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... F Kortlandt Leiden The Old Prussian Preterit According Bezzenberger the Enchiridion offers the following preterit forms bitte nannte mige entschlief wedde din hrte sie per tra berzog bei bei war deir sah gn segnete billa bill sprach... more
... F Kortlandt Leiden The Old Prussian Preterit According Bezzenberger the Enchiridion offers the following preterit forms bitte nannte mige entschlief wedde din hrte sie per tra berzog bei bei war deir sah gn segnete billa bill sprach ... Download, http://hdl.handle.net/1887/1932. ...
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Philosophy, Syntax, Linguistics, Semantics (Computer Science), Gradation, and 3 morenothing, DDC, and Phrase
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We arrive at the following relative chronology: 1. Depalatalization before syllabic *r (Proto-Indo-European), 2. Depalatalization before syllabic *l (Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Armenian), 3a. Rise of an epenthetic vowel before syllabic... more
We arrive at the following relative chronology: 1. Depalatalization before syllabic *r (Proto-Indo-European), 2. Depalatalization before syllabic *l (Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Armenian), 3a. Rise of an epenthetic vowel before syllabic nasals (Balto-Slavic, Armenian), 3b. Depalatalization before syllabic nasals (Albanian), 4. Rise of an epenthetic vowel before syllabic nasals (Albanian).
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There are two chronological layers of metatonical circumflex in monosyllables, viz. an early Balto-Slavic layer which is reflected e.g. in Lith. dės , jos , duos and a recent Aukstaitian layer which is found e.g. in nom.pl. tiẽ , acc.pl.... more
There are two chronological layers of metatonical circumflex in monosyllables, viz. an early Balto-Slavic layer which is reflected e.g. in Lith. dės , jos , duos and a recent Aukstaitian layer which is found e.g. in nom.pl. tiẽ , acc.pl. tuos , inst.sg. tuo . Leskien’s law was younger than the former but older than the latter. This analysis is not based on a comparison with Slavic or Indo-European but on the internal evidence of the East Baltic languages. The Baltic future represents two Indo-European paradigms, viz. an s‑ present with accentual mobility between the suffix and the ending and an s‑ aorist with fixed stress on the root and monosyllabic lengthening in the 2nd and 3rd sg. forms. Both of these formations have exact correspondences in the Old Irish subjunctive. They must have existed side by side in Proto-Baltic in view of Prussian teīks ‘make!’ beside postāsei ‘you will become’. The circumflex of Latvian sāls and guovs shows metatonical length as a result of monosyllabic lengthening. There is no evidence for a PIE phoneme *a in sāls , zuoss and nass , nor for the vowel *e in the PIE paradigm of guovs , nor for a PIE paradigm with fixed stress in the case of guovs , nass and zvrs , nor for a generalization of the original nom.sg. instead of acc.sg. accentuation in sāls and nass .
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Geography, Slavic Languages, Croatian, Linguistics, Latvian, and 3 moreBaltistica, Suffix, and VOWEL
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Lone Takeuchi's stimulating book (1999) has given me an opportunity to reconsider my (unpublished) semiotactic analysis of Japanese particles, which includes the following components: X wa = for an entity X there is a situation E in... more
Lone Takeuchi's stimulating book (1999) has given me an opportunity to reconsider my (unpublished) semiotactic analysis of Japanese particles, which includes the following components: X wa = for an entity X there is a situation E in which X occupies a position. X mo = for an entity X there is a situation E in which X occupies the same
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History and Linguistics
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History, Sociology, Cognitive Science, Philosophy, Spanish, and 3 morePhonology, Phonetics, and Linguistics
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I. In 1901 CC Uhlenbeck concluded from the identity of the nominative and the accusative of the neuter in the Indo-Euro-pean languages that the differentiation of these cases is second-ary. For an early period of the proto-language he... more
I. In 1901 CC Uhlenbeck concluded from the identity of the nominative and the accusative of the neuter in the Indo-Euro-pean languages that the differentiation of these cases is second-ary. For an early period of the proto-language he assumes the existence of an agentive ...
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I The philosophy of language comes in three varieties. 1. The functionalist's view: linguistic forms are instruments used to convey meaningful elements. This is the basis of European structuralism. 2. The formalist's view:... more
I The philosophy of language comes in three varieties. 1. The functionalist's view: linguistic forms are instruments used to convey meaningful elements. This is the basis of European structuralism. 2. The formalist's view: linguistic forms are abstract structures which can be ...
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1. Werner Winter has proposed the following "tentative rule: In Baltic and Slavic languages, the Proto-Indo-European sequence of short vowel plus voiced stop was reflected by lengthened vowel plus voiced stop, while short vowel plus... more
1. Werner Winter has proposed the following "tentative rule: In Baltic and Slavic languages, the Proto-Indo-European sequence of short vowel plus voiced stop was reflected by lengthened vowel plus voiced stop, while short vowel plus aspirate developed into short vowel plus voiced stop" (1978: 439) t This rule, which has become known as Winter's law, must be modified in two respects. Firstly, the word "lengthened" must be replaced by acute, length and timbre being concomitant features of the acute tone under certain restrictions in a number of languages. As I have pointed out on various occasions, the acute vowels which resulted from Winter's law merged with long vowels of laryngeal origin, but remained distinct from lengthened vowels of PIE., Balto-Slavic, or later date (see especially Kortlandt 1985a). As a rule, acute vowels are falling in Lithuanian and short in Serbo-Croat, whereas lengthened vowels are rising in Lithuanian and long in Serbo-Croat. Secondly, the rule holds not only for sequences of short vowel plus voiced stop, but also for sequences with an intervening resonant (i, u, r, 1, n, m) . When I discussed this point with the Urheber in the summer of 1983, he told me that he was well aware of it (cf. Winter 1978: 432, sub 3), but that he had preferred to leave it out of consideration because the material is large and it is often difficult to separate anit from set forms, so that it is quite a job to present a convincing case. When I met the Soviet accentologist V.A. Dybo in Moscow in September 1982, he told me that he, too, had checked the material with an intervening resonant, and had been satisfied with the conclusion that the generalized version of the rule holds true. In the following I do not intend to demonstrate the correctness