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In this article, we review on the current concepts about Nesfatin-1 as a new anti-obesity treatment and evaluate the existing issues in the context of this knowledge and the available literature. The intent is to enable clinicians to know... more
In this article, we review on the current concepts about Nesfatin-1 as a new anti-obesity treatment and evaluate the existing issues in the context of this knowledge and the available literature. The intent is to enable clinicians to know Nesfatin-1 as a new anti-obesity treatment and make rational decisions based on this perspective as possible clinical application. Future research should seek to clarify whether Nesfatin-1 would be beneficial in the management of obesity.
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Are hepatic steatosis and carotid intima media thickness associated in obese patients with normal or slightly elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase?
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Atherosclerosis and NAFLD
Copyright © 2014 Giovanni Tarantino et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work... more
Copyright © 2014 Giovanni Tarantino et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The present study shows low circulating levels of SIRT4 in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mirroring its reduced mitochondrial expression in an attempt to increase the fat oxidative capacity and then the mitochondrial function in liver and in muscle. SIRT4 modulates the metabolism of free fatty acids reducing their high circulating levels but, unfortunately, increasing ROS production. Great concentration of free fatty acids, released by adipose tissue, coupled with oxidative stress, directly results in endothelial dysfunction, early atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease risk factor. 1.
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Novel evidence suggests a relationship between circulating Lp(a) levels and the presence of cardiovascular events independently from the cardio-metabolic profile. The purpose of this study was to investigate serum Lp(a) concentrations in... more
Novel evidence suggests a relationship between circulating Lp(a) levels and the presence of cardiovascular events independently from the cardio-metabolic profile. The purpose of this study was to investigate serum Lp(a) concentrations in relation to carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), anthropometric measures, lipid profile, assessment of insulin resistance, and other parameters conventionally used to predict CVD risk, in obese patients suffering from hepatic steatosis (HS), the well-known nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Evidencing the key-points of this research, firstly, serum Lp(a) concentrations were not associated with carotid IMT in this selected population or, consequently, with early atherosclerosis, at least as evaluated by IMT. Secondly, carotid IMT was not predicted by HS severity, as evaluated by ultrasound. Finally, in the adjusted model, Lp(a) was positively predicted by waist circumference (WC) (β = 0.25, t = 2.3, p = 0.02) and negatively by central adiposity, assessed as visceral adipose tissue at US (β = -0.33, t = -3.0, p = 0.003). Serum Lp(a) values may not play a direct role in increasing IMT, albeit associated with WC.
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Anthropometry, Atherosclerosis, Medicine, Comorbidity, Insulin Resistance, and 15 moreHumans, Internal Medicine, Female, Male, Waist Circumference, Clinical Sciences, Middle Aged, Adult, The Carotid Artery Intima Media Thickness, Cross Sectional Studies, Abdominal Obesity, Steatosis, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, and Waist
Significance Both evolutionarily and functionally, wakefulness requires, and is accompanied by, food search and intake for survival. From the molecular perspective, the neuropeptide orexin-A (OX-A) promotes wakefulness,... more
Significance Both evolutionarily and functionally, wakefulness requires, and is accompanied by, food search and intake for survival. From the molecular perspective, the neuropeptide orexin-A (OX-A) promotes wakefulness, α–melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) promotes satiety, and the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) promotes appetite. In the cerebrospinal fluid of obese mice and in the plasma of human obese subjects, we found an inverse correlation between OX-A and α-MSH levels, which led us to uncover the role of OX-A in promoting hyperphagia by enhancing 2-AG levels and subsequently activating CB 1 receptor-mediated down-regulation of POMC synthesis and α-MSH release. Pharmacological inhibition of OX-A receptor type 1 counteracted the impairment of α-MSH signaling and the associated hyperphagia, obesity, and steatosis, thus providing a potential therapy for these pathological conditions.
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Abstract During the past decade, the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of disease has been increasingly recognized. Current evidence strongly suggests that chronic inflammation is a landmark of obesity, atherosclerosis,... more
Abstract During the past decade, the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of disease has been increasingly recognized. Current evidence strongly suggests that chronic inflammation is a landmark of obesity, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, and cancer and that markers of inflammation are important predictors of cardiovascular risk factors. A crucial question is how proinflammatory gene expression patterns are established and maintained in the afore-mentioned illnesses. Epigenetic gene regulation is a partially new arrival in the field of cardiovascular disease. Epigenetics provides attractive candidate disease mechanisms, as it, in principle, explains how diet, environment, and lifestyle can impose aberrant gene expression patterns in an individual’s lifetime and even this is the result of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. The main long-term goals in this field are the identification and understanding of the role of epigenetic markers that could be used as early predictors of metabolic risk and the development of drugs or diet-related treatments able to delay these epigenetic changes and even reverse them. Therefore, a continued and greater understanding of these mechanisms will eventually help in the identification of individuals at high risk of metabolic syndrome, and allow the development of therapeutic interventions, in accordance with current global government strategy, utilizing foods such as PUFAs.
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Endocrinology, Obesity, Biomarkers, Inflammation, Medicine, and 15 moreTranslational Medicine, Metabolic syndrome, Insulin Resistance, Population, Humans, Internal Medicine, Male, Regression Analysis, Middle Aged, Phenols, Adult, Cross Sectional Studies, Abdominal Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome X, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are well-recognized complications of obesity. This study was designed to evaluate the role of the UCP1 -3826 A>G polymorphism, adiponectin levels,... more
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are well-recognized complications of obesity. This study was designed to evaluate the role of the UCP1 -3826 A>G polymorphism, adiponectin levels, leptin/adiponectin ratio (L/A), and main biochemical parameters in 102 unrelated severely obese adults [61 females and 41 males, median body mass index (BMI) = 47.8 kg/m2] with NAFLD, with (MS+) or without MS (MS-) from Southern Italy. The UCP1 polymorphism was tested by the TaqMan method, main biochemical parameters by routinary methods, adiponectin, and leptin serum levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MS was diagnosed according to the American Heart Association criteria, liver steatosis was detected by ultrasound. MS was present in 53% male and 66% female obese patients. Only total cholesterol (p=0.04 males and p=0.002 females) and L/A ratio (p=0.03 males) differed between MS+ and MS- obese patients. At multivariate analysis, severe liver steatosis was significantly associated with: UCP1 (AG+GG) genotypes [odds ratio-confidence interval (OR-CI): 4.25; 1.12-16.13], MS (OR-CI: 8.47; 1.78-40.25), low adiponectin levels (OR-CI: 0.92; 0.87-0.98), high alanine aminotransferase levels (OR-CI: 1.03; 1.00-1.06), age (ORCI: 1.08; 1.00-1.15), and male gender (OR-CI: 10.78; 1.61- 71.96). In addition to traditional factors, total cholesterol and L/A ratio appear to contribute to MS characterization in severe obesity. Furthermore, the UCP1 (AG+GG) genotypes and low adiponectin levels could predispose to a more severe liver steatosis independently of MS presence. Based on our data, polymorphic UCP1 (AG+GG) obese patients with low adiponectin levels appear to be high-risk subjects for worsening of liver steatosis, a NAFLD, possibly requiring a second-step evaluation by liver biopsy.
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Background: The genetic characterization of obese individuals could clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying body weight regulation and lead to targeted therapy. Here we report variants of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and... more
Background: The genetic characterization of obese individuals could clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying body weight regulation and lead to targeted therapy. Here we report variants of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) genes detected in severely obese adults living in southern Italy. Methods: A total of 196 unrelated nondiabetic severely obese individuals [111 females and 85 males; mean (SD) age, 32.2 (11.5) years; mean body mass index, 48.8 (8.1) kg/m2] and 100 normal-weight healthy volunteers (34 males and 66 females) entered the study. POMC and MC4R were genotyped by sequencing analysis. Leptin, insulin, glucose, and the lipid profile were measured in fasting serum samples. We used the protein truncation test to verify the stop-codon mutation. Anthropometric measurements, sitting blood pressure, and heart rate were also recorded. Results: Of the obese participants, 1.5% had mutations in POMC exon 3 (new mutations, P231L and E244X; known, R23...
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Genetics, Biology, Adolescent, Clinical Chemistry, Italy, and 15 moreHumans, Medical Biotechnology, Blood Pressure, Female, Clinical, Male, Heart rate, Body Mass Index, Clinical Sciences, Aged, Gene Polymorphism, Adult, Lipid Profile, Body Weight Regulation, and Medical biochemistry and metabolomics
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Obesity, Medicine, Humans, Female, Male, and 15 moreRegression Analysis, Young Adult, Body Mass Index, Multiple Regression, Resistive index, Clinical Sciences, Basal metabolic rate (BMR), Adult, Multiple regression analysis, Body Weight, Electric Impedance, Predictive value of tests, prediction equation, Indirect calorimetry, and Basal Metabolism
In this article, we review on the current concepts about Nesfatin-1 as a new anti-obesity treatment and evaluate the existing issues in the context of this knowledge and the available literature. The intent is to enable clinicians to know... more
In this article, we review on the current concepts about Nesfatin-1 as a new anti-obesity treatment and evaluate the existing issues in the context of this knowledge and the available literature. The intent is to enable clinicians to know Nesfatin-1 as a new anti-obesity treatment and make rational decisions based on this perspective as possible clinical application. Future research should seek to clarify whether Nesfatin-1 would be beneficial in the management of obesity.
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Bariatric Surgery, Anthropometry, Adolescent, Metabolic syndrome, Laparoscopic Surgery, and 24 moreHumans, Weight Loss, Female, Body Composition, Male, Nutritional Status, Obesity Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Middle Aged, Respiratory Quotient, Fat Mass, Body mass index (BMI), Adult, Public health systems and services research, Retrospective Studies, Group, Body Weight, Calorimetry, Gastric Bypass, Long Term Effect, Resting Metabolic Rate, Laparoscopy, Electric Impedance, and Medical Treatment
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Anthropometry, Treatment Outcome, Ultrasound, Genetics of complex disease, Humans, and 23 moreBlood Glucose, Liver, Weight Loss, Ultrasonography, Female, Body Composition, Male, Follow-up studies, Body Mass Index, Obesity Surgery, Waist Circumference, Clinical Sciences, Fat Mass, Body mass index (BMI), Adult, Public health systems and services research, Body Weight, Abdominal Fat, Indexation, Gastric Bypass, Resting Metabolic Rate, Laparoscopy, and Energy Intake
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Nutrition and Dietetics, Polymorphism, Public Health, Sequence Analysis, Metabolic syndrome, and 15 moreItaly, Humans, Mutation, Female, Male, Young Adult, Body Mass Index, Adiponectin, Genotype, Adult, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, Protein Expression, Chi Square Distribution, Nucleotides, and Case Control Studies
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Genetics, Obesity, Adolescent, Sequence Analysis, Molecular Mechanics, and 20 moreClinical Chemistry, Italy, Humans, Mutation, Medical Biotechnology, Blood Pressure, Female, Clinical, Male, Heart rate, Body Mass Index, Phenotype, Clinical Sciences, Aged, Middle Aged, Gene Polymorphism, Melanocortin receptor, Adult, Lipid Profile, and Body Weight Regulation
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Nutrition and Dietetics, Polymorphism, Linear models, Metabolic syndrome, Italy, and 24 moreLipids, Humans, Blood Glucose, Insulin, Mutation, Blood Pressure, Female, Male, Leptin, Body Mass Index, Multiple Linear Regression, Real Time, Gene Polymorphism, Body mass index (BMI), Genomic DNA, Genotype, Adult, Cross Section, Sex Factors, Age Factors, Food Sciences, Cross Sectional Studies, Leukocytes, and Allele Frequency
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a severe liver disease that is increasing in prevalence with the worldwide epidemic of obesity and its related insulin-resistance state. Evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in energy... more
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a severe liver disease that is increasing in prevalence with the worldwide epidemic of obesity and its related insulin-resistance state. Evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in energy storage and the subsequent development of obesity and some of its related diseases is now well established. More recently, a new role of gut microbiota has emerged in NAFLD. The gut microbiota is involved in gut permeability, low-grade inflammation and immune balance, it modulates dietary choline metabolism, regulates bile acid metabolism and produces endogenous ethanol. All of these factors are molecular mechanisms by which the microbiota can induce NAFLD or its progression toward overt non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Modification of the gut microbiota composition and/or its biochemical capacity by specific dietary or pharmacological interventions may advantageously affect host metabolism. Large-scale intervention trials, investigating the potential b...
In this article, we review on the current concepts about Nesfatin-1 as a new anti-obesity treatment and evaluate the existing issues in the context of this knowledge and the available literature. The intent is to enable clinicians to know... more
In this article, we review on the current concepts about Nesfatin-1 as a new anti-obesity treatment and evaluate the existing issues in the context of this knowledge and the available literature. The intent is to enable clinicians to know Nesfatin-1 as a new anti-obesity treatment and make rational decisions based on this perspective as possible clinical application. Future research should seek to clarify whether Nesfatin-1 would be beneficial in the management of obesity.
The current Western diet figures centrally in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and the emerging major health problem nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, all of them... more
The current Western diet figures centrally in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and the emerging major health problem nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, all of them negatively impacting on life expectancy. This type of diet is represented by a high calorie uptake, high glycemic load, high fat and meat intake, as well as increased consumption of fructose. On the contrary, a simplified way of eating healthily by excluding highly-processed foods, is presumed to be the Paleolithic diet (a diet based on vegetables, fruits, nuts, roots, meat, organ meats) which improves insulin resistance, ameliorates dyslipidemia, reduces hypertension and may reduce the risk of age-related diseases. The diet is the foundation of the treatment of obesity- and type 2 diabetes-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and a diet similar to those of pre-agricultural societies may be an effective option. To lend sufficient credence to this type of diet, well-designed studies are needed.
Background and aims: The insulin resistance (IR) is a major metabolic impairment in severe obesity, a multifactorial disease in which the importance of the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associations in different rather... more
Background and aims: The insulin resistance (IR) is a major metabolic impairment in severe obesity, a multifactorial disease in which the importance of the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associations in different rather than individual genes was established. The aim of this study was to test the predictive value of presence/absence of polymorphisms/variants in beta 3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) genes in diagnosing the IR in obesity. Subjects and methods: We studied 112 (40 males, 72 females) severely obese (body mass index: 48.5 +/- 7.5 kg/m(2))subjects recruited from the outpatient obesity clinic of Federico II University Hospital in Naples. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes with a commercial kit. The gene polymorphisms Trp64Arg in ADRB3, -3826 A>G in UCP1, Pro12Ala in PPAR gamma, and c.268G>A, c.331T>C, and c.334C>T i...
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ABSTRACT Background: The gut microbiota is modulated by metabolic derangements, such as nutrition overload and obesity. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the role of these gut modifiers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease... more
ABSTRACT Background: The gut microbiota is modulated by metabolic derangements, such as nutrition overload and obesity. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the role of these gut modifiers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity. A systematic search of MEDLINE (from 1946), PubMed (from 1946) and EMBASE (from 1949) databases through May 2014 was carried out to identify relevant articles. The search terms were 'probiotic' AND 'NAFLD', 'prebiotic' AND 'NAFLD', 'antibiotic' AND 'NAFLD', 'probiotics' AND 'obesity', 'prebiotic' AND 'obesity' or 'antibiotic' AND 'obesity'; these terms were searched as text word in 'clinical trials' and as exploded medical subject headings where possible. The evidence in the literature is scant, due to the scarcity of appropriately powered, randomized, controlled clinical trials, involving various centers and population of different origin. Although probiotics and prebiotics have been proposed in the treatment and prevention of patients with obesity-related NAFLD, their therapeutic use is not supported by high-quality clinical studies.
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To review the direct unfavourable effect of obesity, the most prevalent nutritional and metabolic disease worldwide, on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Obesity is associated with high chronic cardiac workload due to the need to... more
To review the direct unfavourable effect of obesity, the most prevalent nutritional and metabolic disease worldwide, on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Obesity is associated with high chronic cardiac workload due to the need to supply more blood to peripheral tissue. The high cardiac output is mainly a consequence of the greater requirements of increased lean body mass, and is maintained by an increased stroke volume and high normal heart rate, and sustained by an increase in ventricular mass. The increase in left ventricular (LV) mass also implies an increase in non-muscular tissue that plays a role in the development of electrical abnormalities, heart failure and sudden death. Obesity per se is a major risk factor for heart failure. Obesity-related LV hypertrophy is in turn associated with varying degrees of systolic and diastolic dysfunction that are not easily recognisable using traditional methods, but are potentially reversible after appropriate, stable moderate weight...
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Bariatric Surgery, Anthropometry, Adolescent, Metabolic syndrome, Laparoscopic Surgery, and 24 moreHumans, Weight Loss, Female, Body Composition, Male, Nutritional Status, Obesity Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Middle Aged, Respiratory Quotient, Fat Mass, Body mass index (BMI), Adult, Public health systems and services research, Retrospective Studies, Group, Body Weight, Calorimetry, Gastric Bypass, Long Term Effect, Resting Metabolic Rate, Laparoscopy, Electric Impedance, and Medical Treatment
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Anthropometry, Treatment Outcome, Ultrasound, Genetics of complex disease, Humans, and 23 moreBlood Glucose, Liver, Weight Loss, Ultrasonography, Female, Body Composition, Male, Follow-up studies, Body Mass Index, Obesity Surgery, Waist Circumference, Clinical Sciences, Fat Mass, Body mass index (BMI), Adult, Public health systems and services research, Body Weight, Abdominal Fat, Indexation, Gastric Bypass, Resting Metabolic Rate, Laparoscopy, and Energy Intake
A large number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been implicated in degenerative diseases and aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the 15497 G/A mtDNA polymorphism (G251S) in the cytochrome b subunit of... more
A large number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been implicated in degenerative diseases and aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the 15497 G/A mtDNA polymorphism (G251S) in the cytochrome b subunit of respiratory complex III, which has been associated with obesity-related variables and lipid metabolism in a Japanese population, is associated with severe obesity also in adult Caucasians from southern Italy. Unrelated severely obese patients (n = 317; BMI > 40kg/m2) and controls (n = 217; BMI < 25kg/m2) from Southern Italy were genotyped by allelic discrimination TaqMan assay for the 15497 G/A mtDNA polymorphism. In obese patients fasting serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and glucose were measured enzymatically and sitting blood pressure and heart rate were also collected. Mean levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were below the upper reference limit for healthy subjects. Female obese subjects showed lower levels of blood pressure and heart rate and higher levels of HDL cholesterol than male obese patients (P < 0.001). All the control subjects and 315/317 severely obese patients were homozygous for the G allele (wild type), whereas only 2/317, were females homozygous for the A allele. The mtDNA 15497 G/A polymorphism in cytochrome b was present in 0.6% obese subjects, two females whose lipid parameters and BMI were similar to those of the overall group. Therefore, this mutation may appear to contribute in rare instances to severe obesity but does not explain the majority of cases in our population. A more extensive genetic haplogroup characterization is required to identify associations to obesity in Caucasians.
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Sedentary lifestyle contributes to increased body weight in western societies. We evaluated physical activity (PA) and its association with some clinical and biochemical parameters in overweight and obese outpatients. Two hundred and... more
Sedentary lifestyle contributes to increased body weight in western societies. We evaluated physical activity (PA) and its association with some clinical and biochemical parameters in overweight and obese outpatients. Two hundred and seventy-eight overweight obese outpatients, aged 18-65 years, were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Patients were interviewed about their usual PA, using a standardized questionnaire. A total metabolic index (TMI) was derived estimating weekly energy expenditure. In Class III obese patients, fasting serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL-Chol) and resting heart rate (HR) were also measured. BMI was inversely related to TMI in the whole group (r = -0.123, p = 0.041). Dividing the patients into groups 1 and 2 according to median BMI (30.3 kg/m(2)), group 1 had a significantly higher TMI than group 2 (p = 0.003), mainly due to the difference in weekly walking time (p < 0.001). Among Class III obese patients, despite similar BMI, the group with longer walking time had both significantly higher HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.046) and lower HR (p < 0.001). In overweight and obese individuals BMI is inversely related to PA energy expenditure. This relationship can be, at least in part, ascribed to the reduction of weekly walking time with increasing BMI. In Class III obese patients, even a low level of PA can positively affect both HDL-Chol and resting HR. It appears useful to focus on obese patients in also in general practice in order to recognize sedentary life styles and encourage PA through individualized programs.
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Inflammation, Metabolic syndrome, Adipose tissue, Ultrasonography, Young Adult, and 11 morenon alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Body Mass Index, Risk factors, Waist Circumference, Clinical Sciences, C reactive protein, Fatty Liver, Body Mass, Abdominal Fat, Risk Factors, and Chronic Inflammation
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Nutrition and Dietetics, Polymorphism, Linear models, Metabolic syndrome, Italy, and 24 moreLipids, Humans, Blood Glucose, Insulin, Mutation, Blood Pressure, Female, Male, Leptin, Body Mass Index, Multiple Linear Regression, Real Time, Gene Polymorphism, Body mass index (BMI), Genomic DNA, Genotype, Adult, Cross Section, Sex Factors, Age Factors, Food Sciences, Cross Sectional Studies, Leukocytes, and Allele Frequency
This study was to review albumin prescriptions and indications in 4122 patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards in the years 1996, 1998 and 1999, before and after the ad hoc regulations issued in 1997 by the Italian Ministry of... more
This study was to review albumin prescriptions and indications in 4122 patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards in the years 1996, 1998 and 1999, before and after the ad hoc regulations issued in 1997 by the Italian Ministry of Health. In 1996 (n=63), 1998 (n=59) and 1999 (n=55) 177 of these patients (4.3%) were given i.v. albumin. 161 (91%) of them had serum albumin values of <3.5 g/dl, while in only 36% were these values <2.5 g/dl. In the majority of cases albumin was erroneously prescribed, often to enhance diuretic efficacy or in protein energy malnutrition. Its prescription has not been influenced by the new recommendations.
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Nutrition and Dietetics, Polymorphism, Public Health, Sequence Analysis, Metabolic syndrome, and 15 moreItaly, Humans, Mutation, Female, Male, Young Adult, Body Mass Index, Adiponectin, Genotype, Adult, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, Protein Expression, Chi Square Distribution, Nucleotides, and Case Control Studies
As excess body weight constitutes a major health problem, it is now important for hepatologists to weigh risk factors that lead to insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. This mini-review focuses on the type of bodily fat distribution... more
As excess body weight constitutes a major health problem, it is now important for hepatologists to weigh risk factors that lead to insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. This mini-review focuses on the type of bodily fat distribution that determines the ectopic fat storage into the liver in overweight or obese people. Although obesity is closely associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the excess of visceral fat storage is reckoned to be just as or even more important.