Handbook 1957. International Amateur Athletic Federation. by The Marshal

PUBLICATIONS OF THE I.A.A.F. Handbook of the LA.A.F. 1957, English edition. Price 6s. (6s. 6d. post free). Scoring Table for Track and Field Events, Men (adopted at the Brussels Congress 1950, amended at Helsinki 1952). Price 6s. (6s. 6d. post free). Scoring Table for Track and Field Events, Women (adopted at the Berue Congress 1954). Price 3s. 6d. (4s. Od. post free). Handbook of Progressive World, European and Olympic Games Records. Price 7s. Od. (7s. 6d. post free). Copies of these publications can be obtained from the International Amateur Athletic Federation, Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.I.

I.A.A.F. (Educational and Instructional) 16 mm. FILMS (Photography and Production by Guy Butler, official photographer to the LA.A.F. at Helsinki, Berne and Melbourne.)

Olympic Track and Field, 1956 1. FULL LENGTH REELS. Silent double slow motion to enable the commentator to give detailed analysis of technique.

(a) LA.A.F. Olympic Track ann Field, 3,000 feet, 8 reels (reels may be obtained singly). (b) Olympic Champions at Melbourne, 1,400 feet, 3 reels (this is an abbreviated edition of most events with accent on winners only). (c) Women's Events, including introduction, 550 feet, 2 reels.

INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION

(d) 20 Km. and 50 Km. Walks including introduction, 250 feet. 2. OLYMPIC TRACK AND FIELD LOOP FILMS. Over 90 loops of outstanding Men and Women Champions at Melbourne.

! Full information concerning these films can be obtained from: GUY BUTLER, Official Photographer to the I.A.A .F. "Harbledown,' , Little Hadham, Hertfordshire, England. This Handbook is copyright and no part may be reproduced without the permission of the Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation.

HANDBOOK 1957 Six Shillings (6/-) Six Shillings & Sixpence' (6/6), post free

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS held in conjunction with the Olympic Games, Melbourne, Australia, 1956

MEN 100 METRES 1 B. Morrow, U.S.A., 10.5 s. 2 W. Baker, U.S.A., 10.5 s. 3 H. Hogan, Australia, 10.6 s.

110 METRES HURDLES 1 1.. Calhoun, U.S.A., 13.5 s. 2 ]. Davis, U.S.A., 13.5 s. 3 ]. Shankle, U.S.A., 14.1 s.

200 METRES B. Morrow, U.S.A .. 20.6 s. 2 A. Stanfield, U.S.A., 20.7 s. 3 W. Baker, U.S.A., 20.9 s.

400 METRES HURDLES G. Davis, U.S.A., 50.1 s. 2 S. Southern, U.S.A.,.50.8 s. 3 ]. Culbreath, U.S.A., 51.6 s.

400 METRES 1 C. ]enkins, U.S.A., 46.7 s. 2 K. Haas, Germany, 46.8 s. 3 Â·A. Ignatiev, U.S.S.R., 47.0 s. V. Hellsten, Finland, 47.0 s.

20,000 METRES ROAD WALK 1 1.. Spirin, U.S.S.R., 1 h 31 m. 27.4 s. 2 A. Mikenas, U.S.S.R., 1 h. 32 m. 03.0 s. 3 B. Junk, U.S.S.R., 1 h. 32 m. 12.0 s.

800 METRES 1 T. Courtney, U.S.A., 1 m. 47.4 s. 2 D. ]ohnson, G.B. & N.l., 1 m. 47.8 s. 3 A. Boysen, Norway, 1 m. 48.1 s.

50,000 METRES ROAD WALK 1 N. Read, New Zealand, 4 h. 30 m. 42.8 s. 2 E. Maskinskov, U.S.S.R., 4 h. 32 m. 57.0 s. 3 ]. Ljunggren, Sweden, 4 h. 35 m. 02.0 s.

1,500 METRES 1 R. Delany, Eire, 3 m. 41.2 s. 2 K Richtzenhain, Germany, 3 m. 42.0s. 3 ]. Landy, Australia, 3 m. 42.0 s. 5,000 METRES 1 V. Kuts, U.S.S.R., 13 m. 39.6 s. 2 G. Pirie, G. B. & N.l., 13 m. 50.6 s. 3 G. Ibbotson, G.B. & N.l., 13 m. 54.4 s. 10,000 METRES 1 V. Kuts, U.S.S.R., 28 m. 45.6 s. 2 ]. Kovacs, Hungary, 28 m. 52.4 s. 3 A. Lawrence, Australia, 28 m. 53.6 s. MARATHON A. Mimoun, France, 2 h. 25 m. 00.0 s. 2 F. Mihalic, Yugoslavia, 2 h. 26 m. 32 s. 3 V. Karvonen, Finland, 2 h. 27 m. 47 s. 3,000 METRES STEEPLECHASE 1 C. Brasher, G.B. & N.l., 8 m. 41.2 s. 2 S. Rozsnyoi, Hungary, 8 m. 43.6 s. 3 E. Larsen, Norway, 8 m. 44.0 s. 4x100 METRES RELAY U.S.A. (1. Murchison, 1.. King, W. Baker, B. Morrow), 39.5 s. 2 U.S.S.R. (B. Tokariev, V. Soukhariev, 1.. Barteniev, 1. Konovalov), 39.8 s. 3 Germany (L. Knorzer, 1.. Pohl, H. Futterer, M. Germar), 40.3 s. 4 x400 METRES RELAY U.S.A. (L. ]ones, ]. Mashburn, C. ]enkins, T. Courtney), 3 m. 04.8 s. 2 Australia (1.. Gregory, D. Lean, G. Gipson, R. Gosper), 3 m. 06.2 s. 3 Gt. Britain & N. Ireland (J. Salisbury, M. Wheeler, F. Higgins, D. ]ohnson), 3 m. 07.2 s.

HIGH JUMP 1 C. Dumas, U.S.A., 2.12m. (6 ft. lit in.) 2 C. Porter, Australia, 2.10 m. (6 ft. lOt ins.) 3 1. Kachkarov, U.S.S.R., 2.08 m. (6 ft. 91 ins.) LONG JUMP 1 G. Bell, U.S.A., 7.83 m. (25 ft. 8i ins.) 2 ]. Bennett, U.S.A., 7.68 m. (25 ft. 2i ins.) 3]. Valkama, Finland. 8.48 m. (24 ft. 6t ins.) HOP, STEP AND JUMP A. da Silva, Brazil, 16.35 m. (53 ft. 7t ins.) 2 V. Eirnarsson, Iceland, 16.26 m. (53 ft. 4 ins.) 3 V. Kreer, U.S.S.R., 16.02 m. (52 ft. 6t ins.) POLE VAULT R. Richards, U.S.A., 4.56 m. (14 ft. lIt ins.) 2 R. Gutowski, U.S.A., 4.53 m. (14 ft. lOt ins.) 3 G. Roubanis, Greece, 4.50 m. (14 ft. 9 ins.) DISCUS 1 A. Oerter, U.S.A., 56.36 m. (184 ft. lOt ins.) 2 F. Gordien, U.S.A. 54.81 m. (179 ft. 9t ins.) 3 D. Koch, U.S.A., 54.40 m. (178 ft. 5! ins.)

INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION OFFICIAL HANDBOOK 1957 ENGLISH EDITION

3 IND EX

Com mitt ees Com peti tion Rul es Con stitu tion Cou ncil Foreword His tory ... Mem bers of Committees Mem bers of Cou ncil ... Mem bers of the I.A .A .F. Offi cers : Pre sen t Offi cial s and their duti es Records: s are reco gnis ed Eve nts for whi ch Wo rld Rec ord an Eur ope Oly mpi c Gam es Wo rld Rul es: Cons titu tio nRul e Alt erat ion s to rule s Cha mp ion shi ps-Wo rId, Are a, ,. Eur ope an, etc. Com pos itio n Con gres s Mee ting s Cou ncil ... , Are a, Gam es-O lym pic , Con tine ntal Reg ion al, etc. Inte rna tion al Com pet itio ns_ Def init ion Lan gua ges -off icia l Mem bers hip . Obj ects . Officers Qua lific atio ns of Com peti tors Sub scri ptio n fees Sus pen sion s Titl e A tMetes to Rul es rela ting to elig ibil ityRulofes .F. .A compete und er I.A hnic al-- jor RUl es-O rga nisa tion and Tec s tion peti Com al Inte rna tion their dut ies SEC TIO N I-O .fjic ials and Ann oun cer rter 's Cle rks of the Cou rse (Sta Ass ista nts) Doc tors

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Rule 7 Judges 45 5 Jury of Appeal " 12 51 Lap Scorers 45 2 Manag er 52 14 Marsha l 43 1 Officials 51 13 Record er 46 6 Referee s 45 3 Secreta ry 50 10 Starter 44 1 Stewar ds 52 16 or Survey 45 4 Techni cal Manag er 48 9 Timeke epers ... 48 8 Umpire s : n petitio II-Com N SECTIO 54 18(1) Trials in matche s 54 " 18(2) Clothin g 54 18(3) Numbe rs 54 18(4) Lanes ... 54 18(5) Obstru ction 54 ,. 18(6) Runnin g in Lanes 55 " 18(7) Leavin g track 55 18(8) Time announ cing 55 " 18(9) Assista nce 55 ., 18(10) Order of compe ting 55 " 18(11) Compe ting in other events 55 18(12) Compe titor delayin g trials . 55 18(13) Change of place for events . 58 20 Doping . 53 17 Entries . 58 21 Measur ements and Weigh ts 65 25 Officia l Athleti c Implem ents 61 23 Protest s 55-57 19 Round s, Heats and Qualif ying Trials 59 22 Ties 61 24 World Record s SECTIO N Ill-Ru nning Event s:78 33 Cross Countr y 68 27 Finish ... 70 28 Hurdle s 66 26 Lanes ... 74 30 Marath on 75 31 Relay . 68 27 . Start 72 29 Steeple chase 66 26 Track 76 .. 32 Team ...

Page IV-jum ping Event s:... 78 Genera l Rule 34 84 Hop, Step and Jump ,,39 . .. ... Pole Vault 81 " 36 81 Runnin g I:tigh Jump ... 35 Runnin g Long Jump 82 " 37 Standi ng High Jump 83 " 38 83 Standi ng Long Jump 38 SECTIO N V-Thr owing Event s:. .. ... '" 87 42 Discus '.' Genera l 84 40 Hamm er 88 44 Javelin 86 41 Shot 88 43 SECTIO N VI-Wa lking Events 90 " 45 :_ Events d mbine VII-Co N SECTIO Pentat hlon 92 46 Decath lon 92 46 SECTIO N VIII-S pecific ations for official Implem ents and Appar atus:Circles 106 55 Discus ... 100 51 Finish Posts 110 62 Hamm er 102 53 Hamm er Cage 103 54 Hurdle s 108 59 ... ... ... 98 50 Javelin 93 47 Jumpin g and Vaultin g Standa rds . .. 110 60 Relay Baton Sectors 107 57 Sector Flag 108 58 Shot 101 52 Startin g Blocks 110 61 Stop Board 107 56 Take-o ff Board 96 49 Vaultin g Pole 96 " 48 119 1-14 Rules for Europe an Champ ionship s ... Rules for Europe an Records 125 Rules for Olympi c Games III 1-11 .A.F. theI.A of s Veteran 13 129 W alking Judges -Intern ationa l Panel World Champ ionship s Results Inside Front and Back cover SECTIO N

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HISTORY . On the 17th July, 1912, representatives from the athletic associations of Australasia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Norway, Russia and United States of America met in Stockholm to discuss the possibility of fonning an International Amateur Athletic Federation, the need for which had become apparent owing to the development in international contests and the Olympic Games. An universal code of rules and regulations and a corrunon amateur definition acceptable throughout the world had become essential. It was also desired to establish an authentic register of World and Olympic records. Under the patronage of H.R.H. The Crown Prince of Sweden a provisional committee was formed comprising Messrs. J. Sigfrid Edstrom (Sweden) as President, Kristian Hellstrom (Sweden) as Honorary Secretary, Carl Diem (Germany), P. L. Fisher (Gt. Britain), Pierre Roy (France), S. Stankovits (Hungary) and James E. Sullivan (United States of America), and following their deliberations the inaugural meeting of the LA.A.F. took place in the Preussiches Abgeordnetenhaus, Berlin, 20th-23rd August, 1913, when the following countries were represented: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and United States of America. The first officers and members of the council to be elected were: President, Mr. J. Sigfrid Edstrom; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. Kristian Hellstrom; Members of Council, Messrs. C. Diem (Germany), P. L. Fisher (United Kingdom), F. Reichel (France), S. Stankovits (Hungary), J. E. Sullivan (U.S.A.).

Much has been accomplished since those early days and .are now in a very healthy state an mcreasmgly hIgh standard of competition. In all nmety-one countries are now in affiliation with the Federation, some of them countries where the sport is undeveloped and every effort is being made by the Federation to promote its growth there. A notable development in international athletics has been the growth of continental and regional games in recent years, and these are of inestimable value in the development of athletics in those countries where the is still The LA.A.F. has been able to give as.sIstance to the organisers of these games. WIthout questIOn, the control exercised by the Federation during its forty-four years of existence has been of much benefit to the sport and there is ample evidence of even greater advance in the future. With ever increasing activity throughout the world the need for decentralisation has become evident. A m?ve towards this was made when the European CommIttee was.formed, with a primary function of organising and carrymg through the European Championships every !our years. While the concern of the European COmmIttee IS the organising of championships confined to track and field athletics, in other continents a full programme of regional games is carried out and here the Federation is able to give considerable assistance and technical advice through its observers. The growth of women's athletics during the post-war years has been phenomenal and a great deal of study, m those countries where it is practised, has been devoted to the physiological aspect of the sport as it concerns women athletes. The LA.A.F. is now turning its attention to international competition among juniors. The increase in the num?er of II1:a!ches has rendered it necessary to standardIse condItIons and types of equipment, and the council are studying this aspect.

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8 Reference must be made to the great work carried out by Mr. ]. Sigfrid Edstrom who was the first President of the LA.A.F., and retained that office from 1912 to 1946 when he retired. His efforts to promote good relations and athletics generally were unceasing and it is due to his effective leadership for so many years that the Federation stands so high in the field of amateur sport. Mr. Edstrom resigned in 1946 and was succeeded by Lord Exeter; he also resigned the Presidency of the International Olympic Committee in 1952 and was succeeded by Mr. Avery Brundage (U.S.A.) whose wise council and valuable work during the forty years he was associated with the LA.A.F. has greatly benefited the cause of international athletics. The Federation counts itself fortunate in being able to call upon the wisdom and skill of a large number of experienced legislators both on its executive council and its various sub-committees.

INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION FOUNDED in 1912 Postal address: Halton House, 23 Holborn, Londpn, E.C.1, England. Telegraphic address: Telephone number:

"Marathon, " London. CHAncery 3419.

President: THE MOST HON. THE MARQUESS OF EXETER, K.C.M.G. Honorary Life President: J. SIGFRID EDSTROM Honorary Life Vice-Presidents: BO EKELUND E. J. H. HOLT, C.M.G., C.B.E. Honorary Secretary-Treasurer: D. T. P. PAIN

Council The Most Hon. The Marquess of Exeter, K.C.M.G., President, Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.l, England. D. T. P. Pain, Honorary Secretary-Treasurer, Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.1, England. J. C. da Costa, Rua Miguel Couto 51, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. M. Danz, Kassel, Teichstr. 35, Germany. T. Ericson, Stadion, Stockholm 0, Sweden. D. J. Ferris, Amateur Athletic Union of United States of America, 233 Broadway, New York 7, U.S.A. N. Kalinin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniy Pereulok, Moscow 69, U.S.S.R.

10 K. Knenicky, Czechoslovak Athletic Section of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport, Na Porici 12, Prague Il, P. Mericamp, 4 Boulevard Soult, Pans France. L. Miettinen, Strengsbergs Tobaks Fabnk, J akobstad, ....Finland. A. Paulen, Akerstraat 7a, Treebeek (L) Netherlands. B. Zauli, Federazione Italiana diAtletica Leggera, Stadio Nazionale, Rome, Italy.

COMMITTEES Rules and Records Committee B. Lindman, Chairman, Strandvagen 7a, Stockholm, SWEDEN. D. T. P. Pain, Hon. Secretary, Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.1, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. H. M. Abrahams, "Orchard Lea," Hailey Lane, Hertford, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. K. Asano, Japan Amateur Athletic Federation, 4-6 Surugadai, Kanda, Tokyo, JAPAN. H. Berliner, 10 Crown Terrace, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. E. Clemme, Ligue Royale BeIge d'Athletisme, 61 Rue du Marche aux Herbes, Brussels, BELGIUM. J. W. Davies, 3515 Minto Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA. C. Forys, Warsaw, rue Polna 3a, POLAND. V. Kanturek, Praha XVI, Lidicka ul c.l. Smichov, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. N. Ozolin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, Moscow 69, Skatertnyi pereulok 4, U.S.S.R. J. D. Pardivala, Cabinet Cottage, Tardeo, Bombay, INDIA. A. Paulen, Akerstraat 7a, Treebeek (L), NETHERLANDS.

R. Piirto, Suomen Urheiluliitto ry. Box 358, Helsinki, FINLAND. W. Pollmans, Dusseldorf, Mintropstr 7, GERMANY. E. Savescu, Comitetul Pentru Cultura Fizica si Sport, Str. Vasle, Conta 16, Bucarest, ROUMANIA. P. Tonelli, 10 Rue Perronet, Paris 7, FRANCE. 1. Ungur, Hungarian Athletic Association, Budapest V. Hold-u 1, HUNGARY. European Committee P. Mericamp, President, 4 Boulevard Soult, Paris 12e, FRANCE. J. R. Seurin, Hon. Secretary, 32 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris IX, FRANCE. E. Hermes, rue de la Madeleine 13, Brussels, BELGIUM. E. Bosak, Czechoslovak Athletic Section of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport, Na Porici 12, Prague Il, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. M. Danz, Kassel, Teichstr. 35, GERMANY. J. C. G. Crump, British Amateur Athletic Board, 54 TorringtonPlace, London, W.C.I, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. A. Paulen, Akerstraat 7a, Treebeek (L), NETHERLANDS. D. Nai, Federazione Italiani di Atletica Leggera, Stadio Nazionale, via Dello Stadio 18, Rome, ITALY. . B. Benterud, Akersborg Terrasse 30, Oslo, NORWAY. T. Ericson, Stadion, Stockholm 0, SWEDEN. N. Moran, The Turkish Federation of Amateur Athletics, Necatibey Caddeso, Ankara, TURKEY. N. Kalinin, All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniyi Pereulok, Moscow 69, U.S.S.R. Walking Commission G. Oberweger, President, Foro Italico, Rome, ITALY. D. T. P. Pain, Hon. Secretary, Halton House, 23 Holborn, London, E.C.1, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND.

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12 H. Sulak, U. Rajske zahrady 6, Praha II-Zizkov, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. F. Guilleux, 7 Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris, FRANCE. H. H. Whitlock, 126 Chinnor Crescent, Greenford, Middlesex, Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. B. Fehervari, Hungarian Athletic Association, Budapest, V. Hold u.i. HUNGARY. A. K. Hagen, Norges Gangforbund, Torggta 2., Oslo, NORWAY. I. Ionescu, Str. Vasile Conta nr. 16, Bucarest, ROUMANIA. E. Linde, Sareksvagen 7, Bromma, SWEDEN. A. Libotte, Malzgasse 28, Basle, SWITZERLAND. N. Kalinin, Moscow 69, Skatertniyi pereulok 4, U.S.S.R.

Women's Commission Mme. Z. Romanova, President, All Union Section of Light Athletics, Moscow 69, Skatertniyi pereulok 4, U.S.S.R. Mme. Z. Zarubina, Hon. Secretary, All Union Section of Light Athletics, Moscow 69, Skatertniyi pereulok 4, U.S.S.R. Mrs. D. 1. Magee, 26 French Street, Matouba, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA. Mme. D. Zatopkova, U. pujcovny 8, Praha 3, Nove Mesto, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. H. Delias, 45 Rue Ste. Catherine, Bordeaux (Gironde), FRANCE. H. Birkemeyer, Berlin-Hohenschonhausen Ohrdrnfer Str. 46, GERMANY. Mrs. M. E. Amies, Toft Lodge, St. Catharine's Road, Broxbourne, Herts., Gt. BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND. B. Zauli, Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera, Stadio Nazionale, via Dello Stadio 18, Rome, ITALY.

J. H. Moerman, Brinkstraat 53 by. Amsterdam 0,

NETHERLANDS. . Mme. M. Kwasniewska-Maleszewska, Polish Athletic Federation, Warsaw, c.l. Aleja Roz Nr. 7. POLAND. N. Carlius, Halsingborg, SWEDEN. . Mrs. F. Kaszubski, 2323 Lakeside, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Modern Pentathlon Committee B. Lindman, Strandvagen 7a, Stockholm, SWEDEN. O. G. White, Commandant Army School of Physical Training, Aldershot, Hants, GREAT BRITAIN and NORTHERN IRELAND.

VETERANS OF THE LA.A.F. H .M. The King of Sweden. The Most Hon. The Marquess of Exeter, K.C.M.G. (Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland). Harold M. Abrahams (Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland) . Avery Brundage (U .S.A.) . Friedrich Burger (Germany) . Emile Clemme (Belgium). Charles J. Dieges (U .S.A.). Carl Diem (Germany). J. Sigfrid Edstrom (Sweden). Bo Ekelund (Sweden). Tage Ericson (Sweden). Dan J. Ferris (U.S.A.). Edouard Hermes (Belgium). Ernest J. H. Holt, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland) . Nicolai Kalinin (U.S.S.R.). U. Kekkonen (Finland). Bo Lindrnan (Sweden). Lauri Miettinen (Finland). Paul Mericamp (France). Justus W. Meyerhof (Germany).

14 Frederick A. Moran (Eire). Dino Nai (Italy). Mogens Oppegaard (Norway). Donald T. P. Pain (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). Adrian Paulen (Netherlands) . Lauri Pihkala (Finland). Oscar Rosenvinge-Kolderup (Norway). Jean R. Seurin (France). G. D. Sondhi (India). Olav Tendeland (Norway). Hugh Weir (Australia). Bruno Zauli (Italy).

Deceased Sir Harry J. Barclay (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). William M. Barnard (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). J. E. Chryssafis (Greece). Leopold Englund (Sweden). J. Genet (France). Kristian Hellstrom (Sweden). Murray Hulbert (U.S.A.). E. A. Hunter (South Africa). G. J urgenson (France). Hilding Kjellman (Sweden). Gustavus T. Kirby (U.S.A.). S. Kishi (Japan). Joe B. MacCabe (U.S.A.). E. S. Marks (Australia). J. G. Merrick (Canada) . Franz Reichel (France) . F. W. Rubien (U.S.A.). Johannes Runge (Germany). G. V. A. Schofield (Gt. Britain & Northern Ireland). Szilard Stankovits (Hungary). Robert M. Thompson (U .S.A.). Hermann Wraschtil (Austria).

LIST OF MEMBERS The letters in brackets denote the grouping of the member (Rule 7) AFGHANISTAN (C) Olympic Association of Afghanistan, clo Prime Minister's Office, Kabul. Cables: "Olympic". Founded 1930. ALBANIA (D) Ministrise se Shendetesise, Tirane. Cables: "Federation Sportive" . Founded 1930. ARGENTINE (B) Federacion Atletica Argentina, Viamonte 1366, piso 6, Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. Cables: "Cadcao". Founded 1919. AUSTRALIA (B) Amateur Athletic Union of Australia, 41 Carlingford Road, Epping, N.S.W., Australia. Cables: "Amathunion, Sydney". Founded 1897. AUSTRIA (C) Osterreichischer Leichtathletik-Verband, Lowengasse 47, (Hochparterre), Vienna Ill. Cables: "OLV Wien". Founded 1900. BAHAMAS (D) The Bahamas Amateur Athletic Association, P .0. Box 452, Nassau, Bahamas. Founded 1952. BARBADOS (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Barbados, clo P.O. Box 36, Bridgetown, Barbados, N.W.I. Founded 1947. BELGIUM (B) Ligue Royale BeIge d' Athletisme, 61-63 Rue du Marche-aux-Herbes, Bruxelles. Cables: "Belgathletic" . Founded 1889.

16 (D) BE RM UD A atio n, Ber mu da Am ate ur Ath leti c Ass oci Fou nde d 1946. da. mu Ber , ton P .0. Bo x 533, Ha mil (D) BO LIV IA Fed era cio n Ath leti ca de Bo livi a, Casilla 754, La Paz , Bo liv ia. Fou nde d 1929. Cab les: "Fe dat leti ca" . (B) BR AZ IL , tos Confederacao Bra sile ira de Des por Bra zil. , eiro Jan de Rio 8, Cai xa Pos tal 107 Fou nde d 191 4. Cab les: "D esp ort os" . (D) BR ITI SH GU IAN A , 473 x a, P.O . Bo A.A.A. & C.U. of Bri tish Gu ian hte r Ltd ., clo Messrs. Wi etin g & RicGeo rgetown, De me rar a, pt., Foo dst uff s Ag enc y De Fou nde d 1948. Bri tish Gu ian a. (C) BU LG AR IA du res sm e, aup Sec tion Rep ubl ica ine d' Ath leti ue et des Spo rts, siq Com ite Sup rem e de Cu ltur e Phy . ria lga Bu Bor is 1,135, Sofia Fou nde d 1949. Cab les: "Ve kaf ese -So fia" . (D) BU RM A , Bu rm a Na tion al A.A. Fed era tion n, atio oci Ass ic clo Bu rm a Oly mp Au ngs an Me mo rial Sta diu m, Fou nde d 1947. Ran goo n, Bu rma . (D) CAMBODIA ' rts, Fed era tion Cam bod gie nne des Spo s, Phn om -Pe nh, ulin mo Des ne itai Cap 26-28 Ru e Fou nde d 1936. Cam bod ia (A) CANADA , ada Am ate ur Ath leti c Un ion of Can , Ma nito ba, Can ada . 621 Str ath con a Str eet , Wi nni peg Fou nde d 1888. Cab les: "A ma teu r".

CE YL ON Ceylon A.A.A., Pol ice De pt., Bam bal api tiya , Ceylori. CH ILE Fed.eracion Atl etic a de Chile, San tiag o de Chi le. Cas Illa Cab les: Fed ach i" . CH INA

d d oun e 1947.

(B) Ch ina A.A .. of the Peo pie 's Rep ubl ic of ' Ya ng Ku ng, 3 Pek mg , China. Fo un de d19,,0. Cables: "At hle tch ine , Pek ing. " CO LO MB IA m A t , (C) bia na de Atl et;s Ass oci aci onNCol om ma eur "0 • " 36" ')6 CaUe -;)1, Ap arta do Aero No . 60')...4 , 0.. - C' 0 1om bIa . B ogo t a, Cab les: "As cod atle ". BA CU (C) Atl etic a de Am ate urs de Cu ba C b 810-811 H 'b Ed If La Me tro pol itan atan u a. na'd aFa } a" Cab les: "Fe nal iso Ha oun ed 1922. . } CURACAO SE L M (D) adu ro Cur aca osc he Athlleti ek Bo nd clo . '" W'l . I & Son . s }"ne.} 1 em sta d, Cur aca o, N.A Bo nd. " Cab les: Curacaosche, Ath leti ek Fou nde d 1934. CZ EC HO SLO VA KIA . (A) Sec tion of the St t" Com mIt Cze cho slo vak Ath leti cand tee e a • rt Spo for Phy sic al Cul ture } Na Por ici 12, Pra gue II. Fou nde d 1897. Cab les : "St ats por t Pra ha" . DE NM AR K (B) d bun For tik hle -At nsk Da ' H. C. 0rs ted s vej 38, Cop enh age n V,} De nm ark Fou nde d 1907.

19 18

(D)

Deportiva del Ecuador, Palacio Municipal, Casllla postal 3409, Guayaquil, Founded 1925. Cables: "Fedenador . (C) EGYPT -. . t" Egyptian Athletic Federa 1910. 13 Kasr el NI!, CaIro, Egypt. (B) EIRE ..' EIre, "E" Am ateur AthletIc Ulllon, 'd Dublm Ire. Founded 1937. 13 Raglan Road, B a 11 sb n ge, (D)

ETHIOPIA National Ethiopian P.O. Box 940, AddlS-

t' ;onfedera a a.

1948. (D)

FIJI . t' "·· Amateur Athletic ASSoc1a IOn, F"' . F 1]1 , S hool Suva, 1]1. c/o Suva Boys Grammar c 'Founded 1949. (A)

FINLAND Suomen ry, Box 358, Helsinki, ." Cables: "Urheiluliitto, Helsmkl.

Founded 1906. (A)

FRANCE .,' F Federation Franca1se d AthletIsme, Paris 9 rance. - ' Founded 1920. 32 Boulevard (A) Cables: "FedathletI . GERMANY West " V b d Deutscher Leichtathletik- er un , Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 137. Founded 1898. Kassel, West Germany. " Reformed 1949. Cables: "LeichtathletIk Kassel. East . D t h Sektion LeichtathletIk der . eu sc en ast Germany. Demokratischen Founded 1950. Bruderstrasse 3, Berlm, C.2., E

GHANA (D) Ghana Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 341, Acqa. Founded 1944. GREAT BRITAIN & NORTHERN IRELAND (A) British Amateur Athletic Board, 54 Torrington Place, London, W.c.!. Cables: "Westcent, London." Founded 1932. GREECE Hellenic Amateur Athletic Association, 4 Kapsali Street, Athens, Greece. Cables: "Segas-Athens". Founded 1897. GUATEMALA (D) Federacion de Atletismo de Guatemala, 6 Avenida Sur, No. 17, Guatemala City, Central America. Cables: "Atletismo". Founded 1945. HAITI (D) La Commissioner Nationale Haitienne d' Athletisme Amateur. Bureau de Sports, Cite de l'Exposition Avenue, Marie Jeanne, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. HONG KONG (D) The Hong Kong Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box, 280, Hong Kong. Founded 1951. HUNGARY (A) Magyar Athletikai Szovetseg, V. Hold-u. 1. Budapest, VI, Hungary. Founded 1897. ICELAND (C) Icelandic Athletic Union, P.O. Box 1099, Reykjavik, Iceland. Founded 1912. Cables: "Idrottasamband".

21 20

KENYA (D) Kenya Amateur Athletic Association, Private Bag, . Nairobi, Kenya Colony. Founded 1951.

(B)

INDIA , I d' Amateur Athletic FederatIOn of. n la? ' New DelhI IndIa. Nationa1 Stad mID,· 'Founded 1946. (D)

INDONESIA . Persatuan Atletik Seluruh Indonesia, Pengangsaan 40 pav., Founded 1950. Djakarta, Indonesia.

IRAN , Iranian A.A. . Clo, Iranian OlymPIC CommIttee, 52 Shaikh Hadi Cables: "Olymplque, Teheran.

(D)

1936. (D)

IRAQ The Iraq A.A.A., . clo Ministry of physical EducatIOn Dept., Baghdad, Iraq. ISRAEL Sports Federation of P.O. Box 1526 Tel-Avlv.

Founded 1948.

Italiana di Atletica Leggera, Founded 1898. Stadio Nazionale, Cables: "Fidal Roma . (C) JAMAICA .. amaica Amateur Athletic ASSOCIatIOFn, d d 193? · t oun e ..... J 38 South Parade, K mgs on. JAPAN . ' Nippon Rikujo-Kyogl Remmel, 4-6 Surugadai, Kanda, Cables: "Zennihon, Tokyo .

(A) Founded 1925.

KOREA (D) Korean Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 106, Pusan, Korea. Founded 1945. LEBANON (D) Federation Libanaise d' Athletisme et de Cyclisme, Imm. Esseyli, Place Assour, Beyrouth, Lebanon. Founded 1945. LIBERIA (D) Liberian Olympic Games Association, clo Nathanial Gibson, Sr., 49 Randall Street, . Monrovia, Liberia, W. Africa. Founded 1955. Cables: "Loga, C/o. N. Gibson, Monrovia, Liberia." LIECHTENSTEIN (D) Landes-Sportverband fur das Furstentum Liechtenstein, Balzers, Furstentum, Liechtenstein. Cables: "Landessportverband Schaan, F.L." Founded 1936. LUXEMBURG (C) Federation Luxembourgeoise d' Athletisme, Case Postale 175 Luxembourg. Cables: "Athletic, Luxembourg". Founded 1928. MALAYA Federation of Malaya A.A. Union, c/o Malayan Railway, Batu Gajah, Perak, Malaya. MALTA Malta A.A.A., 57 Fleet Street, Gzira, Malta, G.C. Cables: "Athlete."

(D)

Founded 1906.

(D) Founded 1928.

23 Confederacion Deportiva Mexicana, Plaza Buenavista 2, Mexico, D.F. Founded 1933. NETHERLANDS (B) Koninklijke Nederlandse Athletiek Unie, Brinkstraat 53 bv. Amsterdam-Oost. Founded 1901. NEW ZEALAND (B) New Zealand Amateur Athletic Association, G.P.O. Box 741, Wellington, C.1., New Zealand. Founded 1887. NIGERIA (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Nigeria, P.O. Box 211, Lagos Nigeria, B.W.A. Cables: "Athletics". Founded 1944. NORTH BORNEO (D) Amateur Athletic Association of North Borneo, P.O. Box 221, Sandakan, N. Borneo. Founded 1950. (B) NORWAY Norges Fri-idrettsforbund, Torggata 2, Oslo. Founded 1896. Cables: "Fri-idrettsforbundet". PAKISTAN Pakistan Olympic Association, clo District Board, Montgomery, Pakistan.

(B)

Founded 1947.

(C) PANAMA Comision Nacional de Atletismo de Panama, Departamento de Ducacion Fisca, Apartado 1630, Republic de Panama. Cables: "Atletismo Educfisca" Founded 1945. PERU Federacion Peruana de Atletismo, General la Ferenta 590, Lima. Cables: "Atleperu".

PHILIPPINES

(C) Athletic Federation, Coliseum, Vito Cruz Manila, PhIlIppmes. ' Cables: "Paafmanila". Founded 1911. POLAND (B) Polish Athletic Federation Nr. 7, Warsaw,' c.r. Aleja Cables: Gekaef, Warsaw". Founded 1920. PORTUGAL (C) Federacao Portuguesa de Atletismo Praca de Alegria 65, Lisbon. ' Founded 1921. PUERTO-RICO Puerto Rico Athletic Federation (C) CJulio.E: Monagas, Recreation and ar s ommlsslOn, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Founded 1947. ROUMANIA (B) Comitetul Pentru Cultura Fizica si Sport Str. Vasle, Conta 16 ' . Cables: IIComfiscult:'. '-Founded 1912. SARAWAK (D) Sarawak ,Amateur Athletic Association P.O. Box 14 Kuching, via. Singapore Founded 1953. SIERRE LEONE (D) S;ierre Amateur Athletic Association ' c o. BntIsh Council Freetown, Sierre Cables: "Athletics, British Council, Freetown." Founded 1951. SINGAPORE Amateur Athletic Association, (D) B Connaught Drive, Singapore. Founded 1934.

24 SOUTH AFRICA (B) The South African Amateur Athletic & Cycling Association, P .0. Box 956, Cape Town. Cables: "Athlete" Camps Bay. Founded 1895. SPAIN Federacion Espanola de Atletismo, Calle Pilar de Zaragoza 99, Madrid, Spain. SWEDEN Svenska Fri-Idrottsforbundet, Stromsborg, Stockholm C. Cables: "Friidrott".

(B) Founded 1918. (A) Founded 1895.

SWITZERLAND (B) Federation Suisse d' Athletisme Amateur, Malzgasse 28, Basle. Cables: "Athletisme Basle" . Founded 1905. SYRIA Syrian A.A. Federation, Ministry of Education, Physical Education Dept., Damascus, Syria. TAIWAN China National A.A. Federation, P.O. Box 2051, Taipei, Taiwan. Cables: "Cnaaf, Taipei." TANGANYIKA Tanganyika A.A.A., p.a. Box 20113, Dar Es Salaam, Tanganyika.

(D)

Founded 1949. (D)

Founded 1914.

(D)

THAILAND (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Thailand, 58 Rong Muang Road, Bangkok, Thailand. Founded 1948.

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO (D) Amateur Athletic Association of Trinidad & Tobago, 121 Tenth Street, Barataria, Trinidad, B.W.1. Cables: "Trina, Port of Spain." Founded 1945. TUNISIA (D) Athletic Federation of Tunisia, 31 ter. Avenue de Ghana, Tunis. Founded 1957. Cables: "Athletisme, Tunis." TURKEY B.T .G.M. Atletizm Federasyonu, Ankara, Turkev. Cables: "Atletizm Spor Ankara" . UGANDA Uganda A.A.A., P.O. Box 2163, Kampala, Uganda. Cables: "Municipal, Kampala."

(B) Founded 1922. (D)

Founded 1925.

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (A) All Union Section of Light Athletics, 4 Skatertniyi Pereulok 69, Moscow, U .S.S.R. Cables: "Vsecomfiscult, Moscow". Founded 1924. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (A) Amateur Athletic Union of United States of America, 233 Broadway, New York 7, New York. Cables: "Amathletic". Founded 1888. URUGUAY Federacion Atletica del Uruguay, Canelones 982, Montevideo, Uruguay. Cables: "Atletica"

(C)

Founded 1918.

VENEZUELA (D) Federacion Venezolana de Atletismo, Velodromo Teo Capriles, La Vega, Caracas, Venezuela. Cables: "Colimpico". Founded 1948.

---------

26 VIET-NAM (D) Federation d'Athletisme du Viet-Nam clo Air Vietnam, ' Hotel Majestic, Saigon, Viet-Nam. Cables: "FAVN, Saigon." Founded 1951. YUGOSLAVIA (B) Federation Yougoslave d' Athletisme, Belgrade Terazge 3S, Box 475, Yugoslavia. Cables: "Asaj". Founded 1948.

FOREWORD In presenting the Official Handbook of the International Amateur Athletic Federation for 1957, I would draw your attention to the fact that there have been a number of amendments and modifications. These have been drafted and agreed, thanks to much detailed work by the various Committees of the Federation, and on your behalf I wish to thank them for the time and hard work which they have given to this task. The activities of our member associations continue to flourish and expand, and there are now ninety-one countries affiliated to the LA.A.F. The work of the Federation has of course increased commensurately, and we are indeed fortunate in having such an active and competent Secretary as Mr. D. T. P. Pain. We now have Council Members in most parts of the world, and if any questions arise which offer difficulty to our members, I hope they will consult with their , Council Member. May I, on behalf of the officers and Council, send good wishes and greetings to all members. EXETER,

President

30th June, 1957. Halton House, 23 Holbom, London, E.C.1.

CONSTITUTION of the INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION NOTE :-Words in these rules and all other matter importing the masculine gender shall include the feminine and the words of the singular person shall include the plural. The undermentioned words or letters shall bear the meaning set opposite to them:Athletics: Track and field athletics, cross country running and walking. I.A .A .F. : International Amateur Athletic Federation. M ember of the Federation: National Governing Association or Federation. 1.0.C.: International Olympic Committee.

RULE 1 Title and Composition I.-The title shall be the International Amateur Athletic Federation. It shall comprise duly elected national governing associations or federations of countries, in control of amateur track and field athletics, cross country running and walking, which agree to abide by the rules and regulations of the LA.A.F. Only one member for each country can be affiliated. 2.-The jurisdiction of members of the Federation shall be limited to the political boundaries of the country they represent.

RULE 2 Objects of the Federation The objects of the Federation shall be:I.-To establish friendly and loyal co-operation

between all members for the benefit of amateur athletics throughout the world. 2.-To compile rules regulations governing international competitions for men and women in amateur athletics. 3 .-T0 ensure that all contests between members of the. . continental championships, regIOnal cnampIOnshIps and all other international competitions shall be held under the laws and the rules for competition of the Federation. 4.-To affiliate national governing associations and federations. 5.-To decide any dispute that may arise between members if called upon to do so. 6.-To co-operate with the Organising Committees of the Olympic Games in carrying through the organisation of the athletic cOI?petitions and as delegated by the LO.C. to supervIse and control all the technical arrangements. 7.-To frame regulations for the establishment of World, Olympic and Continental amateur records In athletics.

RULE 3 Official Languages . At all Congress Meetings each member may speak in his own translations being made only into French and English as required. The Constitution and the Rules and Regulations, Minutes, Reports and other communications shall be in such languages as the Council shall decide. In all cases of any difference in the interpretation of the text the English version shall be accepted.

--_

- - -

30 RULE 4 Congresses I.-The Congress of the I.A.A.F. shall consist of the President, two Vice-Presidents elected for the meeting only, the Honorary Secretary, Members of the Council and not more than five representatives delegated by each affiliated Member. 2.-A member of the Federation shall be represented only by its delegates. Notice of the appointment of delegates, certified in writing by the Member they represent, must be lodged with the Honorary Secretary prior to the commencement of the Congress meeting. Delegates shall be citizens of the country they represent and shall not have coached or competed as a professional. In cases where a Member sends only one delegate he shall be entitled to use the full number of votes. A delegate shall represent only one Member of the Federation. 3.-The Members of the Federation included in group "A" shall be entitled to seven votes each; those in group HB" to five votes each; those in group HC" to three votes each, and those in group "D" to one vote each. (Also see Rule 7.) 4.-The Congress shall be convened biennially and the venue shall be fixed at the preceding meeting. 5.-The President of the Federation shall preside at all Congress meetings. In his absence the meeting shall appoint one of the elected Vice-Presidents. 6.-The Congress only shall have power to approve or alter any constitutional rule. All additions, amendments or alterations to the Constitutional Rules must obtain two-thirds of the voting power of those present and such two-thirds must also represent at least 33t% .of the total voting power of the I.A.A.F . 7.-A special Congress may be called, provided not less than fifteen Members of the Federation give notice in

writing to the Honorary Secretary stating they desire such a meeting and the reasons relating thereto. Upon receipt of any such notice, the Honorary Secretary shall summon a meeting of the Congress within three months. S.-In recognition of valued services given to the cause of international athletics, Congress shall be entitled to elect an Honorary Life President and not more than three Honorary Life Vice-Presidents, without voting power. RULE 5 Officers The President and the Honorary Secretary shall be elected by theCongress, each for a term of four years. They shall reside in the same country. The officers shall be ex officio members of all committees and commissions. RULE 6

Council 1 . -The Council shall be elected by Congress, for a term of four years, with powers and duties as set out hereafter. The Council shall consist of the President and the Honorary Secretary of the Federation and ten additional representatives from different countries other than that of the President and Honorary Secretary . 2.-The officers and members of the Council shall serve until their successors are appointed and take office. 3.-In the absence of the President, the Honorary Secretary shall preside. 4.-The President and the Honorary Secretary shall each have a vote. The President in the case of a tie in the voting, shall have a second or casting vote.

32 5.-When during the time between the Congress meetings any vacancy arises in the membership of the Council, the vacant place shall be filled by the Council by accepting the nominee of the member association represented by the retiring member of the Council. 6.-The Council shall meet at least once a year and its duties shall include:(a) The examination of all proposals to be placed before Congress and the submission of a report thereon. (b) The administration of the affairs of the Federation. (c) The provisional affiliation of National Governing bodies for athletics. (Also see Rule 7.) (d) Notification to members of the imposition of any penalties by either Congress or the Council. (e) The maintenance of a register of "World, Olympic and Continental amateur records. (f) Deciding any dispute that may arise between members of the Federation which may be referred to it by either of the interested members. (g) Framing rules -and regulations for, and controling and supervising the athletic technical organisation at the Olympic Games. (h) The submission to Congress of a report, an audited statement of accounts and balance sheet on the proceedings and finances of the Federation, together with a budget for the succeeding two years. (i) In cases of great importance requiring an immediate decision it shall have power to summon an Extraordinary Congress of the Federation. RULE 7 Membership I.-The National Governing Body for amateur athletics in any country shall be eligible for membership of the Federation. 2 .-Application for membership together with a copy

33 of the Constitution and rules shall be submitted to the Council, which shall have power to elect to membership provisionally, pending confirmation at the next Congress meeting. 3.-Membership shall be divided into four groups and any member admitted to the Federation after the 23rd August 1950 shall be placed in such group as the Congress may decide. The following grouping with effect from the 1st January 1957 was agreed at the Melbourne Congress in 1956 and shall remain as such until altered by a subsequent Congress:GROUP "A" Netherlands Canada New Zealand Czecho-Slovakia Norway Finland Pakistan France Poland Germany Roumania Gt. Britain South Africa & Northern Ireland Spain Hungary Switzerland Italy Turkey Japan Yugo-slavia Sweden U .S .America U.S.S.R. GROUP "C" Afghanistan Austria GROUP "B" Bulgaria Argentine Ceylon Australia Chile Belgium Colombia Brazil Cuba Republic of China Egypt Denmark Iceland Eire Israel Greece Jamaica India Luxemburg Mexico Panama

Peru GROUP "D" Philippines All Portugal the Puerto Rico other Uruguay Members. 4 .-The annual fees from each member affiliated to the LA.A.F. shall be paid in advance on 1st January in accordance with the following groups : Each Member in Group "A" shall pay £50 " "

" "

""B"",, "If C" " " D JJ " " ,

£30 £15

£5

Any member whose subscription is unpaid on the 31st December shall be liable to be struck off the list of members of the Federation or suspended at the discretion of the Council. No representative can be authorised to take part in any meeting of the Congress or if the subscription of the member he represents IS more than twelve months in arrears. (Also see Rule 4 para. 3.) RULE 8 Suspensions The Council of the Federation shall have the power to suspend any athlete from international competition until the next meeting of the Congress, and the Congress shall likewise have the power to suspend any athlete international competition for so long as shall be stated III its decision. RULE 9 <

International Athletic Competitions and Qualifications of Competitors I.-An international athletic meeting is defined as follows:(a) A meeting arranged between two or more members . of the Federation; or

(b) A meeting organised by the Federation or a member of the Federation or by a club affiliated to and having the sanction of a member, provided other members of the Federation or their clubs take part in the meeting. 2.-Neither a national championship open to all amateur athletes, nor a competition in which a touring team of athletes takes part as individuals shall be considered an international meeting. 3 .-At all international meetings the rules and regulations of the Federation shall apply. 4.-All international meetings must be sanctioned by the I .A.A.F. or by a member of the Federation. National governing bodies in authorising international meetings under their jurisdiction shall insist that all prizes are in the nature of souvenirs commemorating the success of the athlete and shall not exceed the value of £12 sterling (or its equivalent in other currencies as at 27th August 1950) . Any promoter infringing this rule should not be given permission thereafter to promote an international meeting . Note: Where it is decided to honour an athlete for an outstanding performance the spirit of this rule should be observed and the intrinsic value of the award should not exceed the sum mentioned in the rule. No international meeting may be sanctioned by any member of the Federation for the period beginning two months immediately before and during the Olympic Games without first obtaining permission from the Council of the I.A.A.F. 5.-No athlete or club may take part in an athletic meeting in a foreign country without the written approval of his governing body, and no member of the Federation shall allow any foreign athlete to enter any competition without such permit certifying that he is an amateur and permitted to compete in the country concerned.

------- --_._----- - - ----

-------_.

36 An invitation to an athlete to compete in a meeting in a country other than his own shall not be extended directly or indirectly by an individual, a club, college, university or other athletic organisation, but only by the governing body of the inviting country through the governing body of the country such athlete represents. All negotiations for the participation of an athlete in contests in another country shall be carried on by the governing body of the countries concerned. The only exception to the foregoing shall be where a Federation shall authorise one of its member clubs to communicate with the club of another country concerning the participation of one or more of its athletes, and such authorisation shall be granted on the express condition that the Federations concerned are kept informed as to the context of the communications. 6.-Any athlete competing in any foreign country (other than in international meetings as above defined) shall, in respect to that competition, be subject to the athletic laws of that country. 7.-In international competitions, members of this Federation shall be represented only by native born or naturalised subjects of the country which the affiliated member represents, except in the case of citizens of a colony, when they shall be eligible to represent the mother country if such colony is not represented by membership of the I.A.A.F. Having once represented any member of the Fed&ration in international competition, no contestant may thereafter represent any other member except in case of:(a) Incorporation of one country in another, (b) Creation of a new country ratified by treaty, or (c) Where membership of the LA.A.F. is acquired by the governing body of any colony where such membership did not previously exist.

RULE 10 Championships of the World and Area Championships 1.-.The LA.A ..F alone shall have the right to or. sanctIOn World's, European, Far East, Latm Amencan and other area championships for field and track events. Games shall be regarded as World ChampIOnshIps m track and field athletics. 3.-?anct!on of the I.A.A.F. is required for all area A of ÂŁ25 sterling (or its equivalent in whIch fee shall accompany the applicatIOn for. sanctIOn, shall be paid to the I.A.A.F. by the sI?onsonng body for such sanction, except for the OlympIC Games and European Championships. 4.-The LA.A.F. shall designate a representative to attend each area games or championships at the expense ?f the organisers, to ensure that the rules and of the LA.A.F. are complied with. The and expenses of this representatIve shall be paId to hIm by the organisers not later the final day of the championships or athletic of the games. Such representative shall render hIS report to the LA.A.F. within thirty days thereafter. or sectI.onal champlOnshlps.

the purpose of this rule, world, group and championships are defined as area . RULE 11 Alterations to Rules

1..-.Constitution Laws .-Proposals for alteration or addItIons to the constitution rules of the Federation shall be made only by a member of the Federation and must reach the Honorary Secretary of the I.A.A.F. at least five calendar months prior to the Congress at which they

38 are to be considered. The proposals shall be communicated to affiliated countries at least four calendar months before such Congress. No propos.als be considered by Congress without the notIce specIfied herein. 2.-Technical Rules.-Proposals to amend the technical rules shall be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the LA.A.F. for submission to the Rules & Records Committee prior to presentation to Congress. If approved the Rules and Records CommIttee shall make mendations to the Council which has full authonty to decide thereon. 3 -No alterations or additions to the technical during the twelve months preceding any OlympIc Games shall be effective until after the Games.

RULES RELATING TO ELIGIBILITY OF ATHLETES TO COMPETE UNDER INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION RULES I.-An amateur is one who competes for the love of sport and as a means of recreation, without any motive of securing any material gain from such competition. 2.-Competition under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules is restricted to amateur athletes who are eligible to compete under the rules as laid down by the International Amateur Athletic Federation. 3 .-The following persons are ineligible to take part in competitions under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules. Any person who since reaching the age of 16:(i) has competed in any sport for any pecuniary reward; (ii) has taken part in any track or field event in which any of the competitors were, to his knowledge ineligible to compete under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules; (iii) has ever received any pecuniary consideration for teaching, training or coaching in any sport; N aTE .-Physical education teachers whose work is solely educational and who are not paid directly or indirectly for the coaching of athletes for competitions are eligible to compete as amateurs. (iv) has at any time been financially interested in any track or field event in which he was entered; (v) writes, lectures or broadcasts for payment upon any track or field event or competition without the prior permission of his national governing body; (vi) sells or pawns any of his prizes;

40 (vii) receives any compensation for using the goods or apparatus of any firm, manufacturer or agent, ot allows his name or his static or moving picture to be used as a means of advertising or recommending the goods of any firm, manufacturer or agent; NOTE .-When and where it is proved that the name or the picture of the athlete was used for the purpose of this paragraph without his kno1RJledge the indemnity to be collected from the person or persons for the injury, privately agreed or stipulated by the Courts, will revert to the Federation to which the athlete belongs. (viii) while a member of any club or other body under the jurisdiction of a national body affiliated to the International Amateur Athletic Federation competes in any foreign country at any meeting not recognised by the governing body of such country; (ix) accepts directly or indirectly any money or consideration for expenses or loss of earmngs, other than what is permitted as follows :-'(a) The travelling and accommodation expenses of athletes competing in competitions under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules which are limited to the actual outlay for travelling, meals and lodging. In cases where an athlete is permitted to participate in competitions held in a country other than his own, such expenses must not in any circumstances whatever be paid direct to the athlete himself, nor !o any person on his behalf, but must be paId through the national governing bodies of the countries concerned. National governing bodies must strictly control all financial transactions and in so far as any advance

payment is necessary to enable an athlete to obtain refreshment en route, or expend money on travelling or accommodation which cannot be provided by supplying tickets or vouchers, this must be advanced to the athlete by his own governing body who will obtain reimbursement from the governing body where the competition takes place. The athlete's own national governing body may, however, in exceptional circumstances authorise the national governing body under whose jurisdiction he is for the time being competing, to refund to the athlete actual essential expenses for travelling, meals and lodging, and at the conclusion of the competition such national body shall forward to the LA.A.F. and to the athlete's national body a detailed statement of all such payments. The daily allowance for the out-of-pocket expenses to athletes during their stay in a country must not exceed $2 (14 shIllings and 6 pence sterling) or the equivalent value in other currencies. This sum should be allocated from the date of arrival in the host country until the date of departure, and paid through the team manager. (b) The period of time in anyone calendar year for which an athlete shall receive expense money is limited to 28 days exclusive of the time taken in travelling. Accumulation of these days in two consecutive years is not allowed. An extension may be given by the national association to which the athlete belongs, to cover competition in Olympic Games, Continental Championships, or when representing a

43 country in genuine matches against countries. The Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation only is empowered to grant extensions in other cases. NOTE .-A genuine match is one where with the authority of the governing bodies concerned the competition is announced as between teams representing two or more countries. Each team should be selected by the governing body concerned. A "touring" team consisting of a small number of athletes, is not recognised as an international team for the purposes of this definition.

4.-Any person who is, and long as he ineligible to compete in tI:e. ]unsdiction of his national governmg body, IS melIgIble to compete under the rules of the International Amateur Athletic Federation. 5.-In any competition under International Amateur Athletic Federation rules the eligibility of any athlete competing shall be guaranteed by the governing body of the country to which the athlete belongs. If any objection is taken to the status of any athlete, such objection shall be referred to the jury or if no jury has been appointed to the referee. If the matter cannot be settled satisfactorily prior to the meeting the athlete shall be allowed to compete "under protest" and the matter be referred to the Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation.

ATHLETIC RULES for MEN'S AND WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS All international competitions shall be held under the rules of the International Amateur Athletic Federation and this shall be stated in all announcements, advertisements, programmes and printed matter. The rules as laid down shall be applicable to men's and women's competitions. The standard of conversion from metres to yards feet and inches used in the technical rules is 1 metre= 1.093614 yards (3.280842 feet or 39.370 inches) and for weights 1 kilogramme=2.204622 lbs. NOTE .-1 t is recommended that N ationa l Associations should adopt the rules of the I.A.A.F. for the conduct of their own athletÂŁc meetings.

SECTION I Officials of the Meeting RULE 1

The list laid down in this rule comprises those officials considered to be necessary for principal international meetings. The organisers are at liberty to vary this where local circumstances require. MANAGEMENT

OFFICIALS One Manager One Secretary One Technical Manager

44 RULE 2

JURY OF ApPEAL COMPETITION OFFICIALS

ADDITIONAL OFFICIALS

One Referee for Track Events One (or more) Referees for Field Events One Referee for Walking Events Four (or more) Judges for Track Events Four (or more) Judges for Field Events Four (or more) Judges for Walking Events Four (or more) Umpires for Track Events Three (or more) Timekeepers One (or more) Starters One (or more) Clerks of the Course (Starter's Assistants) One (or more) Lap Scorers One Recorder One Marshal One (or more) Announcers One Official Surveyor . One (or more) Stewards for Competitors, OfficIals and Press

Where women's events are held there shall be appointed as many women officials as be appropriate, including a woman doctor when possIble. If deemed necessary, assistants may be appointed, but care should be taken to keep the arena as free from officials as possible.

For the duties of officials see following rules.

The Manager The Manager shall have charge of the Meeting and be responsible for the proper carrying out of the programme. He shall see that all officials have reported for duty and when necessary shall appoint substitutes, and in cooperation with the appointed Marshal arrange that only authorised persons are allowed in the centre of the arena. RULE 3

The Secretary The Secretary shall be responsible for the calling of the meetings of the executive and other committees, and shall prepare all Minutes relating thereto. He shall be in charge of all administrative arrangements, and shall receive and conduct all principal correspondence relating to the Meeting. RULE 4

The Technical Manager The Technical Manager shall act directly under the Manager of the Meeting and be responsible for seeing that the track, runways, circles, arcs, sectors and pits for field events are properly laid out, also that all equipment is according to specification and readily available for approval by the appointed Referee, and that scoring, results and time recording cards are prepared .. (Also see rule 6 para. 2 page 46 and rule 16 page 52.} RULE 5

Jury of Appeal A Jury of Appeal shall be appointed, to whom all protests under rule 23 (page 61) shall be referred. Their decision shall be final.

47 RULE 6

Referees I.-Separate Referees may be appointed as required, for track, field and walking events. 2.-It shall be the responsibility of a Referee to see that the rules are observed (also see rule 4) and decide any technical points which arise during Meeting, and for which provision has not been made m these rules. The Referee shall have jurisdiction to decide any placings in a race, only when the of the place or places are unable to arrIve at a unammous or majority decision. (Also see rule 7 para. 3 page 48, and rule 22, para. 1 page 59.) 3 .-Referees shall allocate Judges to particular events if this has not been previously arranged, specifying the duty each should carry out (e.g. circle, take-off board, etc.); announce to the Judges and ensure t,he competitors are informed of the number of to 1;>e allowed under the rules even if this has been prmted m the programme; supervise the measurements .of performances; check the final results and deal WIth any disputed points. (Also see rule 7 para. 1 page 47.) 4.-The appropriate Referee shall have the power to exclude any competitor for improper cond,?ct. and he shall decide on the ground, any protest or obJectIOn as to the conduct of a competitor. (Also see rule 8 page 48; rule 12 page 51 and rule 23 page 61.) 5 .-If in the opinion of the Referee circumstances arise at any Meeting so that justice demands that any event should be contested again, he shall have power .to declare the event void and such event shall be held agam, either on the same day or on some future occasion, as he shall in his absolute discretion decide. (Also see rule 18 para. 5 page 54.) 6.-The Referee shall have power to change the place of the competition in any field event, if in his opinion the

conditions justify a change. Such a change shall be made only after a round is completed. 7.-Upon completion 0'ÂŁ each event the result card shall be immediately filled in, signed by the Referee and handed to the Recorder. (Also see rule 13 page 51.) NOTE .-Reference should be made when necessary to the special rules for the Olympic Games and European Championships, see pages III and II9 respectively.

RULE 7 Judges General I.-Subject to the rules laid down by the National Association and except in the case of the Olympic Games and European Championships, the organisers of the meeting shall appoint the Judges for the various events. The Referee shall allocate the duties among the Judges. (Also see rule 6 para. 3 page 46.) Racing Events 2.-The Judges, who must all operate from the same side of the track and preferably from the inside, shall decide the order in which the competitors finish, and in any case where they cannot arrive at an unanimous or majority decision shall refer the matter to the Referee, who shall decide. (Also see rule 6 para. 2 page 46.) NOTE .-1 t is recommended that wherever practicable one Judge selects the first man to finish, one the first and second, one the second and third, and so on. The Judges should be placed at least five metres (or 16ft. 6in.) from and in line with the finish and in order that they may have a good view of the finish line, an elevated stand should be provided. A Photo-finish apparatus should be available for use whenever possible as an aid to the Referee and Judges.

49 48 Field Events 3.-The Judges shall judge, measure each valid trial of the competitors in all events m whIch the result is determined by height or distance. In the high jump and pole vault, precise measuremen.ts should be made when the bar is raised, particularly If records are being attempted. At least two Judges .should keep a record of all trials, checking their recordmgs at the end of each round. Walking Events 4.-The Judges at the finish shall be o.nly fims? for deciding the order in which the Other Judges must be appointed to determme the ness of walking in accordance with the rules for Walkmg, and the conduct of any competitor during the competition. (Also see rule 45, page 90.) RULE 8 Umpires (Track Events) I.-Umpires are assistants to the Referee, without power to give any decisions. 2.-It shall be the duty of an Umpire to stand at such point as the Referee may determine to .the competition closely, and in case of a foul or VIOlatIOn of the rules by a competitor or other person, to make an immediate report of the incident to the Referee. 3.-Umpires should also be appointed to undertake the duties of supervision in relay races at the take-over points. RULE 9 Timekeepers I.-There should be three official Timekeepers (one of whom should be the Chief Timekeeper) and one or two alternate Timekeepers who should time every event. The times recorded by the alternate Timekeepers' shall not be considered unless one or more of the offiCIal Timekeepers' watches fails properly to record the time,

in which case, the alternate Timekeepers shall be called upon, in such order as has been previously decided, so that in all races, three watches should have recorded the official time. In the event of two of three official watches agreeing and the third disagreeing, the time shown by the two shall be the official time. If all three watches disagree, the time shown by the watch recording the middle time shall be the official time. If the hand of the watch stops between the two lines indicating the time the nearest longer time shall be accepted. (Also see rule 46 page 92 for PentatWon and DecatWon events.) 2 .-If for any reason only two watches record the time of an event, and they fail to agree, the longer time of the two shall be accepted as the official time. 3.-The time shall be taken from the flash of the pistol to the moment at which any part of the body of the competitor (i.e. torso as distinguished from the head, arms, legs or feet) reaches the nearest edge of the finish line. NOTE.-The torso includes the neck. 4.-For races up to and including one mile or its metric equivalent including relay races, the timing shall be to one-tenth second. For longer races the timing shall be to one-fifth second, but shall be recorded by conversion into tenths of a second (e.g., two-tenths, four-tenths, six-tenths, eight-tenths). 5.-An electrical time keeping device approved by the National Association of the country where the competition is held, may be used. 6.-Upon completion of each event the time recording card shall be immediately filled in, signed by the Chief Timekeeper and handed to the Recorder. (Also see rule 13 page 51.) NOTE.-For World Records refer to Rule 24 page 6r and Rule 27 pages 68 to 70.

--------

-------------- - - - - - -

50 RULE 10

The Starter I.-All questions concerning the start shall be decided by the Starter. 2.-The Starter shall have entire control of the competitors on their marks, and shall be the sole judge of any fact connected with the start of the race. 3.-In races where the competitors are not placed behind the same starting line (e.g., 200-400 metres or 220-440 yards races on circular tracks), the Starter should use a microphone connected with amplifiers opposite the starting line in each lane. Where such a device is not used the Starter shall so place himself that the distance between him and each of the competitors is approximately the same. Where, however, the Starter cannot place himself in such a position, the pistol should be placed there and discharged by electric contact. (Also see Rule 27 for regulations relating to the start, page 68.) RULE 11

Clerks of the Course (Starter's Assistants) l.-The Clerks of the Course shall check that the competitors are competing in the correct heat or race and that their numbers are worn properly, one on the breast and one on the back. They shall assist the Starter in any draw for stations. Stations in events at all distances shall be numbered from left to right, facing the direction of running (also see rule 19 para. 5 page 56). 2.-They must place each competitor in his correct lane or station, assembling the competitors on the starting line or in races up to and including 1500 metres (or 1 mile) on an assembly line 3 metres (or 10 fee.t) behind the starting line (in the case of races started III echelon, similarly behind each starting line) and when

so placed they shall signal to the Starter that all is ready. When a fresh start is ordered the Clerks of the Course shall assemble the competitors again. 3.-The Clerks of the Course shall be responsible for the readiness of batons for the first runners in a relay race. 4.-When the Starter has ordered the competitors to their marks, the Clerks of the Course must see that no competitor places either fingers, hands or feet on the starting line or in front of it. If any difficulty arises they must signal immediately to the Starter. (Also see rule 27 page 68.) RULE 12

Lap Scorers 1.-A Lap Scorer shall keep a record of the laps covered by each competitor in races from 1500 metres to 3 miles. For races exceeding 3 miles a number of lap scorers under the direction of the Referee shall be appointed and provided with lap scoring cards on which they shall record the times over each lap (as announced to them by the Chief Timekeeper) of the competitors for which they are responsible. No Lap Scorer should record for more than four competitors. 2.-A special Lap Scorer shall be appointed to notify to each competitor the number of laps which he still has to complete. He shall notify the final lap by the ringing of a bell or otherwise. RULE 13

The Recorder The Recorder shall collect the result of each event together with the times or heights or distances, which be furnished to him by the Referee and Chief TImekeeper. He shall as soon as possible communicate the information to the Announcer, and after recording

52 the placings, times, heights or distances, he shall hand the official result together with all cards to the Manager of the meeting. (Also see rule 6 para. 7 page 47; rule 9 para. 6 page 49 and rule 15 page 52.)

RULE 14 The Marshal The Marshal shall have full charge of the enclosure and shall not allow any persons other than the officials, ar:d to enter and competitors assembled to therein. He shall control hIS assIstants and assIgn to them their duties. He shall arrange for an enclosure to be provided for officials when not on duty. RULE 15 The Announcer The Announcer shall give out to the public, the names and numbers of the competitors taking part in each event and all relevant information such as the composition of the heats lanes or stations drawn, and intermediate times. The result (placings, times, heights and tances) of each event should.be at earlIest possible moment after receIpt of the mformatlOn from the Recorder. (Also see rule 13 page 51.)

RULE 16 The Official Surveyor The Official Surveyor shall immediately prior to the Meeting, survey the track and runways, and all the distances which are to be contested, also the crrcles, arcs, sectors and other measurements relating to the field events. He shall furnish to the Technical Manager and the Referee, before the Meeting, certificates as to correctness. (Also see rule 21 para. 4 page 59.)

SECTION 11 RULES FOR COMPETITION

RULE 17 Entries I.-Competitions under I.A.A.F. rules are restricted to amateurs in accordance with the LA.A.F. rules relating to the eligibility of athletes to compete. (Refer to pages 39-42.) 2 .-N 0 competitor shall be allowed to compete outside his own country unless his amateur status is guaranteed in writing by the recognised governing Athletic Association of his country, and he has permission from such body to compete. In all international competitions such guarantee of the amateur status of an athlete shall be accepted as conclusive for the time being, of the athlete's eligibility to compete; any objection as to his status shall be referred to the I.A.A.F. (Refer to Constitutional Rule 9 page 34.) 3.-All women's entries must be accompanied by a certificate as to sex, issued by a qualified medical doctor recognised by the National Association. Medical Certificate for Female Participants in Athletics (Rule 17 of the Regulations of the International Amateur Athletic Federation) "All women's entries must be accompanied by a certificate as to sex, issued by a qualified medical doctor, . recognised by the National Association" . .. I HEREBY CERTIFY that. of .. is qualified in accordance with the above-mentioned rule of the LA.A.F. to compete in women's events. Signature of Medical Practitioner .. Address . Date . Signature of National Governing Body . Address . Date ..

54 RULE 18 The Competition I.-In matches arranged between members of the I.A.A.F., the number of trials in the jumping and throwing events may be reduced as desired; any such arrangement should be made previous to the meeting. (Also see rule 34 para. 13 page 80 and rule 40 para. 2 page 84.) 2.-In all events, competitors must wear clothing which is clean and so designed and worn as not to be objectionable. In steeplechase events non-transparent shorts should be worn. 3 .-The organisers must provide two numbers for each competitor (to be worn on the breast and back) corresponding with the number in the programme. 4.-In races run in lanes, each competitor shall keep to his own lane throughout the race. This shall apply also to relay races as regards the first lap only or to any portion of any race run in lanes. (Also see rule 31 page 75.) 5.-Any competitor wilfully jostling, running across or obstructing another competitor so as to impede his progress, shall be disqualified. If in any race a competitor is disqualified for any of these reasons, the Referee shall have power to order the race to be re-run or, in the case of a heat to permit any competitors affected by the act resulting in disqualification, to compete in a subsequent round of the race. If for any reason a competitor is hampered in a trial in a. field event, the Referee shall have power to award him a substitute trial. (Also see rule 6 para. 5 page 46.) 6.-If, during the progress of a race run in lanes, a competitor runs on or inside the inner border of his lane, he shall be liable to disqualification. It shall be for the Referee to decide when any report is made whether the competitor received such material advantage as to have affected the result of the race or substantially

reduced the distance measured, and, if so, he shall disqualify the competitor. 7.-A competitor after voluntarily leaving the track or course shall not be allowed to continue in the race. 8.-No official or any other person within the arena except an appointed official shall indicate any intermediate times to competitors. 9.-ExceI?t as provided in rules 30 and 45 (pages 74 and 90) durmg the progress of an event, no competitor shall receive any assistance whatsoever from any person. 10.-Subject to the provisions of paragraph 11, if a competitor misses his turn in a field event, he shall not be permitted to take the trial so missed. It.-If a competitor is entered in both a track event and field event, or in more than one field event taking place simultaneously, the judges may allow the competitor to take his trials in an order different from that decided prior to the start of the competition, but the competItor cannot demand to take all his trials in succession or to take any trials of the rounds in which he has failed to appear. l2.-A competitor in a field event who unreasonably delays making a trial renders himself liable to disqualification. I3.-The Referee shall have the power to change the place of the competition in any field event, if in his opinion the conditions justify it. Such a change shall be made only after a round has been completed. RULE 19 Rounds, Heats and Qualifying Trials Track Events I.-Preliminary rounds (heats) shall be held in track events in which number of competitors is too large to allow the competItIOn to be conducted satisfactorily in a single round (final).

56 2.-The heats and qualifying conditions shall be arranged by the Committee conducting the meeting except in the Olympic Games when the Council of the I.A.A.F. will act, and in the European Championships when the European Committee will act. The representatives of each nation shall be placed as far as possible in different heats, which shall be so arranged that not less than six competitors shall qualify for the final.

NOTE.-It is recommended when heats are being arranged, that the latest standard performances by the competitors be taken into consideration and the heats so arranged that normally the best performers should reach the final. 3.-In any track competition where there are more competitors than can be placed in the first row, the draw for stations shall be by nations, when one competitor from each nation shall be placed in the order of the draw. Additional starters from any nation shall then be placed behind, in the same order. 4.-A competitor shall not be allowed to compete in a heat other than the one in which his name appears, except in circumstances which in the opinion of the Referee justify an alteration. 5 .-At Olympic Games, European Championships and similar meetings the authorities conducting the meeting may arrange for the drawing of stations on the day immediately preceding the race. The competitors shall be notified as to the time and place for the drawing and they shall have the right to be present in person or to send a representative. When such a draw has not taken place the competitors shall draw for their respective stations immediately before the start. (Also see rule 11 para. 1 page SO.) 6.-In all preliminary rounds, at least the first and second in each heat shall qualify for the next round.

57 7.-The following minimum times must be allowed when practicable, between the last heat of any round and the first heat of a subsequent round or final : Up to and including 220 yards 45 minutes Over 220 yards and up to and including 1000 metres 90 minutes Over 1000 metres 3 hours

Field Events 8.-In any field event, a qualifying trial may be held if necessary, to decide who shall compete in the competition proper. The qualifying conditions shall be arranged by the Committee conducting the meeting except in the Olympic Games when the Council of the I .A.A.F. will act, and in the European Championships when the European Committee will act. The competitors shall compete in the order drawn by lot and where possible their names shall be placed in the programme in the order drawn. (Also see rules 34 para. 1 page 78 and 40 para. 1 page 84.)

Combined Events- Pentathlon and Decathlon 9 .-The order of competing shall be drawn before each separate event. 10.-Three trials only are allowed in the throwing, putting and jumping events. . H.-In 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres, 80 metres hurdles and 110 metres hurdles events the competitors shall be drawn by lot in groups by the Referee, so that where possible three or four competitors start in each group, and in 1500 metres, five or six competitors. The Referee should so arrange the groups that never less than two competitors start in anyone test. He shall have the power to re-arrange the groups if in his opinion it is desirable. (Also see rule 46 page 92.)

RULE 20 Doping I.-Doping is the employment of drugs with the intention of increasing athletic efficiency by their stimulating action upon muscles or nerves, or by paralysing the sense of fatigue. Their use is strongly deprecated not only on moral grounds but because of their danger to health. 2.-Any competitor who uses drugs as defined above shall be suspended from active participation in amateur athletics for such period as the Council of the I.A.A.F. shall prescribe, and any person aiding or abetting in the use of drugs, shall be permanently excluded from any ground where the rules of the I.A.A.F. are in force. RULE 21

Measurements and Weights I.-All measurements must be made with a certified steel tape or bar graduated in centimetres and/or quarter-inches, and all implements must be weighed on a governmentally approved balance. 2.-In measuring the distances of throwing, putting and jumping events, that part of the steel tape recording the distance achieved must be held by an official at the take-off point, the circle or scratch line. Distances if measured in metres, shall always be recorded to the nearest centimetre below the distance covered, i.e., fractions less than one centimetre must be ignored. Distances if measured in feet, under 100 feet shall be recorded to the nearest quarter-inch and if over 100 feet shall be recorded to the nearest half-inch below the distance covered, i.e., fractions less than quarter-inch or half-inch respectively, must be ignored. In jumping for height, all measurements shall be made perpendicularly from the ground with a certified steel tape or bar to the lowest part of the upper side of the bar.

3.-A scientific measuring apparatus, such as a datum line measurer, the accuracy of which is approved by the Governmental Weights and Measures department of the member where the events are held, may be used when approved by the I.A.A.F. 4.-Measurements for long distance events over roads must be carried out by a professional surveyor who shall furnish two certificates as to correctness: alternatively a wheel certified as to correctness may be used. (Also see rule 16 page 52.) RULE 22 Ties Ties shall be decided as follows :Track Events I.-In the event of a tie in any heat which affects the qualification of competitors to compete in the next round or final, where practicable, the tying competitors shall both qualify, failing which they shall compete again. In case of a tie for first place in any final, the Referee is empowered to decide whether it is practicable to arrange for the competitors so tying to compete again. If he decides it is not, the result shall stand. Ties in other placings shall remain.

Field Events 2 .-In jumping or vaulting for height:(a) The competitor with the lowest number of jumps at the height at which the tie occurs shall be awarded the higher place. . (b) If the tie still remains, the competitor with the lowest total of failures throughout the competition up to and including the height last cleared shall be awarded the higher place. (c) If the tie still remains, the competitor with the lowest total number of jumps (whether successful or not) throughout the competition up to and including the height last cleared shall be awarded the higher place.

60 ExampleHigh Jump

A B C

1. 82

1. 85

1.88

1. 90

1.92

1. 94

5'10'

6'0'

6'1'

6'2'

6'3'

6'4'

6'5'

V V

xv' x

xV XXV xxV

xxV xXV XXV XV

xxx xxx xxx xxx

V V D V

Metres

1. 78

V V

= Did not jump.

xxV

Cleared. X =

Failed.

Total Total failures Jumps 4 4 5

Pos. 2 3 4 I

A, B, C and D all cleared 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.) and failed at 1.94 metres (6ft. Sin.). The rule regarding ties comes into operation, and as "D" cleared 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.) at his second attempt, the others taking three, he is declared the winner. The other three will tie and the Judges add up the total number of failures, up to and including the height last cleared, i.e., 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.) "C" has more failures than "A" or "E", and is therefore awarded fourth place. "A" and HE" still tie and the Judges add up the total number of jumps up to and including the height last cleared, i.e., 1.92 metres (6ft. 4in.), "A" being awarded second place. (d) If the tie still remains:(i) If it concerns the first place, the competitors tying shall have one more jump at the height at which they failed, and if no decision is reached, the bar shall be lowered or raised to the heights which shall be announced before the commencement of the competition; with one jump at each height until the tie is decided. Competitors so tying must jump on each occasion when deciding the tie. (Also see rule 34 para. 9 page 80.)

(ii) If it concerns any other place, the competitors shall be awarded the same place in the competition. 3.-In those field events where the result is determined by distance, the second best performance of the competitors tying shall decide the tie. If the tie still remains the third best and so on. (Also see rule 24 para. 5 page 64.) RULE 23

Protests I.-Protests concerning the status of an athlete to participate in a meeting must be made prior to the commencement of such meeting, to the Jury of Appeal, who if unable to give a decision shall refer the protest to the I.A.A.F. 2.-Protests relating to matters which develop during the carrying through of the programme should be made at once and not later than within two hours after the meeting has terminated, or within fifteen minutes of the occurrence in a preliminary round. 3.-Any such protests must be made in writing by a responsible official to the Referee (who in case of necessity shall refer to the Jury of Appeal) accompanied by the deposit of one pound sterling or its equivalent before action is taken. The deposit will be forfeited if the protest is considered to be frivolous. (Also see rule 5 page 45.) (Reference should be made when necessary to the ruies for Olympic Games and European Championships, see pages 111 and 119 respectively.) RULE 24

World Records I.-When a World Record is to be claimed, the I .A.A.F. member in the country where the record

performance was made shall proceed to establish the Record without delay. 2.-The official application form of the I.A.A.F. shall be filled in and forwarded to the I.A.A.F. office within six months. If the application concerns a foreign athlete a duplicate of the form shall be sent to the National Association of the athlete in question. 3.-A World Record shall be accepted if the application form is submitted by the member where the Record was made and is certified by the Referee, Judges and Recorder of the Meeting as to:place time of day state of weather condition of track or field force and direction of wind level or gradient of ground correctness as to the distance covered by the competitor in a race correctness of announced time, distance or height weight, measurement and material of implement and that the athletic rules of the I.A.A.F. have been strictly followed. 4 .-The following conditions shall apply to all World Records:(a) the Record has been approved by the National Association of the country where the Record was made. (b) The Record must be made out of doors. (c) Running and walking records may be made only on a track which is not banked, and timed by official Timekeepers, as provided in Rule 9 (accepted by the National Association as such), whose watches must have been exhibited to the Chief Timekeeper for confirmation of the time recorded.

For walking records the track must be an oval from 350 metres (minimum) to 500 metres (maximum) with two curves and two straights from 80 metres (minimum) to 120 metres maximum. The track shall be composed of a substance on which normal running spikes could be used. (d) Records in field events must be measured by three Field Judges with a certified steel tape, graduated in centimetres or quarter-inches, or by a scientific apparatus approved by the Governmental Weights and Measures department of the member where the games are held, and approved by the LA.A.F. (e) The Record must be made in a bona fide scratch competition which has been duly fixed and advertised before the day and is included in the printed programme of the meeting together with the names of the entrants for the event. A race must be stated over one distance only. It is, therefore, not considered a bona fide scratch competition if any of the runners compete at a shorter distance than others in the same race. I t is permissible for the same athlete to accomplish in the same race any number of records but it is not permissible for an athlete to be credited with a record at a shorter distance if he did not finish the race over the full distance for which the race had been fixed. In field events a handicap may be combined with the scratch competition. (f) The Organisers of the competition shall refrain from stating or including in any advertisement, programme or written matter of any kind, any suggestion that any event will be an attempt upon record. The record must be made in a bona fide competition included in the programme of the meeting at which it was held.

In deciding whether the competition was a bona fide one the International Amateur Athletic Federation will consider whether the claimant was unfairly assisted towards the time accomplished by pacing from another competitor apparently designed to assist him to achieve a record. (g) If the Record is for a race on a straight course, or for the Long Jump, or for the Hop, Step and Jump, the athlete must not have obtained assistance from a wind blowing at his back. If the component of the wind in the directio.n of running exceeds 2m. (6ft. 6m.) per second, It is considered to be of assistance to the competitor. In running events up to 100 metres the wind should be measured for a period of 10 secs.: in running events on a straight course up to 220 yards for a period of 20 secs.; and in jumping events for 5 secs.; and the average wind speed during the period calculated. (h) The Record must be better than or equal the result in the latest World Record list, in the event in question. If a Record at a longer distance is better than the existing Record for a shorter distance, a claim may be submitted for Records at both distances. (i) In the case of women's Records all applications must be accompanied by a medical certificate as to sex, drawn up by a qualified medical doctor recognised by the National Association of the athlete claiming the Record. 5.-Records made in heats or qualifying trials, deciding ties, and Pentathlon and Decathlon events WIll be accepted. 6.-The President and Honorary Secretary of the I.A.A.F. together are authorised to recognise World Records. If in their opinion there is any doubt as to the information concerning any record, the application shall

65 be referred to the LA.A.F. Rules and Records Committee for decision. The I.A.A.F. will inform the member applying for a World Record of the acceptance of the Record or will state the reason why the record was not accepted. 7.-The LA.A.F. office shall keep lists of the World, Olympic and European Records. These lists shall be revised once a year and a copy forwarded to each member of the I.A.A.F. 8.-Members of the I.A.A.F. shall keep a list of the National Records in their own countries. Copies of these lists shall be forwarded to the I .A.A.F . office in January each year. NOTE.-The official World Record plaques as designed by the I.A.A.F. for presentation to World Record holders, will be supplied by the I.A.A.F. provided National Associations remit the cost. Refer to appendix as to the events for which World Records are approved (pages 127 and 128). RULE 25 Official Athletic Implements I.-In all international competitions the implements used must comply with the specifications for official implements adopted by the I.A.A.F. set out in Rules 47 to 62 (pages 93 to 111). . 2.-All such implements shall be provided by the organisers of the meeting. No competitor is allowed to use any other implements, with the exception of vaulting poles and starting blocks, in which case they may use their own, provided these comply with the conditions laid dov\Tll in the rules. (Also see Rules 36 and 61, pages 81 and 110.)

67 SECTION III

measured 20 centimetres (8 inches) from the outer edges of the chalk lines. NOTE.-The chalk line on the right hand only of each lane, shall be included in the measurement of the width of each lane: (see diagram on page 66).

RUNNING EVENTS

RULE 26

4 .-The direction of running shall be left hand inside.

Track and Lanes (See diagram below)

. .=====..!

--r /Âˇ17 ..

(4fT)

/50'"1'" 2 I,.

(.)

5.-In international meetings the track should allow for at least six lanes. WOOD OR.. CONCRETE

. GROUND

--t--L LEVEL

MEASUREMENT LINE INNER LANE

)

1 -----r---'Âˇn..

-------

__ MEASUR.EMENT LINE ALL OTHER LAN ES.

-L.============================= 1. -The running track should be not less 7 :32 the metres (24 feet) in width and be bordered with cement, wood or other suitable matenal, 5 cent:metres (2 inches) in height, and not more than 5 centImetres (2 inches) in width. 2.-The measurement shall be taken 30 centimetres (1 foot) outward from the inner border of the track. 3.-In all races up to and including 440 yards, each competitor shall have a separate lane of at 1.22 metres (four feet) in width, to be. marked by of chalk or similar substance, 5 centImetres (two mche.s) in width. The inner lane shall be measured as stated III paragraph two above, but the remaining lanes shall be

6.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of tracks shall not exceed 1:100 and in the running direction 1 :1000. N aTE .-(a) 1t is recommended that where possible the

length of the track should be not less than 400 metres or 440 vards and the width should allow for seven -lanes, particularly in major events, such as the Olympic Games and Continental Championships. (b) Where it is not possible for the inner edge of the running track to have a raised border, the inner edge shall be marked with in lines of chalk 5 centimetres (2 width; it shall also be flagged at intervals of 5 metres (or 5 yards). Flags must be so placed on the chalk li'ne as to prevent any competitor running on the chalk line and they shall be placed at an angle of 60 degrees with the ground away from the track. Flags approximately 25 centimetres (10 inches) by 20 centimetres (8 inches) in size mounted on a staff 45 centimetres (18 inches) long are the most suitable for the purpose. World Records will be accepted under these conditions, subject to the further requirements contained in Rule 24 page 61.

RULE 27 The Start and Finish 1. -The start and finish of a race shall be denoted by a line marked in chalk 5 cm. (2 in.) in width at right angles to the inner edge of the track. The distanc.e of race shall be measured from the edge of the further from the finish, to the edge of the fimsh hne nearer to the start. Two white posts shall denote the extremities of the finish line, and shall be placed at least 30 centimetres (1 foot) from the edge of the track. (For apparatus see rule 62 page 110.). When the starting line is on a curve, it shall so laId out that all competitors shall cover approXImately the same distance (see diagram).

2 .-All races shall be started by the report a pistol or any similar apparatus fired upwards ll:.tO the but not before all the competitors are quite st'tll on marks. 3.-At all international meetings the of the Starter in his own mother tongue, shall be On your

69 marks" , "Set", and when all competitors are "Set" > the pistol shall be fired. 4 .-If for any reason the Starter has to speak to any competitor either before or after the word "Set", he shall order all competitors to stand up and the Clerks of the Course shall place them on the assembly line again. 5.-If a competitor leaves his mark with hand or foot after the word "Set" but before the shot is fired, it shall be considered a false start. 6.-Any competitor making a false start must be warned. If a competitor is responsible for two false starts he shall be disqualified. (Also see rule 46 para. 4(c) page 93 for Pentathlon and Decathlon.) 7.-If in the opinion of the Starter, the start was not fair, he must recall the competitors with a second shot. If the unfair start was due to one or more competitors "beating the pistol", it shall be considered a false start and the Starter must warn the offender or offenders, who shall be disqualified if they continue to offend after one such warning. NOTE .-1n practice when one or more competitors "beat the pistol" others are inclined to follow and strictly speaking, any competitor who does so follow, has beaten the pistol. The Starter should warn only such competitor or competitors who in his opinion were responsible for beating the pistol. This may result in more than one competitor being warned. If the unfair is not due to any competitor no warning shall be _ gwen. S.-Starting blocks or foot supports may be used. If starting blocks or foot supports are used both feet must be in contact with the track while starting. Competitors may use their own starting blocks or foot supports. 9 .-Worsted shall be stretched across the track between the finish posts 1.22 metres (4 feet) above the ground and fastened to the posts, for the purpose of

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70 assisting the Referee and Judges in placing the competitors. It shall be immediately above the nearer edge of the finish line. 10.-The competitors shall be placed in the order in which any part of their bodies (i.e. "torso", as distinguished from the head, arms, legs, hands or feet) reach the nearer edge of the finish line as defined above. l1.-In a race for one or two hours running or walking the Starter shall fire the pistol exactly one minute before the end of the race to warn the competitors and judges that the race is nearing its end. At exactly one hour or two hours after the start, whichever is appropriate, the Starter shall signal the end of the race by again firing the pistol. All the timekeepers will immediately stop their watches. The Starter shall qe directed by the Chief Timekeeper. At the moment the pistol is fired to signal the expiration of the time the judges appointed for that purpose shall mark the exact spot where each competitor touched the track for the last time before or simultaneously with the firing of the pistol. The distance achieved shall be measured to the rear edge of the last footprint of the competitor. One judge at least must be assigned to each competitor before the start of the race for the purpose of marking the distance achieved.

NOTE.-A "PHOTO-FINISH" camera should be used whenever possible to assist the Referee and the Judges. (Also refer to rules 10, 11 and 61, pages 50, 50 and 110.) RULE 28 Hurdle Races I.-The following are the standard distances:MEN WOMEN In yards 120, 220, 440 In yards 87t In metres 110, 200, 400 In metres 80 2 .-MEN .-There shall be ten flights of hurdles in each lane, set out in accordance with the following table : -

71 Distance of race

ÂˇHeight of Hurdle

Distance from scratch line to first hurdle

Minimum Maximum Metres Cm. Cm. 110 106.4 107.0 200 75.9 76.5 400 91.1 91.7 Yards Ft. In. Ft. In. 120 3 Si 3 61 220 2 Si 2 6l 440 2 llt 3 Ok

Distance between hurdles

Distance from lastÂˇ hurdle to finish line

Metres 13.72 18.29 45.

Metres 9.14 18.29

Metres 14.02 17.10 40

Yards 15 20 49 t

Yards 10 20

Yards 15 20 46t

38.!. 4

WOMEN .-There shall be eight flights of hurdles each lane, set out as follows:- . Distance of race

ÂˇHeight of Hurdle

Distance from scratch line to first hurdle

Distance between hurdles

III

Distance from last hurdle to finish line

Minimum Maximum Metres Cm. Cm. Metres Metres Metres 80 75.9 76.5 12 8 12 Yards Ft. In. Ft. In. Yards Yards Yards 87i 2 Si 2 61 13! 8i 13! *Refer to Rule 59 (page 108) for construction and standard heights of hurdles.

tolerance allowance of 3 millimetres above and below the standard heights is to allow of the hurdles. for variation in the 1

'-.The

3 .-All races shall be run in lanes and each competitor shall keep to his own lane throughout. 4.-A who trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle or Jumps any hurdle not in his own lane or

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72 deliberately knocks down any hurdle by hand shall be disqualified. 5.-Except as provided in para. 4 of this rule the knocking down of hurdles shall not disqualify nor prevent a record being made. 6.-In establishing a World Record a complete set of hurdles of the international type must be used. RULE 29

Steeplechase I.-The standard distances shall be : In metres-3OOO (1 mile 1520 yards 2ft. 8in.). In miles-2 miles (3218.65 metres) 2.-There shall be 28 hurdle jumps and 7 water jumps included in the 3000 metres event, and 32 hurdle jumps and 8 water jumps in the 2 miles event. 3.-The water jump shall be the fourth jump in each lap. If necessary the finish line shall be moved to another part of the track. N aTE .-Owing to the water jump having to be constructed on the arena inside or outside the track, thereby lessening or lengthening the normal distance of the laps, it is not possible to lay down any rule specifying the exact length of the laps or to state precisely the position of the water jump. It should be borne in mind that there must be enough distance from the starting line to the first hurdle to prevent the competitors from overcrowding, and there should be approximately 68 metres or 76 yards from the last hurdle to the finish line. EXAMPLE: The following measurements are given as a guide and any adjus tments necessary should be made

by lengthening or shortening the distance at the starting point of the race. It is assumed that a lap of 400 metres or 440 yards has been shortened by 10 metres or 10 yards by constructing the water jump inside the track.

Distance from starting point to commencement of 1st lap, to be run without jumps ... Distance from commencement of 1st lap to 1st hurdle From I st to 2nd hurdle From 2nd to 3rd hurdle From 3rd hurdle to water jump From water jump to 4th hurdle From 4th hurdle to finishing line ...

Lap of 390 metres

Lap of 430 yards 80 yds.

270 metres 10 86 86 86 86

10m. 78m. 78m. 78m. 78m.

68m.

7 laps of 390

yds. yds. yds. yds. yds.

76 yds. Slaps m. of 430 yds.=3440 yds. 3000 m.

3520 yds. =(2 miles)

4.-The distance from the starting point to the commencement of the first lap shall not include any jumps, the hurdles being removed until the competitors have entered the first lap. 5 .-The hurdles shall be not less than 91.1 centimetres (2ft. lliin.) nor more than 91.7 centimetres (3ft. lin.) high and shall be at least 3.66 metres (12 feet) in width. The section of the top bar of the hurdles and the hurdle at the water jump, shall be 127 millimetres (5 inches) square. They should be made of heavy timber so that they may not be overturned easily. 6.-The water jump shall be 3.66 metres (12 feet) in length and width. The water shall be 76 cm. (2 feet 6in.) in depth immediately in front of the hurdle and slope to the level of the ground at the further end. The hurdle at the water jump shall be firmly fixed in front of the water and be of the ÂŁame height as the others in the competition.

7.-Each competitor must go over or through the water, and anyone who steps to the one side or the other of the jump or trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle shall be disqualified. He may jump or vault over each hurdle, or place a foot on each hurdle and on the hurdle at the water jump.

within an athletic arena, The course should be so designed that as little as possible is traversed in more than one direction. NOTE .-1t is recommended in measuring the course that it should be measured one metre from the verge of the road and in the running direction. 2.-Each competitor must send with his entry a medical certificate from a qualified doctor certifying his fitness to take part in a race of this kind, and shall be required to take a physical examination before the race by a qualified doctor who shall be appointed by the organisers. If the doctor considers it dangerous or inadvisable, the competitor shall not be allowed to start or to continue with the race. 3.-A competitor must retire at once from the race if ordered to do so by a member of the medical staff, officially appointed. 4.-The distance in kilometres and miles on the route shall be displayed to all competitors. 5.-Refreshments shall be provided by the organisers of the race at 15 kilometres or 10 miles, and thereafter at every 5 kilometres or 3 miles. No refreshment may be carried or taken by a competitor other than that provided by the organisers, but the athlete may specify the type of refreshment desired. (Also see rule 18 para. 9 page 55.)

RULE 30

RULE 31

Marathon Race

Relay Races

(42,195 metres-26 miles 385 yards).

I.-Chalk lines shall be drawn across the track to mark the distances of the stages and to denote the scratch line. 2.-Chalk lines also shall be drawn 10 metres (11 yards) before and after the scratch line to denote the takeover zone and no member of a team shall take up a position or move outside this zone prior to taking over

Ol\OUNO

LEVEL

I.-The Marathon race shall be run on main roads; when traffic or similar circumstances make it unsuitable, the course, duly marked, may be on a bicycle path or footpath alongside the road, but not on soft ground such as grass verges or the like. The start and finish may be

76 the baton. These lines are to be included in the zonal measurements. 3.-The position of the teams at the start of the race shall be drawn, and shall be retained at each take-over zone, except that waiting runners can move to the inside position on the track as incoming team-mates arrive, provided this can be done without fouling. 4.-In events where the first lap only is run in lanes, competitors after leaving the take-over zone are free to take up any position on the track. 5.-The baton must be carried in the hand throughout the race that if dropped, it must be recovered by the athlete who dropped it. The baton must be passed only within the take-over zone. 6.-Competitors after handing over the baton should remain in their lanes or zones until the course is clear, to avoid obstruction to other competitors. Should any competitor wilfully impede a member of another team by running out of position or lane at the finish of the stage he is liable to cause the disqualification of his own team. 7.-Assistance by pushing-off or by any other method will cause disqualification. 8.-0nce a team has competed in the preliminary rounds of an event, the composition of the team must not be altered, for any subsequent round or final, but it is permissible for the order of running to be changed as between heats and succeeding rounds or final. No competitor may run two sections for a team. (Also see rule 18 pages 54 and 55.) RULE 32

Team Races I.-In team races the maximum number of starters comprising a team and the number of competitors whose positions are to count shall be stated in the programme.

2.-If necessary, preliminary rounds may be held. 3.-Stations shall be drawn and the members of each team shall be lined up behind each other at the start of the race. 4.-The composition of a team must not be changed after a heat has been run and only competitors finishing the full distance are eligible to compete in the final. 5.-The method of scoring shall be optional and may be anyone of the following : (a) By scoring the least number of points, according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The finishing positions of the nonscoring members of a team shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams, but when a team fails to finish the requisite number to score, it shall be eliminated; or (b) By scoring the least number of points, according to the scoring positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The positions of the non-scoring members of a team whether it finishes all its members or not shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams; or (c) By scoring the least number of points according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The finishing positions of the nonscoring members of a team and the members of a team which fails to finish the requisite number to score, shall be eliminated; or (d) By scoring the lowest aggregate of the times recorded by the scoring members. 6.-If two or more competitors tie for any place the points for the places concerned sh3:ll be and divided equally among the competltors so tymg. 7.-In case of a tie on points, the team whose last scoring member finished nearest to first place shall be the winning team.

78 RULE 33 Cross -Country Races 1. -The race shall be run on a bona fide cross-country course properly marked. 2.-The course must be marked preferably with red flags on the left and white flags on the right which must be visible from a distance of 125 metres (140 yards). In all other respects the rules governing track competitions shall prevail. 3.-vVhen laying out the course very high obstacles should be avoided, so should deep ditches, and dangerous ascents or descents, thick undergrowth and in general any obstacle which would constitute a difficulty beyond the aim of the competition.

2.-In all jumping events the length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length provided for the runway in each case shall be as follows:Running High jump . 15 metres or 50 feet Running Long Jump} Hop, Step and Jump 40 metres or 130 feet Pole Vault NOTE: Where conditions permit the runways should not be shorter than the following : Running High Jump .. I8 metres (57 feet 3 inches). Running Long Jump .. "1 Running Hop, Step and Jump 45 m,etres (I47 feet Pole Vault. . .. .. J 62nches).

WOMEN

3.-In all jumping events each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps subject to conditions relating to ties. (Also see rule 22, page 59.)

4.-The distance shall be not greater than 3 kilometres (or 2 miles).

4.-The employment of weights or grips of any kind is forbidden. 5.-The take-off ground about the jump must be level.

SECTION IV

6.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runways for jumping events shall not exceed 1 :100 and in the running direction 1 :1000 .

JUMPING EVENTS RUNNING AND

STANDING HIGH JUMPS;

RUNNING AND

STANDING LONG JUMPS;

Hop,

STEP

AND

JUMP;

POLE

VAULT

RULE 34 General Rules Gene1'al I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. (Also see rule 19 para. 8 page 57.)

7.-A competitor may place marks to assist him in his run-up and take-off and a handkerchief on the cross-bar for sighting purposes. No marks shall be placed in any . jumping pit but the Organising Committee may place marks outside.

Jumping for Height and Pole Vaulting: S.-The uprights or posts shall be not less than 3.66 metres (12 feet) and not more than 4.02 metres (13ft. 2lin.) apart.

80 9.-Before the commencement of competitions in jumping for height, the announce. to the competitors the commencmg heIght and the dIfferent heights to which the bar will be raised at the end of each round. The amount the bar will be raised or lowered in jumping off a tie for first place should also be announced. (Rule 22 para. 2 sub-section d(i), page 60.) 10.-A competitor may commence jumping at any height above the minimum height may jump at his own discretion at any subsequent heIght. Three consecutive failures, regardless of the height at which any of such failures occur disqualify from further jumping. NOTE.-The effect of this rule is that a competitor may forego his second jum.Ps or .at a particular height (after fa1,hng fzrst tzme) and stzll Jump at a subsequent height. 1I.-Even after all the other competitors have failed, a competitor is entitled to continue jumping until he has forfeited his right to compete further. 12 .-Any measurement of a new should be made before competitors attempt such heIght. In all cases of records the judges must check the measurements after the height has been cleared. NOTE.-Judges should ensure, before commencing the competdion that the underside and fro.nt of the cross-bar are distinguishable and that the bar zs always replaced with the same surface uppermost and the same surface to the front. (Alsosee rule 19, pages 55 to 57.) Jumping for distance: 13.-Each competitor shall be allowed three trials and the six best and any athletes tying for the sixth place shall be allowed three addi.ti?nal No competitor shall be allowed the addItIonal tnals unless one of his three trials was a fair jump. (Also refer to rule 18 para. 1 page 54.)

81 RULE 35

Running High Jump I.-The competitor must take-off from one foot. 2 .-Knocking the bar off the supports or touching the ground beyond the plane of the uprights with any part of the body shall count as a failure. 3.-The uprights or posts shall not be moved during the competition unless the Referee considers the take-off or landing ground has become unsuitable. In such a case the change shall be made only after a round has been completed. (For apparatus refer to Rule 47 page 93.) RULE 36

Pole Vault I.-Any competitor may have the uprights moved in either direction but they may not be moved more than 60 centimetres (two feet) from the prolongation of the inside edge of the top of the stopboard. If the uprights are moved, the Judges should make a re-measurement to ensure that there is no variation in the height. (Also refer to rule 21 pages 58 and 59.) 2.-The take-off for the pole vault shall be from a wooden box which shall be sunk level with the ground. 3.-In addition to the failures mentioned in rule 34 paragraph 10 (page 80) a competitor fails if he:(a) Knocks the bar off the supports; or (b) leaves the ground for the purpose of making a vault and fails to clear the bar; or (c) after leaving the ground places his lower hand above the upper one or moves the upper hand higher on the pole; or

(d) touches with any part of his body or with the pole, the ground beyond the plane of the stopboard of the wooden box. (e) clears the bar but having relinquished his hold on the pole the latter passes underneath the bar. 4.-If in making an attempt the competitor's pole is broken it shall not be counted as a failure. 5 .-N0 one shall be allowed to touch the pole unless it is falling away from the bar or uprights; if it is so touched the vault shall be recorded as a failure. 6.-Competitors may use their own poles. No competitor shall be allowed to use any of the private poles except with the consent of the owner. (For apparatus see rules 47 and 48 pages 93 and 96.) RULE 37

Running Long Jump I.-The take-off shall be marked by a board sunk level with the runway and the surface of the pit, the edge of which nearer to the pit shall be called the take-off line. If a competitor takes off before reaching the board, it shall not for that reason be counted as a failure. Immediately beyond the take-off line there shall be placed a board of plasticine or similar substance for recording the athlete's footprint when he has footfaulted. If it is not possible to instal the above apparatus the following method should be adopted: immediately in front of the take-off line and across all the length of it over a width of 10 centimetres (4 inches) the ground shall be sprinkled with soft earth or sand to make it 13 millimetres (one half-inch) higher than the take-off board. From the take-off board the earth shall be raised at an angle of 30Â° to the height of 13 millimetres (one half-inch) .

2.-If any competitor touches the ground beyond the take-off line, or take-off line extended, with any part of the body, whether running u,p without jumping or in the act of jumping, it shall be counted a failure. 3.-All jumps should be measured from the nearest break in the pit made by any part of the body or limbs to the take-off line and at right angles to such line. If in the course of landing the competitor touches the ground outside the pit nearer to the take-off than the nearest break in the pit made by the jump, such jump shall not be measured but shall count as a failure. 4.-The jumping pit shall have a minimum width of 2 metres 75 centimetres (9 feet). 5.-The distance between the take-off and the end 9 metres (29t feet) . of the pit shall be at 6.-The take-off board shall be not less than one metre (3ft. 3in.) from the edge of the pit. (Also see rule 34, pages 78 to 80.) (For apparatus refer to rule 49 page 96.)

RULE 38

Standing High Jump Standing Long Jump I.-The feet of the competitor may be placed in any position, but shall leave the ground only once in making an attempt to jump. When the feet are lifted from theÂˇ ground twice, or two springs are made in making an attempt, it shall count as a failure. A competitor may rock forward and backward, lifting heels and toes alternately from the ground, but he may not lift either foot clear from the ground or slide it along in any direction on the ground. 2.-With these exceptions, the rules for the Running High Jump and Long Jump respectively shall apply.

85 84 RULE 39

Hop, Step and Jump 1.-The take-off shall be marked by a board sunk

level with the runway and the surface of the pit, and placed at least 11 metre.s (36 feet) from the pit, the e?ge of which nearer to the Pit shall be called the take-off (For apparatus see Rule 49 page If a competitor takes off before reaching the board, it shall not for that reason be counted as a failure. 2 .-The hop shall be made so that the competitor shall first land upon the same foot with which he shall have taken off, in the step he shall land on the other foot, from which consequently the jump is performed. 3.-If the competitor while jumping the ground with the "sleeping" leg it shall be considered as a failure. 4.-In all other respects the rules for the Running Long Jump shall apply. (Also see rule 37 pages 82 and 83.)

SECTION V THROWING EVENTS HAMMER, SHOT, DISCUS AND JAVELIN

RULE 40 General Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. (Also see rule 19 para. 8 page 57.) 2.-Each competitor shall be allowed three trials and the six best and any athletes tying for sixth. place shall be allowed three additional trials. No competitor shall be allowed the additional trials unless one of his th!'ee was a fair throw. Each competitor shall be credited with

the best of all his throws. (Also see rule 18 para. 1 page 54.) 3.-In all throwing events from a circle a competitor is allowed to touch the inside of the iron band or stop board. I t shall be a foul throw and not allowed to count, if the competitor after he has stepped into the circle and commenced to make a throw, touches with any part of his body, the top of the stop-board or circle or the ground outside, or improperly releases the shot, discus or hammer in making any attempt. (Also see rule 55 j page 106.) 4.-The competitor must not leave the circle until the implement has touched the ground, and he shall then from a standing position, leave the circle from the rear half, which shall be indicated by a chalk line drawn through the centre and extended outside the circle, not less than 75 centimetres (30 inches) on each side. In throwing the javelin, a foul throw or improperly releasing the implement in making an attempt shall be recorded as a throw, but shall not count. 5.-Except in putting the shot, all throws from a circle, to be valid, must fall. within the inner edges of lines marking a sector of 90Â° set out on the ground so that the radii lines cross at the centre of the circle. In putting the shot, all puts, to be valid, must fall within the inner edges of lines marking a sector of approximately 65Â° set out on the ground so that the radii lines touch with their inner edges the extremities of the stop board and cross at the centre of the circle (refer to rule 56 page 107). The ends of the lines marking all sectors should be marked with sector flags (also refer to rule 57 page 107). 6.-The measurement of each throw shall be made from the nearest mark made by the fall of the discus, shot, or head of the hammer, to the inside of the circumference of the circle along a line from the mark made by the implement to the centre of the circle.

86 7.-A distinctive flag or disc shall be provided to mark the existing world record and when appropriate the existing national record in each throwing event. In the javelin, discus and hammer competitions a distinctive flag shall be provided also to mark the throws of each competitor. 8.-0nly throwing implements provided by the organisers of the meeting may be used. 9.-No harness, instrument or device of any kind which can be used as a support when making a throw shall be allowed. 1O.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runways for throwing events shall be 1 :100 and in the running direction 1 :1000, and that of the throwing field 1 :1000. (Also refer to rule 18 pages 54 and 55.) RULE 41 Javelin Throwing I.-The length of the runway shall be not more than 36.5 metres (120 feet) but not less than 30 metres (98ft. 6in.) and shall be marked by two parallel lines 5 centimetres (2 inches) in width and 4 metres (13ft. 1tin.) apart. The throw shall be made from behind an arc of a circle drawn with a radius of 8 metres (26ft. 3in.); such arc shall consist of a strip made of wood or metal 7 centimetres (21 inches) in width, painted white and sunk flush with the ground. Lines shall be drawn from the extremities of the arc at right angles to the parallel lines marking the runway. These lines shall be 1.50 metres (5ft.) in length and 7 centimetres (2ÂŁ inches) in width. NOTE: It is recommended that the runway should be not less than 33.5 metres (110 feet). 2.-The javelin must be held at the grip. 3 .-N 0 throw shall be valid in which the point of the javelin does not strike the ground before any part of the

87 or the competitor touches with any part of his body. or lImbs, the strip Or the lines drawn from the extremItIes thereof at right angles to the parallel lines or the .ground beyond. those lines or the strip. The competItor may cross eIther of the parallel lines. At no tin:e after to throw until the javelin has been dIscharged mto the air, may the competitor turn completely round, so that his back is towards the throwing arc. The javelin shall be thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and must not be slung or hurled. N aTE: Non-orthodox styles are not permitted. 4.-All throws to be valid must fall within the inner the sector set out on the ground by edge of. lines extendmg for a dIstance of 90 metres the lines from the centre of the circle, of which the a;c is a part, through the P?mts (B) and (C) at which the arc joins the lines markmg the runway. The ends of the radii lines should be marked with sector flags. (See page 89.) 5.-1f the javelin breaks, while in the air, it shall not count as a trial provided the throw was made in accordance with the rules. 6.-The measurement of each throw shall be made the nearest point of the fall of the javelin to the mSIde edge of the arc along a line from the point of the fall tc;> the centre of the circle, of which the arc is a part. (For Implement refer to rule 50, page 98.) RULE 42

Throwing the Discus I.-The discus shall be thrown from a circle 2.50 metres (8ft. 2iin.) in diameter. (For implement and apparatus refer to rule 51 pages 100 and 101.)

88 LANDINO rOINT

RULE 43

Putting the Shot I.-The put shall be made from a circle 2.135 metres (7 feet) in diameter. At the middle of the circumference in the front half of the circle a stop board shall be placed firmly fastened to the ground. 2.-The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only. At the time the competitor takes a stance in the ring to commence a put the shot shall touch or be in close proximity to the chin and the arm shall not be dropped below this position during the action of putting. The shot must not be brought behind the line of the shoulders. 3.-All measurements shall be made immediately after each throw. (For implement and apparatus refer to rule 52 page 101 and rules 56, 57 and 58 pages 107 and 108.) RULE 44 Throwing the Hammer I.-All throws shall be made from a circle 2.135 metres (7 feet) in diameter. 2.-When throwing the hammer, ordinary gloves for the protection of the hands are permitted. 3.-If the hammer breaks during a throw or while in the air, it shall not count as a throw provided it was made in accordance with the rules. If the competitor thereby loses his equilibrium and commits a foul, it shall not count against him. 4 .-1t shall not be considered a foul throw if the head of the hammer touches the ground when the competitor makes the preliminary swings or turns; but if, after having so touched the ground, he stops throwing so as to begin the throw again, this shall count as a trial throw. (For implement and apparatus refer to rules 53 and 54 pages 102 and 103.)

\ \ \

,,, I

:::>

\ \ \

I I

. ..

.-..

\ \

tc")

I I

-, "

\ \

\ 011

-4...

of.

\ \

lY2j\ \

5cm (2-)

91 SECTION VI RULE 45

Walking I.-Definition. Walking is progression by steps so taken that unbroken contact with the ground is maintained. 2.-Judging. Judges of walking must be careful to observe that the advancing foot of the walker makes contact with the ground before the rear foot leaves the ground, and in particular, that during the period of each step, in which a foot is on the ground, the leg shall be straightened (Le., not bent at the knee) at least for one moment. 3.-Judging and Disqualifications. The appointed Judges of Walking shall elect a Chief Judge. All the Judges shall act in an individual capacity. When, in the opinion of:(a) two of the Judges, one being the Chief Judge or (b) three Judges other than the Chief Judge a competitor's mode of progression fails to comply with the definition during any part of the competition, he shall be disqualified and informed of his disqualification by the Chief Judge. In no circumstances shall two Judges of the same nationality have the power to disqualify. 4.-Effect may be given to any such disqualification immediately after the conclusion of the competition, if circumstances render impracticable an earlier notice to the competitor of his disqualification.

5 .-A competitor may be cautioned when by his mode of progression he is in danger of ceasing to c0l!1Ply with the definition of contact; but he is not entitled to a second caution. The decision to caution a competitor shall be made under the same procedure as for disqualification set out in para. 3. 6.-In track races a competitor who is disqualified must immediately leave the track, and in road races the disqualified competitor must, immediately after his disqualification, remove the distinguishing number or numbers which he is wearing. NOTE .-It is recommended that a system of signalling "caution" by white flag and "disqualification" by red flag be used as far as possible during a walking race for the information of the officials, competitors and spectators. 7.-In all international races of SO kilometres (or 30 miles) and over, refreshments shall be provided by the organisers, and refreshment stations shall be arranged at 10 kilometres or 6 miles, and thereafter at every 5 kilometres or 3 miles. No refreshment may be carried or taken by any competitor other than that provided by the organisers, but the athlete may specify the type of refreshment desired. (Also see rule 18 para. 9 page SS.) If a race of SO kilometres or 30 miles takes place on a track, a competitor ma.y receive refreshment after hour from the start of the race, the refreshment statIon being arranged at a position near the finish. 8.-Each competitor must send with his entry for a race of SO kilometres or 30 miles or over a medical certificate from a qualified doctor certifying his fitness to take part in the race. Each competitor shall be required to take a physical examination before the race by a qualified doctor who shall be appointed by the organisers. If the doctor considers it dangerous or inadvisable the competitor shall not be allowed to start or continue in the race.

SECTION VII COMBINED COMPETITIONS

RULE 46 Pentathlon and Decathlon MEN I.-The Pentathlon consists of five events which shall be held in the following order: Long Jump; Throwing the Javelin; 200 metres; Throwing the Discus; and 1500 metres. 2.-The Decathlon consists of ten events which shall be held on two consecutive days in the following order,: First day -100 Metres; Running Long Jump; Putting the Shot; Running High Jump; and 400 Metres. Second day-HO Metres Hurdles; Throwing the Discus; Pole Vault; Throwing the Javelin; and 1500 Metres. WOMEN. 3.-The Penthathlon for women consists of five events which shall be held on two consecutive days in the following order:First day -Putting the Shot; Running High J urnp ; and 200 Metres. Second day-80 Metres Hurdles; and Running Long Jump. GENERAL 4 .-The I.A.A.F . rules for each event constituting the competition will apply with the following exceptions :(a) In each of the jumping and throwing events, each competitor shall be allowed three trials only. (b) The time of each competitor shall be taken independently by at least two ti.me-keepers, and if their times differ, the slower time shall be recorded.

(c) In the running trials and the hurdles a competitor shall be disqualified in any event in which he has made three false starts,. 5.-The scores separately and combined be announced to the competitors after the completIOn of each event. (Refer to rule 19 paras. 9-11 page 57.) 6.-The winner shall be the competitor who has obtained the highest number of points in the five or ten events as the case may be, awarded on the basis of the LA.A.F. Scoring Table.

SECTION VIII SPECIFICATIONS FOR OFFICIAL IMPLEMENTS AND ApPARATUS

RULE 47 Jumping and Vaulting Standards I.-Uprights .-Any style or of uprights or posts mav be used provided they are ngId. i.-Crass-bar .-The Cross-bar shall be of wood or metal, triangular or circular in side diameter of which shall measure 30 mIllImetres (11"6 inch). The ends of the circular bar shall be in such a way that a flat surface of 30x 150 (1-16 X 6 inches) is obtained for purpose .of placmg the bar on its supports on the upnghts. the cross-bar may be split in the middle and lomed wIth a metal clip about 300 millimetres (1 foot) long. 3.-The cross-bar shall be between 3.B:-! (11 feet 111 inches) and 4 metres (13 fee! It mches) m length and the distance between the upnghts shall not be less than 3.66 metres (12 feet) or more than 4.02 metres (13 feet 21 inches). The maximum weight of the cross-bar shall be 2 kilogrammes (4 lbs. 6f ozs.). 4.-Supports for cross-bar in the High Jump.-The supports for the cross-bar shall be flat and rectangular,

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40 millimetres (1 t inches) wide and 60 millimetres (21 inches) long. They shall each face the opposite upright and the ends of the cross-bSir shall rest on them in such a manner that if it is touched by a competitor it will easily fall to the ground, either forwards or backwards. 5.-There shall be a space of at least 10 millimetres

(I inch) between the ends of the cross-bar and the

uprights.

6.-The drawings opposite illustrate one way of constructing the uprights in accordance with the rule.

7 .-Supports for the cross-bar in the Pole Vault .-Pegs shall be used to support the cross-bar and shall be without notches or indentations of any kind, of uniform thickness throughout and not more than 13 millimetres (t inch) diameter. They must not extend more than 75 millimetres (3 inches) from the uprights, and the cross-bar shall rest on them so that if it is touched by a competitor or his pole it will fall easily to the ground in the direction of the pit. 8.-Wooden box for the Pole Vault .-This shall measure 1 metre (3 feet 4 inches) in length, 60 centimetres (2 feet) in width at the front end, and tapering to 15 centimetres (6 inches) in width at the stop-board, where it shall be 20 centimetres (8 inches) in depth.

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The bottom of the box shall be lined with 2.5 millimetres (IJIOth inch) sheet iron or metal for a distance of 800 millimetres (2ft. 8in.) from the front of the box. (As shown in diagram on page 96.)

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N aTE .-The landing pit should measure not less than 4 metres (13ft. Itin.) long by 4 metres (13ft. llin.) wide for the High Jump, and for the Pole Vat/,lt 4 metres (13ft. Itin.) long (i.e. at the take-off side) by 5 metres (16ft. 4in.) wide.

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millimetres (4 inches) wide, immediately beyond the take-off board on which to place a board 25 millimetres (1 inch) thick as required; with a layer of plasticine or similar substance 13 millimetres (t inch) thick, the edge of which next to the take-off board must be at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The layer of plasticine can be smoothed off by means of a roller or suitably shaped scraper for the purpose of removing the footprints of the competitors. (Also see rule 37 para. 1 page 82.)

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RULE 48 Vaulting Pole The pole may be of any material and of any length or diameter, but the basic surface of the metal, is used, must be smooth. The pole may have a bmdmg only of not more than two layers of adhesive tape of uniform thickness. RULE 49 Take -off Board LONG JUMP AND Hop, STEP AND JUMP l.-Construction.-The take-off board shall be made 200 of wood and shall measure 1.22 metres (4 feet) (4 mches) millimetres (8 inches) wide and .a deep. On the side nearer to the pIt should be horizontal shelf 1.22 metres (4 feet) long; 140 mIllImetres (5t inches) wide; the top of which should be 25 millimetres (1 inch) below the surface of the board. This shelf should have a ledge, of the followmg approximate the edge to the pit, 38 millimetres (I! hIgh and 25 (1 inch) wide, thus formmg a recess 38 mIllImetres (It inches) deep, 1.22 metres (4 feet) long, and 100

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2 .-The take-off board shall be painted white.

N aTE .-1t will be found very helpful to have a spare plasticine board available, so that while the footprint is being eliminated the competitors are not delayed. Until the above-mentioned construction can be· brought into use, it is recommended that the old type of take-off board be used where in front of the take-off line and across all the length of it over a width of 100 millimetres (4 inches) the ground shall be sprinkled with sand or soft earth to make it 13 millimetres (t inch) higher than the take-off board. From the take-off board the earth shall be raised at an angle of 30° to the height of 13 millimetres (t inch).

98 RULE 50

Width of cord grip: Maximum

Javelin

15 centimetres (Si in.) 14 centimetres (5iin.)

16 centimetres (6/trin.) . 15 centimetres (6in.)

I.-Construction .-The javelin shall be made of metal or wood with a sharp metal point.

Minimum

2.-It shall conform to the following specifications :Men Women Weight inclusive of cord grip: 600 grammes Minimum 800 grammes (lIb. Si ozs.) (lIb. 121ozs.) Length: 220 centimetres 260 centimetres Minimum (7ft. 2iin.) (8ft. 6iin.)

3.-The cord grip shall be about the centre of gravity without thongs, notches or indentations of any kind on the shaft, and shall not exceed the circumference of the shaft by more than 25 millimetres (1 inch).

Maximum

270 centimetres (8ft. lOFn.)

Length of metal point minimum: Minimum 15 centimetres (6 inches)

230 centimetres (7ft. 6!in.)

15 centimetres (6 inches)

Distance from tip of metal point to centre of gravity: Minimum 90 centimetres 80 centimetres (2ft. 7tin.) (2ft. lliain.) Maximum 110 centimetres 95 centimetres (3ft. 1iin.) (3ft. 7iin.) Diameter at thickest point: Minimum 25 millimetres (1 inch) Maximum 35 millimetres (liin.)

20 millimetres inch) 30 millimetres (1/2 in .)

4.-The cross section shall be regularly circular throughout and the maximum diameter thereof shall be under the grip. From the grip the javelin shall taper gradually to the metal point and to the rear tip. The line from the end of the grip to the metal point may be straight or slightly curved but the curve must be gradual and there must be no abrupt alteration in the diameter of the section throughout the length of the javelin. 5.-The javelin shall have no mobile parts or other apparatus which during the throw could change its centre of gravity or throwing characteristics.

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101 RULE 51

Discus l.-C(lnstruction .-The discus shall consist of a wooden body, with metal plates set flush into the sides of the latterand shall have, in the exact centre of the circle framed by the metal rim, a means of securing the correct weight.

3.-Each side of the discus shall be identical and shall be made without indentations, projecting or sharp edges. The sides shall taper in a straight line from the beginning of the curve of the rim to a circle a distance of 25 millimetres (1 inch) from the centre of the discus. The thickness at 25 millimetres (1 inch) from the centre of the discus shall be exactly the same as at the centre.

2 .-It shall conform to the following specifications : -

Men Weight: Minimum

2 kilogrammes (4 Ibs. 6j ozs.) Outer diameter of metal rim: Minimum 219 millimetres (8tin.) 221 millimetres Maximum (8i-lin.) Diameter of metal plates: Minimum 50 millimetres (litin .) 57 millimetres Maximum (2-i2 in .) Thickness at centre: Minimum 44 millimetres (liin.) 46 millimetres Maximum (liiin.) Thickness of the rim at a distance (i inch) from the edge: Minimum .. 12 millimetres (t inch)

Women 1 kilogramme (21bs. 3i ozs.) 180 millimetres (73 32 in.) 182 millimetres 5 (73 2 in .) 50 millimetres . \ 31 1n (1 32 'J

57 millimetres (2-i2 in .) 37 millimetres (I-H;in.) 39 millimetres (l-B-in.) of 6 millimetres 12 millimetres inch)

The edge of the metal rim shall be rounded in a true circle. A metal discus complying with the official measurements, weight and conditions may be used

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RULE 52 Shot l.-Construction.-The shot shall be of solid iron, brass or any metal not softer than brass, or a shell of such metal filled with lead or other material. It must be spherical in shape. 2.-1t shall conform to the following specifications:Men Women Weight: Minimum 7.257 kilogrammes 4 kilogrammes (16 pounds) (8 pounds 13 ozs.) Diameter: Minimum 110 millimetres 95 millimetres (4-Hin.) (3t in .) Maximum 130 millimetres 110 millimetres (Skin.) (4gin.)

102

103 RULE 53

Hammer Construction: l.-Head.-The head shall be of solid iron, brass or any metal not softer than brass or a shell of such metal filled with lead or other material. It must be spherical in shape.

Length of hammer complete as thrown: Minimum

118 centimetres (3ft. lO!in.)

Maximum

122 centimetres (4ft.)

Diameter of head: Minimum

102 millimetres (4-hin.)

Maximum

120 millimetres (4iiin.)

2.-Handle .-The handle shall be of single unbroken and straight length of spring steel wire not less than 3 millimetres (i inch) in diameter, and shall be such that it cannot stretch appreciably while the hammer is being thrown. The handle may be looped at one or both ends as a means of attachment. 3 .-Grip .-The grip may be either of single or double loop construction, but must be rigid and without hingeing joints of any kind, and so made that it cannot stretch appreciably while being thrown. It must be attached to the handle in such a manner that it cannot be turned within the loop of the handle to increase the overall length of the hammer. 4.-Connection.-The handle shall be connected to the head by means of a swivel which may be either plain or ball bearing. The grip shall be connected to the handle by means of a loop. A swivel may not be used.

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5.-The hammer shall conform to the following specifications :Weight of hammer complete as thrown: Minimum

7.257 kilogrammes (16 pounds)

Hammer Throwing Cage

6.80 kilogrammes (15 pounds)

I.-It is strongly recommended that all hammer throws be made from an enclosure or cage to ensure the safety of spectators, officials and competitors.

Weight of head: Minimum

RULE 54

105

104 SUGGESTED CONSTRUCTION FOR HAMMER CAGE.

2.-The cage should be U-shaped in plan, the diameter of the bent portion being 8.23 metres (27 feet) with the opening through which the throw is made 8.23 metres (27 feet) wide. The height should be not less than 2.74 metres (9 feet). 3.-A cage made to the following specification suggested.

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Framework.-A metal rod 19.2 metres (63 feet) in length is bent to the shape of a letter U the radius of the bent portion being 4.11 metres (13 feet 6 inches) and the width of the open end being 8.23 metres (27 feet). The rod is supported in a horizontal plane 2.74 metres (9 feet) above the ground by metal supports made in the shape of an inverted letter "y" or by gallows-shaped supports.

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Netting .-A net 19.2 metres (63 feet) long by 3.05 metres (10 feet) wide made of cord 12.5 millimetres (! inch) in circumference with 50 millimetres (2 inches) meshes is suspended from the rod by tying or preferably lacing with similar cord. To the lower edge of the net resting on the ground 9 sandbags each weighing approximately 13.5 kilogrammes (30 pounds) are attached at regular intervals.

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Erection .-If inverted "y" shaped supports are used two bracing cross-ropes or wire stays are attached to the two supports at one end of the structure. It will assist in the erection of the framework if this section is assembled first. Where permanent sockets can be set in the ground the gallows-type uprights may be used. The sockets should be sunk to a depth of 43 centimetres (17 inches) and provided with covers for use when the uprights are removed.

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106 RULE 55 Circles l.-Constr'Uction.-Circles shall be made of band iron or the top of which shall be flush with the ground circles shall be packed outsIde. The earth or clay in ,firm and 2 (1 in.) (tolerance 6 mIllImetres (4"m.) plus or mmus) lower than the outside of the circle. The interior of the circles for Shot Putting, Discus Throwing and Throwing may be constructed of concrete or a SImIlar material. .2 .-Measurements .-The circle shall measure :DISCUS throwing .. 2.50 metres (8ft. 2!in.) inside diameter. Hammer Throwing and .Shot Putting .. 2.135 metres (7 feet) inside diameter. !he metal circle be 6 (1 inch) in and 76 mIllImetres (3 mches) in height sunk flush WIth the ground outside. 3.-The circle shall be painted white.

RULE 56 Stop Board (Putting the Shot) l.-Construction.-The board shall be made of wood in the shape of an arc so that the inner edge coincides with the inner edge of the circle, also so made that it can be firmly fixed to the ground. 2 .-Measurements .-The board shall measure 1 .22 metres (4 feet) long on the inside, 114 millimetres (4! inches) wide and 100 millimetres (4 inches) high . 3 .-Finish .-The board shall be painted white. AI'PP"O)< IOS"

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RULE 57 Sectors for throws from circles and arcs The sector within which all throws must fall, shall be clearly marked on the ground with lines 5 centimetres (2 inches) wide, the inner edges of which shall form the sector lines, the radii lines crossing at the centre of the circles. The outer ends of the radii lines should be marked with sector flags.

109

108 RULE 58 Sector Flag I.-Construction .-The Sector flag should be entirely of metal. 2 .-Measurements .-The flag should be rectangular in shape measuring about 10 X 18 centimetres (4 X 7 inches) with the standard 8 millimetres (5/16 inch) in diameter and not less than 60 centimetres (or 2 feet) in . length, above the ground. RULE 59

Hurdles I.-Construction .-The hurdles shall be made of metal or wood and shall consist of two bases and two uprights supporting a rectangular frame reinforced by one or more cross-bars, the uprights to be fixed at the extreme end of each base. The hurdles shall be of such a design that a force of at least 3.6 kilogrammes (8 lbs.) applied to the centre of the top edge of the cross-bar is required to overturn it. The hurdle may be adjustable in height for each event. The counterweights must be adjustable so that at each height a force of at least 3.6 kilogrammes (8Ibs.) and not more than 4 kilogrammes (8Ibs. 130zs.) is required to overturn it. 2 .-Measurements .-The standard heights of the hurdles shall be:Women 80 metres 87t yards 76.2 centimetres (2ft. 6in.). Men 110 metres 120 yards 1.067 metres (3ft. 6in.). 200 metres 220 yards 76.2 centimetres (2ft. 6in.). 400 metres 440 yards 91.4 centimetres (3ft. Oin.). The extreme width shall be 1.20 metres (3ft. 1lin.). The extreme length of the base shall be 70 centimetres

(2ft. 3tin.). The total weight of the hurdles shall be not less than 10 kilogrammes (22 lbs. 2! ozs.) . NOTE . - In each case there shall be a tolerance allowance of 3 millimetres (1 inch) above and below the standard heights, to allow for variation in the manufacture. (Also see rule 28 pages 70 and 71.) 3.-The width of the top bar shall be 70 millimetres (21 inches). 4 .-Finish .-The top bar shall be striped in black and white. The hurdles shall be so placed on the track that the feet of the hurdles shall be on the side of the approach by the competitor.

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5 .-Testing .-To check the resisting force of hurdles a simple spring-balance should be used by the application of a pulling force to the centre of the cross-bar. Alternatively use a cord with a hook, applied to the centre of the cross-bar, take the cord along over a pulley fixed conveniently and load the other end of the cord with weights.

111

110 RULE 60

Relay Baton

Construction.-The baton shall be a smooth hollow wooden or metal tube circular in section in one piece, the length of which shall be not more than 30 centimetres (1 foot) and not less than 28 centimetres (11 inches). The circumference shall be 120 millimetres (41 inches) and it shall not weigh less than 50 grammes (11 ounces). RULE 61

Starting Blocks

1'22.. (-4 FT)

I.-The purpose of starting blocks is to expedite the carrying through of programmes and to protect the tracks. 2.-They must be constructed entirely of rigid materials. 3.-They may be adjustable, but must be made without springs or other devices whereby the athlete can obtain any artificial assistance. 4.-They should be so made as to be easily and quickly placed into position and removed without damage to the track. RULE 62

Finish Posts The finish posts shall be of rigid construction of about 1.37 metres (4ft. 6in.) in height, 8 centimetres (3in.) in width and 2 centimetres (lin.) in thickness.

GENERAL RULES FOR OLYMPIC EVENTS RULE 1

The Jury 1 .--The Jury shall consist of five or eight members appointed by the International Amateur Athletic Federation and shall manage the field and track events at the Olympic Games. 2.-All financial and technical arrangements of the Olympic Games shall be in the hands of the National Olympic Committee organising the Games, but the Jury mentioned above shall supervise the technical arrangements, appoint judges, etc., as stated hereafter. The organising Committee shall appoint one of its members as liaison officer to the Jury; such liaison officer shall take care of and be responsible for good communication between the Jury and the organising Committee.

112

113

RULE 2 Work of the Jury I.-The Jury shall be the highest authority on the track, and receive and decide any protests. (See rule 23 page 61 of the Athletic Rules for International Competitions.) 2.-The Jury shall not overrule the decisions of the Referees or Judges unless it shall find that a distinct mistake has been made. 3 .-The Jury shall decide all questions relating to the actual conduct of the Meeting, the final settlement of which is not otherwise covered by the rules. 4.-The Jury shall, through special experts, investigate the track and field and the technical arrangements thereof, not less than 15 days before the opening of the Games. The report of such experts shall be forwarded by the Jury to the Olympic Committee organising the Games, as soon as possible, with the request that certain alterations be made if necessary. 5.-The Jury shall meet at the place where the competitions are to be held not less than five days before the beginning of the events. It shall see that field and track are in good order, courses properly laid out and measured to conform to.all the requirements as laid down by the Athletic Rules for International Competitions and that all implements and equipment necessary for satisfactory competition are provided. 6.-The organising Committee shall have all the implements ready for inspection at least five days before the opening of the games. Should the Jury not find the implements in accordance with specification, new implements shallbe obtained as directed by the Jury.

7.-The organising Committee shall hand over to the Jury final entries arranged for the different competitions not less than five days before the opening of the Games. Jury shall accept or reject such entries, arrange the senes <:tnd and return result to organising Committee, which shall pubhsh the entnes with the competitors' numbers in sufficient time before the opening of the Games. . 8 the event of the track and field upon which the Olym)=>lc Games are .t<? be held n.ot being available for the orgamsmg Committee shall provide a sUItable place for this purpose.

RULE 3 The Athletic Ground I.-The length of each lap should be 400 metres. 2.-All tracks running, jumping and throwing event.s must be of cmder or similar material. Grass is not permitted. 3.-0n the field there shall be arranged two platforms. One of these shall be near the tunnel through which the competitors enter the field and from the field and track events shall be and WhiCh shall have telephone communication with the dressing rooms of the athletes, the Press Stand, the Band Sta.nd, the loud speaker, the flag posts, etc., and from which bells may be operated in all dressing rooms to call the competitors to the start. ' 4.-The other platform shall serve as an office for the Jury in charge of the field and track events. 5.-The loud speaker shall be governed by the Manager of the Games, and the speaker into the microphone placed near the Manager.

115

114 RULE 4

Officials I.-Besides the Jury there shall be the following officials: One Manager, 3 or 4 Assistant Managers, One Keeper of the Implements, 2 or more Announcers. 2.-0ne Referee for track events, 3 Starters, 7 Judges at the finish, 6 or more Umpires, 9 Timekeepers. 3.-0ne Referee for throwing events, 6 or more Judges for throwing events. 4.-One Referee for jumping events, 6 or more Judges for jumping events. 5.-0ne One One One

or more Press Stewards, Official Surveyor, Marshal, or more Doctors.

6.-Necessary number of Clerks and Scorers, including Lap-Scorers, Necessary number of Assistants. 7 .-For the running events in Decathlon, as well as in the Marathon race and the 50,000 metres Walking Race the number of officials must be considerably increased.

RULE 5

The Manager The Manager shall have charge of the field and track events and be responsible for the proper carrying out of the Games. Ten minutes before the time of an event, he shall sound the bells in the dressing rooms, and Announcers shall announce on the field, to the competitors, the judges and the public, the start of the event. The Manager of the Games shall not leave his stand during the time a competition is going on. After the finish of an event he shall, through his assistant receive the results from the scorer of such event. All announcements to the public, press, etc., shall be given by the Manager of the Games through the Announcers, Press Stewards, loud speakers, etc. RULE 6 The Assistant Manager 1. -The Manager shall have three or four Assistant Managers, one for running events, one for jumping events and one for throwing events, etc. The Assistant Managers shall see that starts are carried out and shall follow the particular competitions. Fifteen minutes before the finish of any competition they shall notify the Manager thereof, in order that he may be prepared for the start ()f the next event. 2.-The Assistant Managers shall at the end of each event collect and hand to the Manager the results given by the scorers. RULE 7 The Keeper of the Implements This official shall keep all implements under lock and key and shall be responsible for the implements being at hand in proper time for each event. The keeper of the implements acts directly under the Manager of the Games.

--- ----

116

RULE 8

The Refer ees I.-Th e Referees are respon sible for the prope r conduct of each event under their contro l and assign to the Judge s their partic ular duties . In t?e case a difference betwe en the Judge s, they shall deCIde and, If necessary, refer to the Jury . 2.-"VV"hen, in any but the final of a race, a claim for a foul or interference is made, the Referee shall have the power to disqua lify the comp etitor who was at fault, if he considers the foul intent ional or due to culpab le carelessness, and shall also have the power to allow the hinde red compe titor to start in the next round of heats, just as if he had been placed in his trial. 3.-W hen, in a final, a claim for a foul or interference is made he shall have the power to disqua lify the compe titor was at fault, if he considers the foul intent ional or due to culpab le carelessness, and he shall also have the power to order a new race betwe en such of the compe titors as he thinks entitle d theret o.

RULE 9

Time keepe rs I.-Tim ekeep ers shall use only tested a;nd certified at an astron omica l or physic al Institu te dunng the same year in which the Game s and the rules and condit ions of the test be SImIlar to those adopt ed by the Natio nal Physi cal Labor a;tory ,. Teddingto n, Engla nd. (The said Rules are publIs hed In the 1931 editio n of the Athle tic Rules .) 2.-Th e use of watch es of the Splits econd Type (Rattr apante ) is strong ly recom mende d, also that all watch es to be used by the official timeke epers at the

117 Games, shall be provid ed by the Organ ising Comm ittee of the Game s. 3 .-On e of the timeke epers acts by appoi ntmen t of the Jury as head timek eeper and regula tes the daily divisi on and work of the other timek eepers . 4 .-The timeke epers shall act indepe ndentl y from one anoth er, enter their times witho ut discus sing times and witho ut showing their watch es to each other, in the printe d form specia lly made for this purpose, and after signin g the form, hand it to the head timek eeper who is entitl ed to contro l the report ed times on the watch es. 5 .-The head timek eeper enters the report ed time in a specia l blank schedUle, fixes the official time result s accord ing to Rule 10 and provid es for public ation. 6 .-The head timek eeper may entrus t one of the timekeepe rs with taking interm ediate times and may designate for taking the time of the winne r a fourth (reserve) timek eeper, the time taken by whom shall only be taken into accou nt in case and for whate ver reason only two watch es have been acting . . 7.-Th e timeke epers take their place by grada tion in extens ion to the finish line on the other side of the track and at least two metre s from the finishing post. S .-In all races up to 200 metre s the times of at least the first three, and in all other runnin g and walking races the times of at least the first six, shall be officially taken and published. 9.-0u t of the timeke epers 4 take the time of the first, 3 3 One of the four design ated for a reserve timek eeper (see under

,, ,, " second, ,, ,, , , third. the first place acts as para. 6 above.)

119

118

10.-In races of 400 metres or more those timekeepers who take the time of the first place take also the time of the fourth place, those who take the time of the second of the fifth place, and who place, take also the take the time of the thIrd place take also the tIme of the sixth place. RULE 10

Other Officials Regarding other officials, duties in the Athletic Rules for InternatIOnal CompetItIons, whIch apply for all other questions regarding the Olympic Games. (Refer to pages 43 to 48.)

RULE 11

Qualification Trials l.-Where in any of the throwing or jumping events the number of entries exceeds 18, a qualifying round shall be held prior to the competition proper. 2.-No athlete shall participate in the competition proper he has prescribed standard in the qualifymg round; but. If .m any event less than, 12 competitors reach the quahfymg standard, then the first 12 athletes and any athlete tying for the 12th place shall take part in the competition proper. 3.-In each qualifying round, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, but the perfonnances accomplished shall not be considered part of the proper. Once a competitor has reached. the quahfymg standard he shall not make any more tnals.

RULES FOR THE EUROPEAN COMMITTEE AND EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS RULE 1 The International Amateur Athletic Federation has decided to promote EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS in every fourth year, two years after the Olympic Games. RULE 2 The Council of the I.A.A.F. shall exercise the following powers :(a) It shall have supreme control of the Championships; . (b) It shall deci?e upon all fundamental principles; (c) It shall appomt the appropriate European member of the I.A.A.F. to organise the Championships, upon the recommendation of the European Committee; (d) It .shall decide upon the venue for the ChampionShIp on the recommendation of the European Committee. RULE 3 -:r:he European Committee shall be appointed for a penod of four years and shall consist of a President Honorary Secretary and ten other members all to by from different European countries m affilIatIon WIth the LA.A.F. together with the President and the Honorary Secretary of the I.A.A.F. who shall be ex officio members of the Committee and be entitled to vote. !he and Honorary Secretary of the CommIttee shall resIde in the same country and each shall have a vote. The of the Committee, in the case of a tie the votmg, shall have a second or casting vote. The Committee shall serve until a new Committee is appointed and inducted to office.

120

121

RULE 4 The European Committee shall have the following powers:(a) it shall follow the directions given by the Council of the I.A.A.F. and report to that body on European matters; (b) it shall consider applications to hold the European Championships and to make recommendations thereon to the Council; (c) it shall determine, in co-operation with the Organising Member the venue and the date on which the Championships shall be held; (d) it shall have charge of the supervision, preparations and conduct of the Championships and arrange that they are carried through in conformity with the technical rules of the I.A.A.F. . (e) it shall furnish to the Organising Member, the list of the countries to be invited to compete; (f) it shall appoint a Jury of five persons and the principal officials; (g) it shall accept or reject entries, arrange heats and qualifying trials, as well as the programme and timetable of events; (h) it shall arrange annually a meeting of representatives of European countries for the purpose only of co-ordinating European Fixtures for the following year. RULE 5 The Championships shall comprise the following events: FOR MEN:

Running: 100 Metres 200 400 800

" " "

1,500 Metres 5,000 " 10,000 " Marathon (42 km. 195 m.)

Hurdles: 110 Metres 400 Metres Steeplechase: 3,000 Metres Relays: 4 X 100 Metres 4 X 400 Metres Walking: 20,000 Metres (Road) 50,000 Metres (Road) Jumping: High; Pole; Long; Hop, Step and Jump Throwing: Discus; Javelin; Hammer Putting: Shot Decathlon FOR WOMEN:

Running: 100 Metres 200

Hurdles: 80 Metres Relays: 4 X 100 Metres Jumping: High; Long Throwing: Discus; Javelin Putting: Shot Pentathlon

400 Metres

800

RULE 6 The maximum period for the Championships shall not exceed six days.

122

123

athletes (see Rule 8) to represent a country shall be lodged with the Organising Member not later than three full days for individual events and for relay events not later than 6 0' clock on the'evening of the day preceding the event. RULE 10 In each event the winner shall be awarded a silver gilt medal, the second a silver medal, and the third a bronze medal. RULE 11 A commemorative medal shall be distributed to all officials and competitors.

RULE 9 The closing date for entries, which must be submitted by the National associations or federations shall be not later than fourteen days prior to the first day of the Championships. A country may nominate not more than two competitors and one reserve (women: three and one reserve) for each individual event and eight competitors in each relay event. The final nominations of the

RULE 12 The Championships are allocated to a European Member of the I.A.A.F . who shall be wholly responsible for all the costs and expenses involved in the promotion of the Championships as well as for the following obligations imposed by the I.A.A.F. :(a) The Member will immediately appoint an Organising Committee; (b) Second-class travelling expenses (including meals en route) together with board and lodging for a maximum period of eight days, shall be paid to the fourteen Members of the European Committee (rule 3); (c) Second-class travelling expenses (including meals en route) together with board and lodging of not more than two technical delegates (who should be Members of the European Committee) for a period of not more than five days prior to the Opening of the Championships. These expenses, except for travelling, are supplementary to those which may be claimed under para. (b);

124 (d) Second-class travelling expenses (including meals en route) of not more than two delegates for the general supervision of the Championships, at such periods as may be thought appropriate, which shall be supplementary to (b) and (c). RULE 13 The Organising Committee shall pay to the I.A.A.F. 4% of the total of the gate money (with a minimum payment of the equivalent of U.S.A. Dollars, three thousand) taken at the Championships. The minimum payment sh::ll beyaid not later than fourteen days after the ChampIOnshIps and the remainder within three months after the Championships. RULE 14 The. C?rganising Committee shall pay the travelling and hvmg expenses (second-class return rail ticket, board and lodging) for a period of eight days (including the time taken in travelling) for not less than 100 men and women athletes of the various participating countnes. These expenses shall be calculated from the capital city of the participating country. .The 100 and 50 places respectively shall be distnbuted among the various countries in accordance with the general athletic results of the preceding year. The Organising Committee shall draw up a formula on these lines, from which the quota for each country can be calculated, t<? reach the Honorary Secretary of the European CommIttee not later than 15th January in the year of the Championships, who shall submit the proposals to the European Committee for approval and allocation of the places not later than 15th March following. The places shall be so allotted that each participating country shall obtain at least one place each for men and women.

The decision of the European Committee shall be final. Other expenses of athletes and officials participating in the Championships shall not be paid. As far as possible, however, the Organising Committee shall endeavour to obtain reduced charges for travelling and accommodation for athletes and officials.

RULES FOR EUROPEAN RECORDS I.-European Records shall be established for the same events as those which are accepted for \Vorld Records. 2.-The eligibility of athletes claiming European Records must conform with the following qualifications, that:(a) they are sUbjects by birth of the country they represent; or (b) they are citizens of the country they represent and have lived there continuously for a period of not less than five years; or (c) they have become naturalised in the country they represent and have permanent residence there; or (d) they are of European parents fulfilling the above conditions and have not become naturalised as subjects of a country outside Europe. '(e) For the purposes of this rule, Algeria is considered to be a part of France and athletes from all parts of Turkey can also qualify. "Vith the exception of the terms of clause (e) athletes born outside Europe cannot be qualified unless they meet the conditions stated in (b) or (d). 3.-The non-European performances of athletes who are admitted according to the above rules as European athletes may be also recognised as European Records, if

127

126 these performances are obtained at Olympic Games or they have been accepted by their respective national associations as national records. 4.-At the first registration of European Records all world's records recognised by the I .A.A.F. and complying with the above rules are entered in the list without control. Furthermore, all performances already recognised by the competent national association as national records will also be accepted as European Records without proofs if their essential data (name of athlete, performance, time, place, etc.) are certified and presented in writing by the respective national association.

EVENTS FOR WHICH WORLD RECORDS ARE RECOGNISED

100 yards 220 " 440 " 880 " 1 mile

5.-For all future performances the same rules and procedure will be in force as the world's records. Application for the registration of records must be submitted in writing, the application to be accompanied by the proofs prescribed in Rule 24 and sent to the Honorary Secretary, European Committee of the LA.A.F., clo Federation Francaise d' Athletisme, 32 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

2 miles 3" 6" 10" 15"

MEN Running 100 metres 2,000 metres 3,000 " 200" 5,000 " 400" 10,000 " 800" 20,000 " 1,000" 1,500 " 25,000 " 30,000 " 1 hour

Steeplechase 3,000 metres Hurdles 120 yards 110 metres 220" 200" 440" 400"

6.-All European Records shall be verified and sanctioned by the European Committee.

Relays 4 x 110 yards 4 x 100 metres 4X220" 4x 200 " 4 X 400 " 4 X440" 4x880" 4x 800 " 4x 1 mile 4x1500" 2 miles 5 7 " "

Walking 10 miles 3,000 metres 15,000 metres 20 , , 5,000 20,000 ,, 30 ,, 10,000 " 30,000 ,, " 50,000 , , 1 hour and 2 hours

129

128

High jump Long jump

Jumping Hop, step and jump Pole vault

Shot put ] avelin throwing

Throwing Discus throwing Hammer throwing Decathlon

100 yards 220

440

880

Australia ]. ]. Cumrnins ]. A. Larker P. S. McCavanagh M. ]. Moroney V. B. Sharp . B eglum 1

Running

M. Gobron

60 metres

100

200

400

800

Relays

High jump

(Approved by Congress-Melbourne I9S6)

WOMEN

Hurdles 80 metres (8 hurdles) 4 X 110 yards 4 X 220 " " 3 X 880

PANEL OF INTERNATIONAL WALKING JUDGES

4 X 100 metres 4 X 200 " 3x800 "

Jumping Long jump Throwing Javelin throwing Discus throwing Shot put Pentathlon

Czechoslovakl:a

B. Klir O. Louda F. Mikes R. Reiner H. Sulak Z. Trefny Denmark K. Hartvig P. Lassen

Gt. Britain & N. Ireland W. F. Amer H. S. Bassett W. Batson ]. W. Billson H. Evans G . R . G00 d Wln . ]. Hackwood E. Kennell R. C. Mawby G. F. McCombe G. Stone H. H. Whitlock Hungary P. Bacsalmasi L. Balazs B. Fehervari F. Simek

Italy Finland D.Nai M. W. Hyytianen G.Oberweger F.Porto France Norway H. Clermont F. Guilleux W. Bengtson K. Frodahl Germany A. M. Hagen H. Stah] R. Reinertsen

Roumania 1. Ionescu Sweden R. Anderson S. Anderson ]. Barnstedt R. Ericson C. Grandin A. Kallenheim E. Lindhe C. Widen B. Ohren E. Fristedt Switzerland W. Furrer A. Libotte F. Schwab A. Wydler U.S.S.R. A. Fruktov A. Issurin N. Kalinin -. Starikov -. Tomalin U.s.A. P. ] achelski

OFFICIAL

LiST

OF WORLD

TR.ACK

AND

FIELD

RECORDS

(Recognised by the I.A.A.F. as at the 15th March, 1957) Event ___..

Time Height or Distance

MEN

Place

Date

Country

Holder 1

---------·1-----

RUNNING 100 yards

9.3 s

220

20.0 s 45.8 s. .. 1 m. 47.5 s 3 m. 58 s. 8 m. 33.4 s 13 m. 14.2 s. 27 m. 43.8 s. 48 m. 12 s

440 " 880 " 1 mile 2 miles 3 " 6 " 10 " 15

1 h. 14 m. 1 s....... E. Zatopek

100 metres...

10.1 s.

200 400 800 1,000 1,500

2,000

20 s 45.2 s 1 m. 45.7 s. 2 m. 19 s. 3 m. 40.6 s. 5 m. 2.2 s. 7 m. 52.8 s.

5,000

13 m. 36.8 s.

3,000

. .

M. E. Pa tton H. D. Hogan L. King D. Sime D.Sime ]. Lea L. V. Spurrier ]. Landy S.Iharos S.Iharos S.Iharos E. Zatopek

.. "

.. W. ]. Williams 1. J. Murchison . D. Sime . L.]. ]ones R. Moens 1. Rozsavolgyi 1. Rozsavolgyi 1. Rozsavolgyi D. A. G. Pirie

D. A. G. Pirie

. . . . . .. . .. . . .. ..

U.S.A Australia U.S.A.

. ..

Hungary ......

vakia .. Czechoslovakia .. U.S.A. . .. . U.S:A . ::: ::: . .. Hungary ...... . . .. Gt.'Britain & N. Ireland .

U.S.A. . Australia .. U.S.A. ..

15. 5.48 13. 3.54 12. 5.56 9. 6.56 9. 6.56 26. 5.56 26. 3.55 21. 6.54 30. 5.55 23.10.55 15. 7.56

Fresno Sydney Fresno Sanger

29. 9.51

Stara Boleslav

29.10.55 3. 8.56 4. 8.56 9. 6.56 30. 6.56 3. 9.55 21. 9.55 3. 8.56 2.10.55

Celakovice Berlin

vakia Czechoslovakia .. . Germany

Los Angeles Oslo Tata

.. U.S.A. .. Norway .. Hungary

4. 9.56 19. 6.56

Malmo Bergen

Berkeley .. Turku .. England London Budapest ......... Hungary

U.S:A.

Sweden Norway

_.... ----•.....-_._---

Time Height or Distance

Event

10,000 metres... 28 m. 30.4 s. 20,000" ... 59 m. 51.6 s. 25,000 30,000 1 hour

.. ..

... ...

Holder V. Kuts E. Zatopek

1 h. 16 m. 36.4 s . E. Zatopek 1 h. 35 m. 3.6 s. . A. Viskari 20,052 m. 40 cm .. E. Zatopek (12 mls. 810 yds.)

RELAYS

4 x 110 yards...

40.2 s. ..

...

1 m. 24 s.

4X220

4 x 440

... 3 m. 7.3 s.

4 x880

... 7 m. 27.4 s.

4 x 1 mile

.... ..

16 m. 41 s.

4 X 100 metres

39.5 s. ..

4x200

1 m. 24 s.

Country

Date

U.S.S.R .. Czechoslovakia ......

11. 9.56

Moscow... ......

29. 9.51 29.10.55 21.10.56

Stara Boleslav Celakovice . Lappeenranta...

29. 9.51

Stara Boleslav ...

21. 5.55

Modesto

20. 5.49

Los Angeles

26. 5.56

Modesto

.. .. ...... .. Czechoslovakia

. Texas University (F. D. Smith, A. Frieden, J. Prewit, R. Whilden) ...... U.S.A . University of Southern Cali· fornia (M. E. Patton, R. Frazier, G. Pasquali, N. Stocks) .. Abilene Christian College (D. Condor, B. Woodhouse, ]. Segrest, B. Morrow) ...... " .. U.S.A. National Team (C. ]enkins, L. Spurrier, T. Courtney, L. ]ones) ...... JJ ••••••••• Fordhanl University (1'. Foley, F. Tarsney, W. Persichetty, T. Courtney) ... Britain & N. Ireland (C. J. Chataway, G. W. Nankeville, D. C. Seaman, R. G. Bannister) . G.B. & N.!. ... . U.S.A. National Team (1. Murchison, L. King, W. T Baker, B. Morrow) ...... :.. U.S.A . University of Southern Cali· fornia (M. E. Patton, R. Frazier, G. Pasquali, N. Stocks) ..

1.11.56

Place

Czechoslovakia

......... U.S.A.

....... __

Los Angeles

21. 5.54

1. 8.53

London

1.12.56

Melbourne

20. 5.49

U.S.S.R. Czechoslovakia

.. .. England ...... Australia

Los Angeles ...... U.S.A.

Time Height or D_i_s_ta_n_c_.e_.

Event _________ I 4 X 200 metres

1 m. 24 s.

4x400

3 m. 3.9 s.

4X800

7 m. 15.8 s

-------- -----Abiline Christian College (D. Conder, B. Woodhouse, ]. Segrest, B. Morrow) Jamaican National (A. S. Wint, L. A. Lamg, H. H. McKenley, V. G. Rhoden) .. Belgian National Team (A. Baillieux, A. Langenus, E. Leva, R. Moens) Bud<lpest Honved Sport Egyesulet (F. Mikes,. L. Tabori, 1. Rozsavolgyl, S. Iharos)

IS m. 14.8 s.

4x 1500

Place

Date

Country

Holder

U.S.A

Jamaica

26. 5.56

Modesto

......... D.S.A.

27. 7.52

Helsinki

Finland

Brussels

Belgium

8.8.SA

Hungary

29. 9.55

Budapest

22. 6.56 5. 5.56 13.10.54 22. 6.56 5. 5.56 29. 6.56

Bakersfield Durham London Bakersfield Durham Los Angeles

...... Hungar}'

HURDLES J. \V. Davis D. Sime Y. N. Lituyev ]. W. Davis D. Sime G. Davis

120 yards ...... 13.4 s. 22.2 s. 220 " 51.3 s. 440 .. 110 metres ...... 13.4 s. 22.2 s. 200 49.5 s. 400

.. ..

.. D.S.A . . D.S.A. ..

.. D.S.A. . .. D.S..\. . " ..

WALKING 2 miles 5

7 10

20 30 .. 3,000 metres ... 05,000

12m. 45 s. .. 34 m. 32.8 s.

V. Hardmo ]. Dolezal

48 m. 15.2 s. 1 h. 10 m. 45.8 s

V. Hardmo ]. Dolezal

2 h. 33 m. 9.4 s. 4 h. 12 m. iI.4 s.

11 m. 51.8 s. 20 m. 26,85.

.. .. V. Hardmo V. H<lrqmQ

Time Height or Distance

Event

10,000 metres... 42 Ill. 39.6 s. 15,000 1 h. 5 m. 59.6 s

, .. ,

13,812 metres (8 miles 1,025 yds.) 2 hours ......... 25,865 metres (16 miles 126 yds.) High Jump Long Jump ...... Hop, Step and Jump Pole Vault

7 ft. Ot in. (2.15 m.) 26 ft. 8i ill. (8.13 m.) 54 ft. 3t in. (J 6.56 Ill.) 15 ft. 71 in. (4.77 Ill.)

1. 9.45 15.10.55 9. 9.45 30. 4.54 14. 5.54 21. 6.56 I. 9.45 3), 7.45

Coulltry

Date

30. 4.54 13. 8.56 7.10.55

J. F. MikaelssOIl

Sweden Czechoslovakia D.S.S.R. ...... " Czechoslovakia Sweden

A. Vedjakov

D.S.S.R.

Holder V. Hardmo ]. Dolezal

1 h. 27 m. 58.2 s.... M. Lavrov ... 2 h. 20 m. 40.2 s.... A. Vedjakov 4 h. 21 lll. 7 s. L. Moc

:.l0,000 30,000 50,000 1 hour

. J. Dolezal . L. Moc

. Sweden . Czechoslovakia . Sweden .. Czechoslovalda . .. .. .. /'

9. 9.45

21. 6.56 1. 9.45

Malmo ............ Sweden Manchester ...... England Kumla ............ Sweden Czechoslovakia Stara Boleslav ...

" Sweden

Malmo Kumla

Place Kumla

. Sweden CzechosloStara Boleslav ... vakia Moscow D.S.S.R. Moscow D.S.S.R. CzechosloPrague vakia Stockholm ...... Sweden Moscow

D.S.S.R.

29. 6.56 25. 5.35

Los Angeles Ann Arbor

D.SÂˇ.A. Michigan

7.10.55

JUMPING C. Dumas ...... ]. C. Owens

D.S.A.

A. F. da Silva

Brazil

16. 3.55

Mexico City...... Mexico

C. Warmerdam

D.S.A.

23.5.42

Modesto .........

D.S.A.

Los Angeles......

U.S.A.

THROWING Shot Discus Javelin Hammer

. 63 it. 1 iin. (19.25 m.) 194 ft. 6 ill. (59.28 m.) 281 ft. 2 in. (85.71 Ill.) 220 ft. 10 ill. (67.32 m.)

W. P. O'Brien

D.S.A.

1.11.56

F. E. Gordien

D.S.A.

22. 8.53

Pasadena

D.S.A.

E. Danielsell...

Norway

26.11.56

Melbourne

Australia

M. Krivonosov

U.S.S.R.

22.10.56

Tashkent

D.S.S.R.

10/11.6.55

Kingsburg

D.S.A.

DECATHLON Decathlon ...... 7,985 points

R. ]ohnson

D.S.A

Time Height or Distance

Event

Place

Date

Country

Holder WOMEN

RUNNING 100 yards 220" 880" 100 metres 200 " 800 "

.. . . .. .. .

80 metres

M. Jackson M. Itkina N.Otkalenko S. B. de la Hunty B. Cuthbert . N. Otkalenko

10.4 s. .. 23.6 s 2 m. 6.6 s. .. 11.3 s. . 23.2 s 2 m. 5 s. .

. . . .. .

.. Australia ...... .. U.S.S.R. ...... . ..... .. ...... .. ...... . " U.s'.'S.R.

...

8. 22. 10. 4. 16. 24.

3.52 7.56 6.56 8.55 9.56 9.55

............ lev ............ Moscow ......... Warsaw ......... Sydney ......... Zagreb ............

HURDLES E. Gastl

10.6 s.

........................ Germany ......

29. 7.56

Australia U.S.S.R . Australia Yugoslavia

...... Germany

Frenchen

RELAYS East German 4 x 11 0 yards... 45.8 s. . .. D.D.R. (G. Henning, C. Stubll1ck, 29. 7.56 G. Kohler, B. Mayer) ...... Germany ...... D.D.R. East German 4 x 220" .. . 1 m. 36.4 s. .. ....... (G. Henning, C. Stubll1ck, 29. 7.56 G. Kohler, B. ...... Hungarian NatIOnal Team 3 x 880" ... 6 m. 36.2 s. .. ....... Hungary ...... 21. 7.54 Australian National Team 44.5 s. .. .. 4 x 100 metres (S. B. de la Hunty, N. Crol{er, F. Mellor, B. 1.12.56 Cuthbert) .. Australia ...... U.S.S.R. National Team (F. 1 m. 36.4 s . Calajnicova V. Kazenteva, 4x200 Z. N. Dvalijvili9. 8.53 Hnikina) .. U.S.S.R.

Rostock

......... Germany

" Hungary

Tata Melbourne

...... Australia

Budapest ......... Hungary

Time Height or Country Date Place Holder Distance -Âˇ-----1--------1-----------1------1-----1-------- -----I m. 36.4 s. D.D.R. East German Team 4 x 200 metres (G. Henning, C. Stubnick, G. Kohler, B. Mayer) Germany Germany Rostock 29. 7.56 U.S.S.R. National Team 6 m. 27.6 s. 3x800 (N. Otkalenko, L. Lisenko, Moscow A. Lapshina) .. U.S.S.R. 11. 9.55 U.S.S.R. Event

JUMPING

...

5 ft. 91 ins. (1.76 m.) Long Jump ...... 20 ft. 10 ins. (6.35 m.) HIghJump

.........

M. McDaniel. .................... U.S.A. .........

...... E. Dunska-Krzeskinska E. Dunska-Krzeskinska

... '"

THROWING 54 ft. 111 ins. (16.76 m.) Discus ......... 187 ft. Ij ins. (57.04 m.) Javelin 182ft. Oins. (55.48 m.)

G. Zybina

Pentathlon

N. Vinogradova

Shot..

... 4767 points

N. Dumbadze N. Konjaeva

Poland

" U.S.S.R.

U.S.S.R

I.12.56

Melbourne

...... Australia

......

20. 8.56

Budapest

...... Hungary

......

27.11.56

Melbourne

...... Australia

13.10.56

Tashkent

18.10.52

Tbilisi

6. 8. 54

Kiev

U.S.S.R. ..

U.S.S.R

PENTATHLON U.S.S.R.

... 11/12.8.56

Moscow

......... U.S.S.R.

OFFICIAL

LIST

EUROPEAN

TRACK

AND

FIELD

RECORDS

(Recognised by the I.A.A.F. as at 12th April, 1957) Event

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1.

Time Height or Distance

Place

Date

Country

Holder

----- -------- ------

MEN RUNNING

100 yards

9.6 s

. E. MeD. Bailey

220 440 880 " I mile 2 miles 3 6 " 10 "

21.0 s. . 47.2 s I m. 48.2 s 3 m. 59.0 s 8 Il1. 33.4 s. .. 13 m. 14.2 s. 27 m. 43.8 s. 48 m. 12.0 s.

. . .. .. ..

15 " 100 metres 200 400 800 1,000 1,500 2,000 3,000

I h. 14 m.1.0s. . " 10.2 s . 20.6 s .. 46.0 s. . .. 1 m. 45.7 s. 2 m. 19.0 s. 3 m. 40.6 s. 5 m. 2.2 s. 7 Il1. 52.8 s.

E. Zatopek H. Futterer H. Futterer A. 19natiev R. Moens 1. Rozsavolgyi 1. Rozsavolgyi 1. Rozsavolgyi D. A. G. Pirie

13 Il1. 36.8 s. 28 Il1. 30.4 s. 59 m. 51.6 s.

D. A. G. Pirie V. Kuts E. Zatopek

1 h. 16

5,000 10,000 20,000

Event 30,000 metres 1 hour

Ill.

E. MeD. Bailey K. F. Haas N. G. Nielsen L. Tabori S.lharos S.lharos S.lharos E. Zatopek

36.4 s.... E. Zatopck

Time Height or Distance I h. 35 m. 3.6 s. 20,052.4 m. (12 Illls. 810 yds.)

3,000 m. Steeplechase 8 m. 35.6 s. .. 4 x 110 yards... 41.3 s. ..

.. Gt. Britain & N. Ireland ... 21. 6.52 1H. 5.53 . 13. 6.53 .. 4. 8.55 . Denmark 28. 5.55 . Hungary 30. 5.55 .. 23.10.55 .. IS. 7.56 .. .. vakia ......... 29. 9.51 29.10.55 .. ...... 31.10.54 .. 4. 9.55 . 25. 6.55 .. U.S.'S.R. 3. 8.55 .. Belgium . ..... . Hungary ...... 21. 9.55 3. 8.56 .. 2.10.55 .. . Gt.'Britain & 4. 9.56 N. Ireland 19. H.5H . 9.56 11. .. U.S.S:R. .. Czechoslo29. 9.51 vakia 29.10.55 .

Holder A. Viskari

E. Zatopek

.. S. Hozsnyoi . .. Gt. Britain & N. 1. National Team (E. MeD. Bailey, ]. A. Gregory, A. W. Lillington, B. Shenton) .. 4>; 88U t. Britain & N. 1. National G ... 7 m. 30.6 s. .. ....... Team (G. W. Nankeville, A. Webster, F. Evans, H. Parlett) .. 4;< 1 mile Iti m. 41.U s. Ct. Britain & N.1. National Team (C. ]. Chataway, G. W. Nankeville, D. C. Sea1ll:'-11;, R. G. Bannister) 39.8 s 4 ;.; 1UU me Ires .. U.S.S.R. National Team (L. Bartiniev, B. Tokariev, Y. Konavalov, V. Soukharev) . 4>; :WU I m. 36.0 s. .. ....... AlE: Stockholm Sweden (A. Ljung, 1. Pettersson, M. Almqvist, H. Hakansson) .. 4>; 400 German National Team (G. 3 m. 6.6 s. Steines, H. Geister, H. Ulzheimer, K. F. Hass) ... 4x800 7 m. 15.8 s . Belgian National Team " (A. Bailleux, A. Langenus E. Leva, R. Moens) ...... .'.. ,Budapest Honved Sport 15 m. 14.8 s. 4Xl500 " Egyesulet (F. Mikes, L. Tabori, 1. Rozsavolgyi, S. Iharos) .

Counlry

London Chesterneld······ . Glasgow Copenhagen ...... London

England Scotiand Denmark England

" Budapest Stara Boleslav ... Celakovice ...... Yokohama . ..... Coblenz Moscow Oslo . .............. Tata

" Czechoslovakia Jap;;1 Germany U.S.S.R. Norway Hungary

Malmo . ........... Sweden Norway Bergen U.S.S.R. Moscow Czechoslo· vakia S lara Bolcslav Cclakovice ......

Date

Place

-----1-------- - - - - - -

Finland Czechoslovakia

21.10.5<i 29. 9.51

Lapecnranta...... Finland CzechosloSlara Boloslav vakia

Hungary

16. 9.56

Budapest

G.B. & N.I.

G.B. &: N.1.

G.D.

N.!.

U.S.S.l{, ......

5.i.52

London

Hungary

.........

England

26. 9.51

I. 8.53

1.12.56

Melboul'l1e

Sweden

13. 9.08

S tockholll1

Sweden

Germany

27. 7.52

Helsinki

Finland

Belgium

8.8.56

Brussels

......... Belgium

29. 9.55

Budapest

Hungary ......

...... Au,lralia

. .....

Hungary

"-J

Event

------_.

440 110 200 400

Holder

Country

Date

51.3 s. ...... 13.9 s. 23.2 s. 50.4 s.

............... ............... ............... ...............

Y. M. V. Y.

...............

Sweden

............... Gt. Britain &

N. Ireland N. Lituyev ............... U.S.S.R. Lauer . ....................... Germany Bogatov ..................... U.S.S.R. N. Lituyev ...............

...

WALKING

V. Hardmo ..................... Sweden J. Dolezal ..................... Czechoslovakia 48 m. 15.2 s. V. Hardmo ..................... Sweden 7 1 h. 10 m. 45.8 s.... J. Dolezal ..................... Czechoslo10 " vakia 2 h. 33 m. 9.4 s. 20 J. Dolezal ..................... L. Moc ........................... 4 h. 12 m. 3.4 s. 30 " V. Hardmo ..................... Sweden 3,000 metres ... 11 m. 51.8 s. 20 m. 26.8 s. V. Hardmo ..................... 5,000 V. Hardmo ..................... 42 m. 39.6 s. 10,000 1 h. 5 m. 59.6 s. '" J. Dolezal ..................... 15,000 vakia 1 h. 27 m. 58.2 s.... M. Lavrov ..................... U.S.S.R. 20,000 30,000 2 h. 20 m. 40.2 s. '" A. Vedjakov .................. 4h.21 m.7.0s. '" L. Moc ........................... 50,000 vakia 1 honr 13,812 m ............. J. F. Mikaelsson Sweden (8 mls. 1,025 yds.) 25,865 m ............. A. Vedjakov . ................. U.S.S.R. 2 honrs (16 mls. 126 yds.) 12 m. 45.0 s. 34 m. 32.8 i.

2 miles Ii

Time Height or Distance

Baracia

Italy

27. 8.55 13.10.54 13. 9.56 14. 7.56 20. 9.53

London

England

15.10.55 9. 9.45 30. 14. 21. 1. 31.

4.54 5.54 6.56 9.45 7.45 9. 9.45

" Ha;;'burg ......... Germany Kiev U.S.S.R. Budapest Hungary ............ Manchester ......

Malmo

Sweden

England Kumla . ........... Sweden CzechosloStara Boleslav, vakia

" Prague Malmii Kumla . ........... Kumla ............

30. 4.54 13. 8.56 7.10.55

Stara Boleslav ... vakia Moscow U.S.S.H.. Moscow

21. 6.56 1. 9.45

Prague ......... vakia Stockholm ...... Sweden

7.10.55

Country

Holder

22. 9.40

1. 9.45

... ...

Event

Place

-----

HURDLES 14.0 s. ............... E. H. Lidman 23.3 s. ............... P. B. Hildreth

120 yards 220

Time Height or Distance

Moscow

U.S.S.R.

Place

Date

JUMPING 2.11 m (6 ft. 11 ins.) Long Jump ...... 7.98 m (26 ft. If ins.) 16.46 m Hop, Step and (54 ft. 0 ins.) Jump Pole Vault 4.50m (14 ft. 9 ins.)

High Jump

Javelin Shot Discus Hammer Decathlon

19. 9.54

B. Nilsson ........................ Sweden

. H. Visser ........................ Netherlands .. L. Scherbakov .. G. Roubanis

............... U.S.S.R. .................. Greece . ........

THROWING . E. Danielsen..................... Norway

. 85.71 m (281 ft. 2 ins.) .. . 17.76 m. . (58 ft. 3 ins.) .. 56.98 m (186 ft. lli ins.) 67.32 m. .. .......... (220 ft. 10 ins.) 7733 points .........

J. Skobla A. Consolini

Czechoslovakia .. Italy

M. Krivonosov

V. Knznetsov

U.S.S.R.

17. 9.56

Bucarest

Roumania

4. 7.56

Moscow

U.S.S.R.

26.11.56

Melbourne

Australia

26.11.56

Melbourne

Australia

25. 8.56 11.12.55

Vitkovice Belinzone

Czechoslo'vakia Switzerland

22.10.56

Tashkent

U.S.S.R.

... 14/15.8.56

Gothenburg ...... Sweden

Moscow

WOMEN

RUNNING 100 yards ...... 10.8 s. .. 23.6 s. .. 220 u 880 .. 2 m. 6.6 s. 60 metres ...... 7.6 s 100 11.4 s. .. 200 23.4 s. .. 800 .. 2 m. 5.0 s.

. F. E. Blankers-Koen . M. Itkina N.Otkalenko . S. Walasiewicz .. G. Leone . M. Itkina N.Otkalenko

. .. . . . .. ..

Netherlands U.S.S.R. Pol;{nd Italy U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R.

27. 8.48 22. 7.56 10. 6.56 24. 9.33 21.10.56 14.10.56 24. 9.55

Dublin Kiev Moscow Lemburg Bologna Tashkent Zagreb

Eire U.S.S.R. Pol;;nd Italy U.S.S.R. Yugoslavia

HURDLES 80

......

......... ...... Z. Gastl

Germany ......

29, 7.56 t

Gennony

Event

------4 x 110 yards ... 4x220 3x880

4 X 100 mc trcs

4;.;:WU

3x800

.....

Time Height or Distance

............... D.D.R. East German Team

(G. Henning, C. Stubnick, G. Kohler, B. Mayer) ...... D.D.R. East German Team I m. 36.4 s. (G. Henning, C. Stubnick, G. Kohler, B. IIIayer) ...... Hungarian National Team 6 Ill. 36.2 s. (A. Bacskai, A. Oros, A. Kazi) ........................... 44.7 s. ............... Gt. Britain & N. Ireland National Team (A. Pashley, .T. c. Serivens, .T. F. Paul, H. J. Armitage) D.D.R. East German Team 1 Ill. 3t:l.4 s. (D. Henning, C. Stubnick, G. Kohler, B. Mayer) ...... V.S.S.R. National Team 6 m. 27.6 s. (N. Otkalenko, L. Lisenko, ............... A. Lapshina)

Germany

29.7.56

Germany

29. 7.56

Hungary

21. 7.54

G.B. & N.!.

1.12.56

Germany Germany

Tata

Hungary

MclIJourne

Australia

29. 7.56

Rostock

Germany

V.S.S.R.

11. 9.56

Moscow

V.S.S.R.

Roumania ......

14. 7.56

Bucarest

Roumania

20. 8.56

Budapest

Hungary

27.11.56

Melbourne

Australia

13.10.56

Tashkent

V.S.S.R.

18.10.52

Tbilisi

6. 8.54

Kiev

JUMPING Y. Balas ........................

Poland

THROWING G. Zybina ..................... V.S.S.R. Shot. .............. 16.76 m. (54 ft. 111 ins.) N. Dumbadze .................. 57.04 m. Disclls (187 ft. I!' 55.48 Ill. • .....•..•.. N. Konjaeva .................. Javelin (18:.! ft: 0 ins.)

_.0 .•-.

Time Height or Distance

Rostock

Germany

1.75 m ................ (5 ft. 81 ins.) Long Jump ...... 6.35 m ................ E. Dunska-Krzeskillska (20 ft. lOins.) E. Dunska- I{rzeskmska

Pent athlon

RELAYS 45.8 s.

High Jump

Event

Place

Date

Country

Holder

Country

... 4767 points ......... N. Vinogradova ............... V.S.S.R. Shot 13 m. 23 cm. ... 936 High]. 157 cm. ... 913 Long ]. 5m 88 cm. ... 961 200 m. 25.4 s. 896 80 m. H. 10.9 ... 1061 s. ...

Date

...

11/12.8.56

Plare Moscow

. ........

V.S.S.R.

I I

OFFICIAL

LIST

OLYMPIC

GAMES

RECORDS

(Recognised by the I.A.A.F as at the 31st December, 1956) Time Height or Distance

Event

MEN lOO metres... 10.3 s. ..

200 400

20.6 s. 45.9 s.

800 1,500 " 5,000 " 10,000 " ... 110 m. Hurdles

Im. 47.7 s 3 m. 41.2 s 13 Ill. 39.6 s. 28 Ill. 45.6 s. 13.5 s

400 m. Hurdles

50.1 s. ..

3,000 Ill. Steeplechase 10,000 m. Walk 4 x 100 metres

8 Ill. 41.2 s 45 m. 2.8 s 39.5 s. .

4x400

Ill.

3.9 s.·

E. Tolan J. C. Owens H. Dillard *B. Morrow *1. Murchison *B. Morrow B. Morrow V. G. Roden H. H. McKenley . T. Courtney . R. Delany V. Kuts V. Kuts . L. Calhoun J. Davis *E. J. Davls

U.S.A.

.. .. . · .. · · ·.. . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. ..

" " " Jamaica

......

" ......... U.S.A. Eire U.S.S.R. U.S.'A.

.. . C. Brasher . J. F. Mikaelsson . D.S.A. (1. Murchison, L. King, W. Baker, R. Morrow) ...... Jamaica . (A. S. Wint, L. A. Lalllg, H. H. McKenley, V. G. Rhoden) .

Place

Date

Country

Holder

1932 1936 1948 1956 1956 1956 1956 1952 1952 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956

" Melbourne

" " "

G.B. & N.1. Sweden

1956 1952

U.S.A. .........

1956

Melbourne

Jamaica

1952

Helsinki

......

.. U.S.A. .. Germany England Australia

Los Angeles B8rlin London Melbourne

...... Australia

... .. .... Finland

*Preliminary rounds.

==jT""'i=m=e

High Jump Long Jump ...... Hop, Step and Jump ......... Pole Vault Discus Hammer Javelin Shot

...===;==-=--=-'==-==;=0=-===;'========

Height or Distance

Event

. ..

Decathlon ......

2.12m .. (6 ft. 111 ins.) 8.06 m .. (26 ft. Si ins.) 16.35 m. .. .......... (53 ft. 7t ins.) 4.56 m .. (14 ft. lit ins.) 56.36 m. .. .......... (184 ft. lOt ins.) 63.19 nl. .. (207 ft. 3t ins.) 85.71 m .. (281 ft. 2 ins.) 18.57 m. .. .. (60 ft. 11 ins.) . 7937 points

Best performances 20,000 m. Road Walk... 1 h. (12 m. 752 yds.) 50,000 metres Road Walk 4 h. (31 m. 120 yds.) Marathon 42,195 metres 2 h. (26 m. 385 yds.)

Country

Holder C. Dumas

Date

Place Melbourne

U.S.A.

1956

J.Owens

U.S.A.

1936

Berlin ............ Germany

A. F. da Silva

Brazil

1956

IIIelbourne

...... . Australia

R. Richards

U.S.A.

1956

Melbourne

Australia

1952

Helsinki

.........

Finland

1952

Helsinki

.........

Finland

A.Oerter H. Connolly

Australia

1956 .

1956

E. Danielsen...... ...... ......... Norway

1956

W. P. O'Brien

1956

U.S.A.

M. Campbell

1956

in events where world records are not 31 m. 27.4 s

L. Spirin

U.S.S.R.

28 m. 7.8 s.

G. Dordoni

Italy

23.03.2 s

E. Zatopek

Czechoslovakia

144

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS

!I .,

0:'"

held in conjunction with the Olympic Games, Melbourne, Australia, 1956

'" '"

(continued)

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WOMEN

;;;;

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DECATHLON M. CampbelI, V.S.A., (10.8 5., 7.33 m., 14.76 m., I.S9 m., 48.8 s., 14.0 s" 44.98 m., 3.40 m., 57.08 m., 4 m. 506 5.), 7,937 points. 2 R. ]ohnson, U.S.A., (10.9 s., 7.34 m., 14.48 m., 1.83 m., 49.3 s., 15.1 s., 42.17 m., 3.90 m., 60.27 m., 4 m. 54.2 s.), 7,587 points. 3 V Kuznetsov, U.S.S.R., (I1.2 s., 7.04 m., 14.49 m., 1.75 m., 50.2 s., 14.9 s., 44.33 m., 3.il5 m., 65.13 m., 4 m. 53.8 5.), 7,465 points.

;;:.

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HAMMER I H. ConnoUy, U.S.A., 63.19 m. (207 ft. ins.) 2 M. {{rivonosov, U.S.S.R., 63.03 m. (206 ft. 9, ins.) 3 A. Samotsvetov, U.S.S.R., 62.56 m (205 ft. 3 ins.) JAVELIN 1 E. Danielsen, Norway, 85.71 m. (281 ft. 2 ins.) 2 ]. Sidlo, Poland, 79.98 m. (262 ft. 4! ins.) 3 V. Tsibulenko, V.S.S.R., 79.50 m. (260 ft. 9t ins.) SHOT 1 W. O'Brien, V.S.A., 18.57 m. (60 ft. 11 ins.) 2 W. Neider, U.S.A., 18.18 m. (59 ft. 7i in.s) 3 ]. Skobla, Czechoslovakia, 17.65 m . (57 ft. lOi ins.)

:12

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soX

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The Hotmesdale PTess, Ltd., Redhill, SUTTey.

100 METRES 1 *B. Cuthbert, Australia, 11.5 s. 2 C. Stubnick, Germany, 11.7 s. 3 M. Mathews, Australia, 11.7 s. *B. Cuthbert ran 11.4 s. in heat. 200 METRES 1 B. Cuthbert, Australia, 23.4 s. 2 C. Stubnick, Germany, 23.7 s. 3 M. Mathews, Australia, 23.8 s. 80 METRES HURDLES I S. Strickland de la Hunty, Australia, 10.7 s. 2 G. {{ohler, Germany, 10.9 s. 3 N. Thrower, Australia, 11.0 s. 4 x 100 METRES RELAY Australia (S. Strickland de la Runty, N. Croker, F. MelIor, B. Cuthbert), 44.5 s. 2 Gt. Britain & N. Ireland (A. Pasbley, ]. Scrivens, ]. Paul, H. Armitage), 44.7 s. 3 U.S.A. (1. Daniels, M. Faggs, W RUdolf, M. Matthews), 44.9 s. HIGH JUMp M. McDaniel, U.S.A., 1. 76 m. (5 ft. 9t ins.) ') G.B. & N.r., 1.67 m. 2 T. Hopkins >(5 ft. 51 ins.) M. Pissareva) U.S.S.R., 1.67 m. (5 ft. 5f ins.)

LONG JUMP E. Krzeskinska, Poland, 6.35 m. (20 ft. 10 ins.) 2 W. White, V.S.A., 6.09 m. (19 ft. I l i ins.) 3 N. Dvalichvili, V.S.S.R., 6.07 m. (19 ft. Il ins.) DISCUS O. Fikotova, Czechoslovakia, 53.69 m. (176 ft. It ins.) 2 1. Begliakova, U.S.S.R., 52.54 m. (172 ft. 4t ins.) 3 N. Ponomareva, U.S.S.R., 52.02 m. (170 ft. 8 ins.) SHOT 1 T. Tychkevitch, V.S.S.R., 16.59 m. (54 ft. 5 ins.) 2 G. Zybina, U.S.S.R., 16.53 m. (54 ft. 2f ins.) 3 M. Wemer, Germany, 15.61 m. (51 ft. 2i ins.) JAVELIN I I. ]aounseme, U.S.S.R., 53.86 m. (176 ft. 8i ins.) 2 M. Ahrens, Chile, 50.38 m. (165 ft. 3i ins.) 3 N. Konjaeva, U.S.S.R., 50.28 m. (164 ft. 111ins.)

---

-------

148

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS heid in conjunction with the Olympic Games, Melbourne, Australia, 1956 (continued) HAMMER H. Connolly, U.S.A., 63.19 m.

(207 ft. 3} ins.) U.S.S. R., (,3.03 m. (206 it. 9} ins.) A. Samotsvetov, U.S.S. R., 62.56 III (205 ft. 3 ins.) JAVELIN E. Danielsen, Norway, 85.71 m. (281 ft. 2 ins.) J. Sidlo, Poland, 79.98 ffi. (262 ft. 4} ins.) V. Tsibulenko, U.S.S.R., 79.50 m. (260 it. 9} ins.) SHOT W. O'Brien, U.S.A., 18.57 m. (60 it. 11 ins.) W. Neider, U.S.A., 18.18 m. (59 it. 7} ins.) ]. Skobla, Czechoslovakia, 17.65 Ill. (57 it. 10l ins.)

2 l\I.

1 2

2 3

Krivonosov,

DECATHLON M. Campbell, U.S.A., (10.85.,7.33 m., H.7li Ill., \.89 m., 48.8 s., 14.0 s., 44.98 m., 3.40 m., 57.08 m., 4 m. SOli s.), 7,937 points. 2 R. Johnson, U.S.A., (10.9 5'7 7.34 m., 14.48 m., \.83 m., 49.3 s., 15.1 s., 42.17 m., 3.90 m., 60.27 m., 4 m. 54.2 '5.), 7,587 points. 3 V. Kuznetsov, U.S.S. R., (11.2 s., 7.04 m., 14.49 m., 1.75 m., 50.2 5., 14.9 s., 44.33 m., 3.95 m., li5.1S m., 4 m. 538 s.), 7,465 points.

WOMEN 100 METRES 1 *B. Cuthbert, Australia, 1\.5 s. 2 C. Stubnick, Germany, I\.7 s. 3 M. Mathews, Australia, 11.7 s. *B. Cuthbert ran 11.4 s. in heat. 200 METRES 1 B. Cuthbert, Australia, 23.4 s. 2 C. Stubnick, Germany, 23.7 s. 3 M. Mathews, Australia, 23.8 s. 80 METRES HURDLES S. Strickland de la Hunty, Australia, 10.7 s. 2 G. Kohler, Germany, 10.9 s. 3 N. Thrower, Australia, 11.0 s. 4;< 100 METRES RELAY Australia (5. Strickland de la Hunty, N. Croker, F. Mellor, B. Cuthbert), 44.5 s. 2 Gt. Britain & N. Ireland (A. Pashley, ]. Scrivens, ]. Paul, H. Arrnitage), 44.7 s. 3 U.S.A. (1. Daniels, ?vI. Faggs. W Rudolf, M. Mathews), 44.9 s. HIGH JUMP M. McDaniel, U.S.A., 1.76 m. (5 ft. 9i ins.) 2 T. Hopkins ") G.B. & N.L, \.67 m. (5 it. 51 ins.) M. Pi',sareva J U.S.S.R., 1.67 m. (5 ft. 5} ins.)

LONG JUMP E. Krzeskinska, Poland, 6.35 Ill. (20 it. 10 ins.) 2 W. White, U.S.A., 6.09 Ill. (19 it. 1 J'l ins.) 3 N. Dvalichvili, U.S.S.R., 6.07 m. (19 ft. 1 I ins.)

DISCUS O. Fikotova, Czechoslovakia, 53.69 mj (176 it. I} ins.

1. Begliakova, U.S.S.R., 52.54 ffi. (172 it. 4} ins.) 3 N. Ponomareva, U.S.S.R., 52.02 m (170 it. 8 ins.)

SHOT 1 T. Tychkevitch, U.S.S.R., 1G.59 m. (54 it. 5 ins.) 2 G. Zybina, U.S.S.R., 16.53 rn. (54 ft. 2} ins.) 3 M. Werner, Germany, 15.61 m. (51 ft. 2t ins.) 1.

JAVELIN Jaounseme, U.S.S. R., (176

53.86

it.

2 M. Ahrens, Chile, 50.38 m. (165

3 N.

Konjaeva,

Th .. Holmesdale p,,Â·ss, Ltd., Redkill, Surrey.

U.S.S.R., (164

ins.)

it. 31 ins.) 50.28

it 11 1ins.)