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Music information retrival, Music Performance Analysis, Speech and Music Signal Processing, Modeling Emotions and Emotional Intelligence, Philosophy of Cognitive Sciences & Cognitive Sciences, Philosophy of Mind and Artificial Intelligence & AI, and 3 moreCognitive Modeling of Mind, Information Processing, and Cognitive Neuroscience edit
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In Hindustani music, a Gharana or school refers to the adherence of a group of musicians to a particular musical style. Gharanas have their basis in the traditional mode of musical training and education. Every Gharana has its own... more
In Hindustani music, a Gharana or school refers to the adherence of a group of musicians to a particular musical style. Gharanas have their basis in the traditional mode of musical training and education. Every Gharana has its own distinct features; the main area of difference between Gharanas being the manner in which the notes are sung. Though within a particular gharana, significant changes in singing styles are observed between generations of performers. These changes are ascribed to the individual creativity of that singer, which has led to the improvisation on the singing style of that particular gharana. In this study, we chose to study that improvisation made by artists of four consecutive generations of Patiala gharana using robust non-linear methods. For this, alap and bandish part of two different ragas sung by the four artists of different generations were analyzed with the help of non linear multifractal analysis (MFDFA) technique. The spectral width obtained from the M...
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Hindustani classical music is entirely based on the"Raga"structures. In Hindustani music, a"Gharana"or school refers to the adherence of a group of musicians to a particular musical style. Gharanas have their basis in... more
Hindustani classical music is entirely based on the"Raga"structures. In Hindustani music, a"Gharana"or school refers to the adherence of a group of musicians to a particular musical style. Gharanas have their basis in the traditional mode of musical training and education. Every Gharana has its own distinct features; though within a particular Gharana, significant differences in singing styles are observed between generations of performers, which can be ascribed to the individual creativity of that singer. This work aims to study the evolution of singing style among four artists of four consecutive generations from Patiala Gharana. For this, alap and bandish parts of two different Ragas sung by the four artists were analyzed with the help of non linear multifractal analysis (MFDFA) technique. The multifractal spectral width obtained from the MFDFA method gives an estimate of the complexity of the signal. The observations from the variation of spectral width give ...
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Electroencephalography (EEG) was performed on 10 participants using a simple acoustical stimuli i.e., a Tanpura drone. The Tanpura drone is free from any semantic content and is used with a hypothesis that it provides a specific resting... more
Electroencephalography (EEG) was performed on 10 participants using a simple acoustical stimuli i.e., a Tanpura drone. The Tanpura drone is free from any semantic content and is used with a hypothesis that it provides a specific resting environment for the listeners. The EEG data was extracted for all the frontal electrodes viz. F3, F4, F7, F8, Fp1, Fp2 and Fz. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is applied on the acquired raw EEG signal to make it noise free as far as possible. Wavelet Transform (WT) technique was used to segregate alpha and theta brain rhythms from the denoised EEG signal. Non linear analysis in the form of Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA) was carried out on the extracted alpha and theta time series data to study the variation of their complexity. It was found that in all the frontal electrodes alpha as well as theta complexity increases as is evident from the increase of multifractal spectral width. This study is entirely new and gives interesti...
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In North Indian Classical Music, raga forms the basic structure over which individual improvisations is performed by an artist based on his/her creativity. The Alap is the opening section of a typical Hindustani Music (HM) performance,... more
In North Indian Classical Music, raga forms the basic structure over which individual improvisations is performed by an artist based on his/her creativity. The Alap is the opening section of a typical Hindustani Music (HM) performance, where the raga is introduced and the paths of its development are revealed using all the notes used in that particular raga and allowed transitions between them with proper distribution over time. In India, corresponding to each raga, several emotional flavors are listed, namely erotic love, pathetic, devotional, comic, horrific, repugnant, heroic, fantastic, furious, peaceful. The detection of emotional cues from Hindustani Classical music is a demanding task due to the inherent ambiguity present in the different ragas, which makes it difficult to identify any particular emotion from a certain raga. In this study we took the help of a high resolution mathematical microscope (MFDFA or Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) to procure information...
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A recitation is a way of combining the words together so that they have a sense of rhythm and thus an emotional content is imbibed within. In this study we envisaged to answer these questions in a scientific manner taking into... more
A recitation is a way of combining the words together so that they have a sense of rhythm and thus an emotional content is imbibed within. In this study we envisaged to answer these questions in a scientific manner taking into consideration 5 (five) well known Bengali recitations of different poets conveying a variety of moods ranging from joy to sorrow. The clips were recited as well as read (in the form of flat speech without any rhythm) by the same person to avoid any perceptual difference arising out of timbre variation. Next, the emotional content from the 5 recitations were standardized with the help of listening test conducted on a pool of 50 participants. The recitations as well as the speech were analyzed with the help of a latest non linear technique called Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) that gives a scaling exponent {\alpha}, which is essentially the measure of long range correlations present in the signal. Similar pieces (the parts which have the exact lyrical cont...
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The term “gestalt” has been widely used in the field of psychology which defined the perception of human mind to group any object not in part but as a 'unified' whole. Music in general is polyphonic–i.e. a combination of a number... more
The term “gestalt” has been widely used in the field of psychology which defined the perception of human mind to group any object not in part but as a 'unified' whole. Music in general is polyphonic–i.e. a combination of a number of pure tones (frequencies) mixed together in a manner that sounds harmonius. The study of human brain response due to different frequency groups of acoustic signal can give us an excellent insight regarding the neural and functional architecture of brain functions. Hence, the study of music cognition using neuro-biosensors is becoming a rapidly emerging field of research. In this work we have tried to analyze the effect of different frequency bands of music on the various frequency rhythms of human brain obtained from EEG data of 10 participants. Four (4) widely popular Rabindrasangeet clips were subjected to Wavelet Transform method for extracting five resonant frequency bands from the original music signal. A listening test was conducted on a poo...
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Music has been proven to be a valuable tool for the understanding of human cognition, human emotion, and their underlying brain mechanisms. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of Hindustani music on brain activity during... more
Music has been proven to be a valuable tool for the understanding of human cognition, human emotion, and their underlying brain mechanisms. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of Hindustani music on brain activity during normal relaxing conditions using electroencephalography (EEG). Ten male healthy subjects without special musical education participated in the study. EEG signals were acquired at the frontal (F3/F4) lobes of the brain while listening to music at three experimental conditions (rest, with music and without music). Frequency analysis was done for the alpha, theta and gamma brain rhythms. The finding shows that arousal based activities were enhanced while listening to Hindustani music of contrasting emotions (romantic/sorrow) for all the subjects in case of alpha frequency bands while no significant changes were observed in gamma and theta frequency ranges. It has been observed that when the music stimulus is removed, arousal activities as evident from alpha brain rhythms remain for some time, showing residual arousal. This is analogous to the conventional ‘Hysteresis’ loop where the system retains some ‘memory’ of the former state. This is corroborated in the non linear analysis (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) of the alpha rhythms as manifested in values of fractal dimension. After an input of music conveying contrast emotions, withdrawal of music shows more retention as evidenced by the values of fractal dimension.
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The sitar is perhaps the most well known of the Indian plucked string musical instruments. It has a varying number of strings but 16–20 is usual. When played by an expert, the sitar produces a melodious sound effect. The mode of... more
The sitar is perhaps the most well known of the Indian plucked string musical instruments. It has a varying number of strings but 16–20 is usual. When played by an expert, the sitar produces a melodious sound effect. The mode of attachment of strings and or the interaction of the large number of strings, some of them being playing strings, some drone and others sympathetic, create the total acoustic environment, which also includes the global resonance structure of the instrument. This creates a sound whose complexity is difficult to model by usual mathematical methods.Fractal dimension is an effective tool for analysis in such cases. In the present paper D0(fractal dimension), D2(correlation dimension) and also the higher moments are studied for acoustic signals obtained from actual sitar performances. Four such performances are used for the present study. The obeying of power law indicates the presence of non-linearity in the production system. The presence of multifractality is n...
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Music has been present in human culture since time immemorial, some say music came even before speech. The effort to understand the wide variety of emotions evoked by music has started not long back. With the advent and rapid growth of... more
Music has been present in human culture since time immemorial, some say music came even before speech. The effort to understand the wide variety of emotions evoked by music has started not long back. With the advent and rapid growth of various neurological bio-sensors we can now attempt to quantify various dimensions of emotional experience induced by music especially instrumental music – since it is free from any language barriers. In this study, we took eight (8) cross cultural instrumental clips originating mainly from Indian and Western music. A listening test comprising of 100 participants across the globe was conducted to associate each clip with its corresponding emotional valence. The participants were asked to mark each clip according to their perception of four basic emotions (joy/sorrow and anxiety/serenity) invoked by each instrumental clip. EEG study was then conducted on 10 participants to measure the response evoked by the same instrumental clips in the alpha and thet...
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Tanpura, multi-stringed instrument used as a drone instrument, is an integral part of Indian classical music. Tanpura signal is considered as repetitive quasi-stable geometric forms. Instability of geometric forms must be related to some... more
Tanpura, multi-stringed instrument used as a drone instrument, is an integral part of Indian classical music. Tanpura signal is considered as repetitive quasi-stable geometric forms. Instability of geometric forms must be related to some sort of non-linearity associated with the strings and their mode of attachment and/or some feed-back mechanism which uses the total acoustic environment. One way to analyse this is to study the fractal and correlation dimensions. In the present study 40 signals from four strings each for ten tanpuras have been used for analysis. Variation of D0, and D2 with pitch for each strings and their interdependence is discussed. The chapter also investigates the grading of the instrument by their musical quality by analyzing the Hurst exponent of each instrument by Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) and comparing the same with the grading done perceptually by an expert.
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Music is often considered as the language of emotions. It has long been known to elicit emotions in human being and thus categorizing music based on the type of emotions they induce in human being is a very intriguing topic of research.... more
Music is often considered as the language of emotions. It has long been known to elicit emotions in human being and thus categorizing music based on the type of emotions they induce in human being is a very intriguing topic of research. When the task comes to classify emotions elicited by Indian Classical Music (ICM), it becomes much more challenging because of the inherent ambiguity associated with ICM. The fact that a single musical performance can evoke a variety of emotional response in the audience is implicit to the nature of ICM renditions. With the rapid advancements in the field of Deep Learning, this Music Emotion Recognition (MER) task is becoming more and more relevant and robust, hence can be applied to one of the most challenging test case i.e. classifying emotions elicited from ICM. In this paper we present a new dataset called JUMusEmoDB which presently has 400 audio clips (30 seconds each) where 200 clips correspond to happy emotions and the remaining 200 clips corr...
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This paper presents an interesting observation, i.e., Koba-Neilsen-Olesen-type scaling in the multiplicity distribution of medium energy protons emitted as a result of 12AgBr (emulsion) and central 24AgBr (emulsion) interactions at 4.5A... more
This paper presents an interesting observation, i.e., Koba-Neilsen-Olesen-type scaling in the multiplicity distribution of medium energy protons emitted as a result of 12AgBr (emulsion) and central 24AgBr (emulsion) interactions at 4.5A GeV/c and p¯-AgBr (emulsion) reactions at 1.4 GeV/c. In all cases, the experimental points lie on the universal curve which can be fitted with a Koba-Neilsen-Olesen-type scaling function psi(Z=np/<np>)=(4Z+4Z3-5Z5+0.35Z7)exp(-2.957Z).
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This paper presents exhaustive, new data on the shower and compound multiplicity charactersties of 24Mg-emulsion and 12C-emulsion interactions at incident momentum of 4.5 GeV/c per nucleon. A comparative study is made (whenever possible)... more
This paper presents exhaustive, new data on the shower and compound multiplicity charactersties of 24Mg-emulsion and 12C-emulsion interactions at incident momentum of 4.5 GeV/c per nucleon. A comparative study is made (whenever possible) with p-emulsion interaction data at the same incident momentum per nucleon. The linear dependences of different multplicities on shower and compound multiplicity, e.g., <ni> = aij +
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This letter reports an analysis of our own emulsion data in terms of charged particle pseudorapidity distribution in the cases of 12 C-Ag/Br , 24 Mg-Ag/Br at 4.5 A GeV/c, and 16 O-Ag/Br at 2.1 A GeV. The data are compared with the... more
This letter reports an analysis of our own emulsion data in terms of charged particle pseudorapidity distribution in the cases of 12 C-Ag/Br , 24 Mg-Ag/Br at 4.5 A GeV/c, and 16 O-Ag/Br at 2.1 A GeV. The data are compared with the analyses using two scaling variables recently proposed by Kenju Mori et al. and Nakamura and Kudo. In all cases the data show a remarkable agreement with the scaling behavior of Nakamura and Kudo. The data obtained for 16 O + AgBr interactions at 14.6 A GeV, 60 A GeV, and 200 A GeV are also in favor of the Nakamura-Kudo scaling.
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This paper presents an experimental investigation of the occurrence of two distinct temperatures in the fragmentation region of 12C-emulsion interaction at 4.5 A GeV/c. It is observed that the projectile fragments of Z=2 are emitted from... more
This paper presents an experimental investigation of the occurrence of two distinct temperatures in the fragmentation region of 12C-emulsion interaction at 4.5 A GeV/c. It is observed that the projectile fragments of Z=2 are emitted from two different temperatures, that is, 10 MeV and 40 MeV. Moreover, it is also observed that the alpha particles emitted from the 10 MeV region has some (5%) anomalous components in their mean free paths.
... Consequently, the presence of the Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. R. Sen-gupta at Sangeet Research Academy 1 NSC Bose Road, Cal-cutta 700 040, India. singer's formant may make the sung sound easier to perceive... more
... Consequently, the presence of the Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. R. Sen-gupta at Sangeet Research Academy 1 NSC Bose Road, Cal-cutta 700 040, India. singer's formant may make the sung sound easier to perceive (15). ...
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... Part. Phys. 19 (1993) L 1 9 - U . Printed in the UK LElTER TO THE EDITOR Intermittency and two temperature events Dipak Ghosh, Argha Debt, Ranjan Sengupta, Susobhan Das and Krishnadas Purkait High Energy Physics Division, Jadavpur... more
... Part. Phys. 19 (1993) L 1 9 - U . Printed in the UK LElTER TO THE EDITOR Intermittency and two temperature events Dipak Ghosh, Argha Debt, Ranjan Sengupta, Susobhan Das and Krishnadas Purkait High Energy Physics Division, Jadavpur University, Cal 32, India Abstract. ...
This letter presents a systematic analysis of multiplicity data in limited regions of phase space in symmetric (12C-C/N/O) and asymmetric (24Mg-Ag/Br) heavy-ion interactions at 4.5A GeV/c. It is observed that in both types of interactions... more
This letter presents a systematic analysis of multiplicity data in limited regions of phase space in symmetric (12C-C/N/O) and asymmetric (24Mg-Ag/Br) heavy-ion interactions at 4.5A GeV/c. It is observed that in both types of interactions the multiplicity distribution of produced charged particles can be well fitted to the newly prescribed negative binomial (NB) law, the detailed characteristics of which are
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This paper presents a study on the coherent meson production in 12C–emulsion interactions at 4.5 Gev∙c−1∙nucleon−1 incident momentum. The search for coherence was done through noting the shape of the multiplicity distribution in different... more
This paper presents a study on the coherent meson production in 12C–emulsion interactions at 4.5 Gev∙c−1∙nucleon−1 incident momentum. The search for coherence was done through noting the shape of the multiplicity distribution in different narrow rapidity bins and observing whether or not the distribution was according to Poisson; when the fields are completely coherent the multiplicity should have a Poisson distribution. It was observed that the multiplicity distribution was Poisson in nature in two bins of higher rapidity, and consequently the field was coherent in those rapidity bins. The percentage of coherent meson production was estimated to be 48%.
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This paper reports possible evidence of a quark–gluon plasma (QGP) state formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions using 12C–AgBr interaction data at 4.5 GeV∙c−1∙nucleon−1(n). The experimental data on the three-particle angular... more
This paper reports possible evidence of a quark–gluon plasma (QGP) state formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions using 12C–AgBr interaction data at 4.5 GeV∙c−1∙nucleon−1(n). The experimental data on the three-particle angular correlation function for the target protons have been subject to a Monte Carlo analysis, and a statistically significant deviation has been observed that shows a dynamical correlation among the target protons. This may be due to possible formation of a QGP state.
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This paper reports the observation of Koba–Neilsen–Olesen-type scaling in the multiplicity distribution of medium-energy protons emitted in relativistic heavy-ion interactions and antiproton [Formula: see text] annihilations in nuclei.... more
This paper reports the observation of Koba–Neilsen–Olesen-type scaling in the multiplicity distribution of medium-energy protons emitted in relativistic heavy-ion interactions and antiproton [Formula: see text] annihilations in nuclei. The data have been taken from 12C–AgBr (emulsion) interactions at 4.5 GeV∙c−1∙nucleon−1 and [Formula: see text] annihilation in emulsions at 1.4 GeV∙c−1
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The characteristics of 12C–AgBr interaction at 4.5-GeV∙c−1∙nucleon−1 incident momentum are studied by means of the photoemulsion technique, to search for shock-wave phenomena. The angular distributions indicate an anisotropic process in... more
The characteristics of 12C–AgBr interaction at 4.5-GeV∙c−1∙nucleon−1 incident momentum are studied by means of the photoemulsion technique, to search for shock-wave phenomena. The angular distributions indicate an anisotropic process in the nuclear matter. The results are compared with the antiproton–AgBr reaction observations of Breivik et al. (1983) at 1.4 GeV∙c−1.
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The paper presents an in depth study of the forward and backward pseudorapidity correlations for pions and protons produced in a 12C – emulsion interaction at 4.5 A ∙ GeV/c. The angular distribution of protons and the pseudorapidity... more
The paper presents an in depth study of the forward and backward pseudorapidity correlations for pions and protons produced in a 12C – emulsion interaction at 4.5 A ∙ GeV/c. The angular distribution of protons and the pseudorapidity distribution of pions are pictured. The asymmetry parameter (A) and the forward – backward ratio (F/B) are shown as a function of the number of heavy particles (nh).
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This paper presents a comparative study of inelastic interactions of proton-Emulsion, 12C-Emulsion and 24Mg-Emulsion at 4.5 GeV/c per nucleon. The multiplicity distribution and their correlations have been studied. A strong correlation... more
This paper presents a comparative study of inelastic interactions of proton-Emulsion, 12C-Emulsion and 24Mg-Emulsion at 4.5 GeV/c per nucleon. The multiplicity distribution and their correlations have been studied. A strong correlation between ns and nh in case of 24Mg-Emulsion and 12C-Emulsion is observed which is not so in the case of proton-Emulsion interaction. It is also observed that ns increases
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MFDFA (the most rigorous technique to assess multifractality) was performed on four Hindustani music samples played on same ‘raga’ sung by the same performer. Each music sample was divided into six parts and ‘multifractal spectral width’... more
MFDFA (the most rigorous technique to assess multifractality) was performed on four Hindustani music samples played on same ‘raga’ sung by the same performer. Each music sample was divided into six parts and ‘multifractal spectral width’ was determined for each part corresponding to the four samples. The results obtained reveal that different parts of all the four sound signals possess spectral width of widely varying values. This gives a cue of the so called ‘musical improvisation’ in all music samples, keeping in mind they belong to the bandish part of the same raga. Formal compositions in Hindustani raga are juxtaposed with the improvised portions, where an artist manoeuvers his/her own creativity to bring out a mood that is specific for that particular performance, which is known as ‘improvisation’. Further, this observation hints at the association of different emotions even in the same bandish of the same raga performed by the same artist, this interesting observation cannot be revealed unless rigorous non-linear technique explores the nature of musical structure. In the second part, we applied MFDXA technique to explore more in-depth about ‘improvisation’ and association with emotion. This technique is applied to find the degree of cross-correlation (γx) between the different parts of the samples. Pronounced correlation has been observed in the middle parts of the all the four samples evident from higher values of γx whereas the other parts show weak correlation. This gets further support from the values of spectral width from different parts of the sample — width of those parts is significantly different from other parts. This observation is extremely new both in respect of musical structure of so called improvisation and associated emotion. The importance of this study in application area of cognitive music therapy is immense.
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Computer Science, Physics, Acoustics, Rhythm, Percussion, and 4 moreTimbre, Harmonic, Drum, and arXiv
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It is already known that both auditory and visual stimulus is able to convey emotions in human mind to different extent. The strength or intensity of the emotional arousal vary depending on the type of stimulus chosen. In this study, we... more
It is already known that both auditory and visual stimulus is able to convey emotions in human mind to different extent. The strength or intensity of the emotional arousal vary depending on the type of stimulus chosen. In this study, we try to investigate the emotional arousal in a cross-modal scenario involving both auditory and visual stimulus while studying their source characteristics. A robust fractal analytic technique called Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) and its 2D analogue has been used to characterize three (3) standardized audio and video signals quantifying their scaling exponent corresponding to positive and negative valence. It was found that there is significant difference in scaling exponents corresponding to the two different modalities. Detrended Cross Correlation Analysis (DCCA) has also been applied to decipher degree of cross-correlation among the individual audio and visual stimulus. This is the first of its kind study which proposes a novel algorithm wit...
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One unusual phenomenon observed by many musicians and reported by few researchers is the virtual notes perceived in tanpura drone. Virtual notes are complex tones with missing fundamental. Characteristically one perceives a pitch for such... more
One unusual phenomenon observed by many musicians and reported by few researchers is the virtual notes perceived in tanpura drone. Virtual notes are complex tones with missing fundamental. Characteristically one perceives a pitch for such tones which correspond to the missing fundamental. A musical tone can be visualized as a combination of many simple periodic waves or partials, each having its own fundamental frequency of vibration and amplitude. Normally a complex tone has its fundamental and many higher harmonics. For such notes the perceived pitch corresponds to the spectral pitch which is present. Normally a complex tone has its fundamental and many higher harmonics. Musical signals are often found deprived of the fundamental component but not of the perceived pitch. This is the case with tanpura. In tanpura the fundamental is very weak and is often inaudible. Sometime it so happens that the harmonics sends strong signal and the pattern theory of cognition of pitch cognitively...
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Categorization is crucial for content description in archiving of music signals. On many occasions, human brain fails to classify the instruments properly just by listening to their sounds which is evident from the human response data... more
Categorization is crucial for content description in archiving of music signals. On many occasions, human brain fails to classify the instruments properly just by listening to their sounds which is evident from the human response data collected during our experiment. Some previous attempts to categorize several musical instruments using various linear analysis methods required a number of parameters to be determined. In this work, we attempted to categorize a number of string instruments according to their mode of playing using latest-state-of-the-art robust non-linear methods. For this, 30 second sound signals of 26 different string instruments from all over the world were analyzed with the help of non linear multifractal analysis (MFDFA) technique. The spectral width obtained from the MFDFA method gives an estimate of the complexity of the signal. From the variation of spectral width, we observed distinct clustering among the string instruments according to their mode of playing. ...
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This chapter deals with the various techniques associated with the analysis of self similar structures of music signals as well as bio-signals obtained from EEG data. This chapter is basically a detailed analysis on the following tools of... more
This chapter deals with the various techniques associated with the analysis of self similar structures of music signals as well as bio-signals obtained from EEG data. This chapter is basically a detailed analysis on the following tools of complex data analysis which have been elaborated later in the different studies. 1. Wavelet analysis 2. Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) 3. Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) 4. Multifractal cross correlation analysis (MFDXA) All these techniques make use of Fractal Dimension (FD) or multifractal spectral width (obtained as an output of the MFDFA technique) as an important parameter with which the emotional arousal corresponding to a certain cognitive task (in this case a particular music clip) can be quantified. MFDXA can prove to be an important tool with which the degree of cross correlation between two non-linear EEG signals originating from different lobes of brain can be accurately measured during higher order cognitive t...