances (triglyceride oils) but physical sun blockers (zinc oxide and titanium dioxide) cannot be calculated by Mansur's method. By comparing SPF values for triglyceride oils, the best protection value is obtained using olive oil. For other oils were found to be around 6. Therefore it can be founded that triglyceride oils have absorbency in UV region so that these oils can be used in the formulation of sunscreens as emollients and sun blockers. This formulation of sunscreen cream is focused on using natural ingredients, creamy texture, and efficacy..