IAAF HandBook 1983/84 by The Marshal

I.A.A.F. PUBLICATIONS LA.A.F. Handbook 1983/4 (English) Price £3.00 LA.A.F. Handbook 1983/4 (French) Price £3.00 LA.A.F. Bulletin (4 copies per year in English and French) Subscription £4.00 I.A.A.F. Directory-1983 Edition Price £1.00 I.A.A.F. Scoring Tables for Men's Track and Field Events. Price £1.00 I.A.A.F. Scoring Tables for Women's Track and Field Events. Price £1.00 LA.A.F. Progressive World Record Lists-191J.:·1980 Price £1.50 Metric Conversion Tables International Edition Standard Edition Pocket Edition

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Design.s for 400m Track and Field Terrain (4 designs) 1 2 3 4

Athleticarenalay-out Markings and Staggers Steeplechase courses Field events-constructional details

£1.75 £1.75 £1. 75 £1. 75

International Colour Markings Chart for 400m All-Weather Tracks £2.00 Track and Field Athletics - A Basic Coaching Manual (Development Programme Book No. 1) £2.00 Athletics Officiating-A Practical Guide £2.00 (Development Programme Book No. 2) Coaching Posters (Long Jump-colour/High Jump, Javelin, Discus, Sprint Start and Long Distance-black and white £1.50 each Postage and Packing 40p per item by 2nd Class Surface mail. Air Mail rates on request. Copies of the above publications can be obtained from the INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION 3 HANS CRESCENT, KNIGHTSBRIDGE, LONDON, SWIX OLN This Handbook is copyright and no part may be reproduced without the permission of the Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation

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INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION FOUNDED IN /9/2

OFFICIAL HANDBOOK 1983/84

President: Honorary Life President: Honorary Life Vice-Presidents:

Honorary

P. NEBIOLO A. PAULEN D. T. P. PAIN M. DANZ L. KHOMENKOV J. C. DA COSTA L. DIACK A. LJUNGQVIST F. W. HOLDER

General Secretary: Bureau Address:

3 Hans Crescent,

Cables: Telephone: Telex:

Knightsbridge, London SWIX OLN "Marathon" London S.W.1. 01 (London) 581 8771/2/3/4 296859 IAAF HQ.

Vice-Presidents:

J j

J. B. HOLT

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CONTENTS

Rules

(The Federation) Foreword .,. The Federation History . Council . '" '" '" Committees ., . Panel of International Walking Judges Veterans of the LA.A.F. List of Member Countries

DIVISION I

DIVISION 11

DIVISION

6 11 12

15 16

1-19 51-54

34 63

III (Technical Rules)

General Section I 11 III " IV V VI VII

101 Officials ... ... ... Competition Rules (General) Running Events Jumping Events Throwing Events Walking Events .. , Pentathlon-Decathlon

111-128

138-150 161-168 171-174 181-186 191-192 195

66 66 77

119

135 162 165

IV (Statistics)

.,. 381 World Record Events World Record Application Forms ... List of World Records (Men & Women) olymyic Games Records. .. . ... .. . Meda Winners-(OlympIc Games) Moscow.

T ABLE OF CONTENTS NOTE-DIVISION III

...

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Foreword

Page

(Constitution)

Constitution of the LA.A.F. Eligibility and Amateur Status

- - - - - -..

167 168

172

174

176

178

(Technical Rules)

In previous editions, Rule 142 - "The Competition" and Rule 143 "Rounds, Heats and Qualifying Competition" have included a very miscellaneous collection of items. In order to simplify reference to these, they have now been rearranged, without alteration, as: Rule 138 - Old Rule 141 (unchanged) Rule 139 - Clothing, Shoes and Numbers Rule 140 - The Competition - General Rule 141 - The Competition - Running Events Rule 142 - The Competition - Field Events Rule 143 - Assistance to Athletes

Dr. Primo Nebiolo, I.A.A.F. President

1983 is a year of vital importance to the LA.A.F., for it brings to us the first World Championships in Athletics to be staged outside the Olympic Games. The long hoped for dream of Track and Field supporters everywhere will become a reality on August 7th. Leading athletes from all Continents are being brought together in the historic setting of the Helsinki Stadium, and - classic confrontations are eagerly awaited in every event. Already we can predict with confidence that these Championships will be the occasion for the largest gathering of national teams ever seen in a sports meeting.

We must not forget also that there is a very full Continental Calendar leading up to the World Championships, as well as following Helsinki. Starting with the 9th Central American & Caribbean Championships in June, July then sees the African Championships (Ivory Coast), and the FISU World Student Games (Edmonton, Canada). In August, the European Cup Final (London) and the Pan American Games (Caracas) will be held. The South Pacific Games (Western Samoa) and Mediterranean Games of Casablanca are in September, followed by the South American Championships in October and the Asian Track & Field Meeting in Kuwait City .in November. A further and most important step forward for 1983 lies in the first truly integrated International Calendar. The approved Series of I.A.A.F. Permit Meetings, 25 in number, will be held throughout the year from May through to September, and in this project, the I.A.A.F. has received the utmost co-operation from National Federations and meeting organisers. Road Running, over ..distances from lOkm to the Marathon, is undoubtedly the fastest growing section of our sport, and road races at various levels for all sections of the public are proving popular in more and more countries. 3

In 1984, it is planned to introduce a Permit Scheme for the major International Road Races, not only Marathons it must be added, and following this in 1985 a new competition will take place-the Marathon World Cup, full details of which will be revealed after the April Council meeting in Rome. In 1982, the LA.A.F. celebrated 70 "Golden" years of existence, and the 33rd Congress held in Athens approved certain changes to the LA.A.F. Constitution, after more than two years hard work by the Council and its Eligibility Working Group. Whilst this Congress formed a link with the glorious past, it was a reminder that our sport must be aware of what is needed now and in the future, and that we must be aware of the evolution of social change. If we make a conscious effort at all times, athletics will progress and grow in popularity. Our commitment as leaders is to respect the past, devote great attention to the present and look constantly towards the future. The current LA.A.F. eligibility rules which can be found in the Constitution of this Handbook, have recently been accepted by the LO.C. at its March New Delhi meeting, and in the correct interpretation and administration of these revised rules, a vital part is to be played by our Member Federations. Our Rules offer the basis for a coherent control of the sport. The Athletics movement is now more unified than ever before, and it is our duty to grasp the opportunities offered and develop athletics at all levels for the good of the young people of all Continents. We are not willing to turn our sport over to commercialism and professionalism, and this principle cannot be repeated too often. At the same time, the effect of the new Rules passed in Athens will be closely followed, and if in practice modifications seem desirable, the Council can always propose amendments to the Los Angeles Congress in 1984. I should like to conclude by expressing my thanks to the Council, Committees and Staff of the I.A.A.F., who spend many hours fulfilling their role in the complex administration of our world wide movement. We can indeed be proud that with 170 Member Federations, we are the largest International Sports Federation to whom many other bodies look for guidance. There will be many challenging problems in the coming period, but with the dedication and enthusiasm of our Members, I am sure these will all be overcome, and the future for athletics will become increasingly bright. DR. PRIMO NEBIOLO March, 1983 President 4

THE HELSINKI STADIUM . Venue of the 1st Athletics World Championships, August 7th-14th, 1983

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HISTORY

The three Foundation Years 1912-1914 Over 70 years ago, on July 17th, 1912, two days after the last athletics event of the Olympic Games, a Congress was held in Stockholm for the formation of an International Federation for Amateur Athletics. The following 17 countries were represented at this historic meetings:- Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,. Hungary, Norway, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom ;;md the Umted States. There was an urgent need for an international governing body for Athletics owing to the development of international contests and the Olympic Games. A universal code of rules and regulations and a common amateur definition acceptable throughout the world had become essential, as well as an authentic register of World and Olympic Records. Though this meeting in Stockholm was, strictly speaking, an exploratory one, records of the LA.A.F. regard it as the first Congress and subsequent Congresses up till the 32nd in Moscow in 1980 have been designated accordingly. One year later in Berlin (1913), Congress accepted the first Constitution and 34 Nations figured in Âˇthe first Membership list. J. Sigfrid Edstrom (Sweden) was elected President and Kristian Hellstrom Honorary Secretary. The first Technical Rules for international competitions were presented in 1914 at the third Congress in Lyons, France, by the new Honorary Secretary, Hilding Kjellman (Sweden), and Members were urged to adopt similar rules for their domestic competitions.

World Records In the inaugural list of World Records published in 1914, there were 53 Men's records for Running, Hurdling and Relay Racing, 30 for walking and 12 for Field Events, including the Decathlon. No records for women existed at that time. Since then, changes have been made, so that the list is now considerably altered. A major change was made at theÂˇ XXXth Congress in Montreal, when Imperial distances were deleted. Since January 1st, 1977 therefore, the only Imperial distance accepted is the 1 Mile (Men and Women). There are now 23 Men's records for Running, Hurdling and Relays, plus 4 Walking events and 9 Field events, including the Decathlon. The Women's World Record List comprises 15 for Running, Hurdling and Relays, 2 for Walking events, and 6 for Field events, including the Heptathlon. Athletics for Women By 1924, a separate Federation governing Women's Athletics had been founded, the F.S.F.L At the Paris Congress (924) the LA.A.F. supported the F.S.F.L request for the inclusion of five Women's events in the Amsterdam Olympic Games - lOOm, 800m, 4 x lOOm, High Jump and Discus. Since these early days, Women's athletics has continued to produce ever-improving performances in ever greater depth. The 3000m and 400m Hurdles are the latest World Championship events, and the 5000m and 1O,000m the latest world record events. In addition, the marathon is proving ever more popular as a race for women and is included in the 1983 World Championships programme. The points table in use for the Women's Heptathlon and other events was reviewed in 1970, with new tables for the 400m and 1500m being provided, as well as existing tables being revalued. The next revised Tables will come into force in 1985.

The International Olympic Committee As early as 1921, the LA.A.F. was in close contact with the LO.C., and our fourth Congress was held that year in Geneva immediately before the LO.C. Congress at the same venue. Cooperation with the LO.C. and Olympic Games Organising Committee to ensure the successful staging of athletics events at the Olympic Games has in fact always been a major feature of LA.A.F.'s activity. A new dimension to our links with other sportmg bodies was added in 1978 when the LA.A.F. became a member of the General Assembly of International Sports Federations (G.A.LS.F.) to join there all but one of the other Olympic Sports federations.

Photo-finish and Electrical Timekeeping In 1926, the K.N.A.U. (Netherlands) presented the first "slow motion" apparatus for photo-finish judging, to eliminate the human factor from finish judging and timing. This was used in 1928 at the Amsterdam Games, and in 1930 electrically timed performances were accepted for World Record purposes. Since January 1977, for records up to and including 400 metres, only performances timed by fully automatic electrical timing have been accepted. Since January 1st, 1981 for all races up to 1O,000m inclusive, times are recorded to 1I100th of a second when electrically timed.

LA.A.F. Honours The award of the Veteran Pin was instituted in 1928, with 12 initial recipients. Further honours were created in 1981 and these are detailed in Rule 7. Doping Controls At the Amsterdam Congress also, the first Doping Rule was approved and incorporated in the Handbook. Doping Control is now, sadly, a feature of all major Games and Championships and here again the LA.A.F. and the LO.C. are working together to establish control laboratories in all continents, a step which it is hoped will lead to fewer and fewer athletes and coaches adopting this unfair and harmful practice Race Walking The present definition for Walking - "Walking is progression by steps so taken that unbroken contact with the ground is maintained" - was accepted by the 1928 Congress, and this remains the basis on which Judges evaluate race walkers. Women's race walking is slowly gaining ground, and the creation of a World Cup named after the first venue (Eschborn) has encouraged new countries to extend their walking programme for women. I.A.A.F. Officers In 1930, Bo Ekelund (Sweden) became the third Honorary Secretary-Treasurer - a post he held until 1946. A prominent member of the Rules and Records Committee at that time was Avery Brundage, later to become LO.C. President. This was the body then responsible for keeping World Records, and this task fell principally to Szilard Stankovits (Hungary) who was also largely responsible for the decision to stage the first European Championships (1934, Turin). In 1946, the LA.A.F. Headquarters moved from Stockholm to London when Lord Burghley (later to become the Marquess of Exeter) took over from J. Sigfrid Edstrom as President. E. J. H. "Billy" Holt was Honorary Secretary-Treasurer until after the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games, when Donald Pain took over this responsibility, a position he held for 17 years until Frederick Holder succeeded him in 1970. At the 1976 Montreal Congress, Adriaan Paulen succeeded Lord Exeter as President, "Fred" Holder was reelected Honorary Treasurer and the new Council appointed John Holt as General Secretary. Upon the retirement of Adriaan Paulen in 1981, after 5 eventful years, Dr. Primo Nebiolo (Italy) became the LA.AF. President, only the fourth person to hold this Office in 70 years. 8

The steady growth of the Federation in the years up to 1950 accelerated in the next three decades and, by the end of 1982, Member countries in affiliation number 170.

Regional Development . and Regional Games and Championships, which help m assessmg overall progress and provide an incentive to all countries within the group, continued to develop. From their foundation in 1934, the European Championships were under the control of the European Committee of the LA.A.F. At the 1968 Congress, however, the Constitution was amended to provide for the setting up of Continental Area Associations within the LAA.F. and the European Athletic Association (E.A.A.) was formed soon afterwards, its Constitution being ratified at the 1970 Congress. The expanded European athletic programme now mcludes Indoor and Junior Championships, the European Cup, European Marathon Cup and Combined Events Cup. statutes of the Oceania Regional Group were approved at the MUnIch Congress (1972) and those of the African Amateur Athletic Confederation (A.A.A.C.) and the Asian Amateur Athletic Association (AAAA.) were approved by the Rome Congress (1974). A further major change in the Constitution in 1968 was to include in the Council a representative of each of the six Continental Areas, elected .by the Members in those area Groups. This ensures truly worldWIde representation in the Council the size of which was .mcreased in 1976 to 19, with the addition 'of four Vice-Presidents. Amateurism The Eligibility Rules have come under close scrutiny in recent years, and Rules 14 to 18 in the present Handbook are the result of considerable amendments approved by the Rome (1981) and Athens (1982) Congresses. It was decided to retain the word "amateur" in the title of the LA.A.F. but a new definition (see Rule 51) puts the word in a more realistic context. Technical Aid Technical aid activities continue, and an increasingly widespread development programme has been undertaken in 1981-1983. The LA.A.F. now has a development aid co-ordinator on its staff and co-operation with the Olympic Solidarity programme is proving beneficial for both parties. 9

World Cup and World Championships In 1981, in addition to the annual. Cross Country World Championships and the bi-annual World Cup for Race Walking (Lugano Trophy and Eschborn Cup), the third Athletics World cup, in which all the continents were represented together with the host country, Italy, was staged with great success and panache before 165,000 spectators in Rome (September 4th-6th). The next World Cup will be in 1985 in Canberra, Australia. Seventy Years Anniversary . The Seventy Years Anniversary of the LA.A.F. was celebrated In 1982 in conjunction with the XXXIIIrd Congress in Athens, Greece. Almost 100 Member Federations attended a splendid Anniversary Celebration, together with Government Ministers, guest athletes and the I.O.C. President, His Excellency Juan Antonio Samaranch. The latter's presence on this special occasion symbolised the close links which exist between these two world bodies. A lavishly illustrated history of the Federation "LA.A.F. 70 Golden Years" was produced for the Anniversary, together with a Commemorative Medal, and this dignified Opening Ceremony ensured a moving and fitting tribute to the athletes and leaders who have graced the International Scene since 1913, the year of the LA.A:F. 's foundation. 1st Athletics World Championships Turning to 1983, the eyes of the sporting world will be focused in August in Helsinki, where the 1st LA.A.F. World Championships will be staged. Finland is a land whose athletic tradition is unique and it is therefore fitting that 1983 has been dubbed "The year of Athletics' ,. This new competition, linked with the ever increasing athletic activity organised in all continents by LA.A.F. Members, underlines the constant aim of the I.A.A.F. - to establish closer links between itself and national governing bodies, and to increase the liaison between leaders in all parts of the world for the benefit of the Sport.

COUNCIL P. Nebiolo, President, Via Tevere 11A, Roma, Italy.

L. Khomenkov, Senior Vice-President, c/o The Light Athletic Federation of the U.S.S.R., Luzhnetskaja Naberezhnaja 8, Moscow 119270, U.S.S.R. J. C. da Costa, Vice-President, Av. N. S. de Copacabana 380, Apto, 1.-102, 22.020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil. L. Diack, Vice-President, BP 86, Dakar, Senegal. A. Ljungqvist, Vice-President, Lillhagsvagen 4, S-18246 Enebyberg, Sweden. F. W. Holder, Honorary Treasurer, 3 Hans Crescent, Knightsbridge, London, SWIX OLN, England. *H. Agabani, P.O. Box 1525, Khartoum, Sudan. *E. A. Al-D'.\Shti, c/o Kuwait Athletic Federation, P .0. Box 5499, Khalid Ben Al-Walid Street, Shaker Al-Kazemi, BIdg No. 9, Kuwait. O. C. Cassell, c/o The Athletics Congress of the U.S.A. (Inc.), P.O. Box 120, 155 Washington Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206, U.S.A. P. Dasriaux, 22 rue Eugene Jumin, 75019 Paris, France. *A. L D. Frands, Box 8134 Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910. P.R. *P. C. Galvez, Calle 22 No. 160, Orb Corpac, Lima, 27, Peru. A. KiTsch, Bernard-EybeTg Strasse 23, 5060 Bergisch-Gladbach 3, Federal Republic of Germany. *A. L. Morrison, IS Heath Street, Sandringham, Vie. 3191, Australia. . C. Mukora, P .0. Box 30134 Nairobi, Kenya. M. Nicholas, 26 Windsor Park Road, District No. 2057, Republic of Singapore. J. Sir, Kekgolyo u. 4., 1123 Budapest XII, Hungary. *A. Takac, c/o Organising Committee XIV Olympic Winter Games, Sarajevo 1984, Ulica JNA 23, 71000 Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. G. Wieczisk, c/o Deutscher Verband ffir Leichfathletik der DDR, 1055 Berlin, Storkower Strasse 118, G.D.R. *Area Group Representative

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE E. Rose, Chairman, c/o Dansk Idraets-Forbund, Idraettens Hus, Brondby Stadion 20, DK 2600 Glostrup, Denmark. H. Babo, clo Confederacao Brasileira de Atletismo, Av. Graca Aranha 81, Grupo 808/811 - 20 030, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. L. Barra, Via Bagnoregio 3, 00100 Rome, Italy. R. Blanchet, Les Rives d 'Oise, 16 rue Andre Messager, 95630 Meriel, France. E. Bremicker, Rubenstrasse 25, 6700 Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany. N. Dahlman, Alandsvagen 39, SF 22100 Mariehamn, Finland. L. Eldridge, 726 Chemin du Lac, Ville du U:ry, Quebec, Canada. R. Giegengack, 402A Yale Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, V.S.A. J. Jackowski, 60-228 Poznan, Promienista 16 AM 6, Poland. F. I. K. Kiplagat, P.O. Box 30556, Nairobi, Kenya. C. Moreno, Cerro San Andres 136-3, Mexico 21 DF, Mexico. V. Rodichenko, clo The Light Athletic Federation of the U.S.S.R., Luzhnetskaja Naberezhnaya 8, Moscow, 119270, V.S.S.R. E. Schober, clo Deutscher Verband ftir Leichtathletik der DDR, 1055 Berlin, Storkower Strasse 118, G.D.R. C. G. Tollemar, Edsbergsgrand 12, 12657 Hagersten, Sweden. V. Trkal, CS 18200 Praha 8, VMNI 39, Czechoslovakia. E. Wante, Bosstr. 45, 9180 Puyvelde-Belsele, Belgium.

Mrs. L. Manoliu, clo Federatia Romana de Atletism, Strada Vasile Conta 16, 70139 Bucuresti, Romania. H. McKenley, clo Jamaica A.A.A., P.O. Box 272, Kingston 5, Jamaica. Mrs. P. Rico, 89 Lexington Drive, Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y. 10520, V.S.A. Mrs. E. Strasser, Lessingstrasse 31, 4020 Linz/Donau, Austria. CROSS COUNTRY AND ROAD RUNNING COMMITTEE Aldo Scandurra, Chairman, 22 Monett Place, Greenlawn, New York, N.Y. 11740, V.S.A. L. Bradshaw, 2 Rata Street, Ravensbourne, Dunedin, New Zealand. R. Dalgleish, 48 Gartons Road, Glasgow G21 3HY, Scotland. V. Firea, clo Federatia Romana de AtIetism, Str. Vasile Conta 16, 70139 Bucuresti, Romania. O. Klappert, Platanenallee 7, 4750 Unna, Federal Republic of Germany. M. Marrnion, 10 rue Louis Vicat, 75015 Paris, France. G. Mastropasqua, Piazzale Giovine Italia, 3, 20123 Milano, Italy. R. Puignau, Zabaleta 54-7Â°, San Sebastian, Spain. E. Spillane, 53 Oaklands Avenue, Swords, Co. Dublin, Ireland. R. Tytgat, Amsterdamstraat 52, B-8400, Ostend, Belgium. M. Wawrzykowski, Karlowicza, 1/7 m.6, 02-501 Warszawa, Poland.

WOMEN'S COMMITTEE Mrs. I. Bechthold, Chairman, Cretzschmarstr, 15, D-600 Frankfurt/M, Federal Republic of Germany. G. Casciotti, via Caio Canuleio No. 172, Rome, Italy. Mrs. E. Gorchakova, cloThe Light Athletic Federation of the U.S.S.R. Luzhnetskaja Naberezhnaya 8, Moscow, 119270, V.S.S.R. Miss M. Hartman, c/o Women's A.A.A., Francis House, Francis Street, London, SWIP IDE, England. I. Hume, R.R.l. Melbourne, Quebec, Canada. F. Jutte, Thorbeckelaan 611, 2564 CG. Den Haag, The Netherlands. Mrs. M. Maleszewska, 00-130 Warsawa, ul. Graniczna, 2m 16, Poland.

WALKING COMMITTEE P. Lassen, Chairman, Biilowsvej 40, 3 DK-1870, Copenhagen V, Denmark. R. Bowman, 51 Chatsworth Court, Oakland, California 94611, U.S.A. A. De La Mora, Calzada de los Misterios No. 803, Colonia Tepeyac Insurgentes, Mexico 14 D.F. G. Frister, clo Deutscher Verband ftir Leichtathletik der DDR, 1055 Berlin, Storkower Strasse 118, G.D.R. A. Fruktov, clo The Light Athletic Federation of the U.S.S.R., Luzhnetskaja Naberezhnaya 8, Moscow 119270, U.S.S.R. F. Jenevein, 22 Chemin'Âˇ des Petits Marais, 92320 Gennevilliers, France. W. Kirkor, ul. Langiewicza 6, 81-737 Sopot, Poland. J. Kraemer, Btirnekamp 10, D-4440 Rheine 11, F. R. Germany. P. Marlow, 65 Lordship Lane, London S.E.22, England. B. Sjoberg, Hagavagen 4, S-171 53 Solna, Sweden. G. Tosi, Via Guelfa 44, Firenze, Italy.

MEDICAL COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Arne Ljungquist, Chairman, Lillhagsvagen, 4, S-1801O Enebyberg, Sweden. Prof. Or. Waldemar Areno, Estrada do Joa 2618, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Prof. A. H. Beckett, c/o Chelsea College, University of London, Dept. of Pharmacy, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LX, England. Dr. Anthony Daly, 301 North Prairie Avenue, Suite 215, Inglewood, California 90301, U.S.A. Dr. Manfred Donike, c/o Deutsche Sporthochschule Koln, Institut fUr Biochemie, Carl-Oiem-Weg 21Postfach 450 327, 5000 Koln 41, Federal Republic of Germany. Dr. Andre Gedeon, 70 Bid. Deltour, 31500 Toulouse, France. Dr. Mohamed Gheita, 61 King Seoud Street, Manial Rodah, Cairo, Egypt. Dr. M. Hoppner, c/o Deutseher Verband fUr Leichtathletik der DOR, 1055 Berlin, Storkower Strasse 118, G.D.R. Or. Virginia Mikhaylova, Bulgarian Athletic Federation, Boul, Tolboukhin 18, Sofia, Bulgaria. Prof. S. K. Ongeri, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P .0. Box 30588, Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Pekka Peltokallio, Kuorekuja 8e, 02170 Espoo 17, Finland. Dr. J. Sowinski, c/o Polski Zwiazek Lekkiej Atletyki, 0-372 Warszawa, UI. Foksal 19, Poland. Dr. G. Worobiew, c/o The Light Athletic Federation of the U.S.S.R., Luzhnetskaja Naberezhnaya 8, Moscow 119270 U.S.S.R.

PANEL OF INTERNATIONAL WALKING JUDGES Argentina R. P. Aguilera J. L. De la Canale Australia Cruize A. Johnson D. M. Keane J. S. MaeDougall M. Patterson (Mrs) V. B. Sharp R. C. Smith E. F. Wilson Austria H. Frantz Belgium N.Opsomer J. Vanderhaeghen Brazil J. C. Goncalves Bulgaria D. Marinov V. Vladimirov B. J. Yanev Canada L. Giordano A. Keay A. Marrone (Mrs) N. Marrone K. Mersehenz D. Walker Cuba J. L. Garcia A. M. Martinez J. D. Rodriguez Czecboslovakia F. Horsky V. Klempir B. Klir V. Martinkovic F. Mikes

L. Moc G. Towers J. Svoboda R. Wells Z. Trefny G. Wish (Mrs) V. Vagner J. Wish F. Voboril Hungary Denmark S. Lazlo J. Hanneeke (Mrs) Israel P. Lassen I. Asulin Egypt L. Rabinowitz W. S. A. Rahman J. Sawitski Finland Italy K. Heinamaa P. Castiglione V. Kangaspunta D. D'Ascola P. Tarkkanen L. Favati France A. Romano J. Chartier G. Tosi M. Coubard W. Zanellini J. Dahm Japan R. Garnier K. Narita L. Ghesquiere (Mrs) N. Tsuda F. Herbet Luxemburg F. Jenevein C. Sowa G.D.R. Malaysia G. Frister K. Balachandran J. Kruger S. Vegiyathuman D. Lehmann (Mrs) Mexico G. Rosenow E. C. Aleman F.R.G. P. C. Martinez H. Berndt A. M. de la Mora J. Kraemer G. Roldan D. Pawlak Netberlands G.B. & N.I. J. Van Leeuwen W. F. Amer New Zealand G.Brown D. B. Chadderton A. Hall C.. E. J. Cook R. Holland L. F. Gerrie F. James G. Harvie R. Smith R. Pilkington E. Staker

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Norway D. Gaasand 1. Guttulsrod H. Nymark H. Persson P. Straus B. Tindlund Panama F. Alderete Poland W. Kirkor J. Krynicki J. Leleno A. Markowski R. Markowski M. Rduch (Mrs) J. Zerko Rumania 1. Paraschivescu Singapore D. de Sousa

Spain D. C. Husillos E. Marro G. Montagut Sweden H. Ekenmyr F. Eriksson R. Johansson J. Nilsson R. Nilsson (Mrs) S. Sjunnesson A. Thureson C. Thureson Switzerland R. Crausaz V. Daguet A. Libotte L. Marquis Trinidad & Tobago H. R. Lee E. A. Pierre

V.S.S.R. M. Andrejev A. Fruktov A.Issurin N. Kalinin A. Kharbarov V. Lakhov A. Mikhailov V. Samotesov M. Tomilin V.S.A. F. Alongi R. Bowman E. Denman R. Hickey L. K. Larson H. H. Laskau B. Macdonald M. B. Rosenstein M. Rudow

VETERANS OF THE I.A.A.F. Elected Hassan Agabani (Sudan). Essa Al-Dashti (Kuwait). Hanji Aoki (Japan). Alhaji Arogundade (Nigeria). Kinichi Asano (Japan). Richard Ashenheim (Jamaica). Robert Atlasz (Israel). Harold 1. Austad (New Zealand). Helio Babo (Brazil). Karl Beuermann (F. R. G.) Jerzy Bogobowicz (Poland). Emanuel Bosak (Czechoslovakia). Nils Carlius (Sweden). OUan CasseU (V.S.A.). Raphael Cavero (Spain). Joao C. da Costa (Brazil). Nils Dahlman (Finland).

1972 1982 1968 1980 1958 1980 1966 1964

1980 1970 1980 1970 1976 1982 1976 1960

1982

Elected Max Danz (F.R.G.) Pierre Dasriaux (France) Emiel Declerck (Belgium). Juan Manuel De Hoz (Spain). Lamine Diack (Senegal). Roger Dubief (France). Rudolf Dusek (Czechoslovakia). Victor Firea (Rumania). E. Figuerola (Cuba). Amadeo Francis (Puerto Rico). Jean Frauenlob (Switzerland). Pedro Galvez (Peru). Arthur Gold (G.B. & N.I.). Abraham Green (Israel). Giovanni Guabello (Italy). Miss Marea Hartman (G.B. & N.I.). Frederick W. Holder (G.B. & N.I.). lan Hume (Canada). Hans Jaeger (F.R.G.). Axel JOrbeck (Sweden). Frans Jutte (Netherlands). Nicolai Kalinin (V.S.S.R.). Vilem Kanturek (Czechslovakia). Vhro Kekkonen (Finland). Leonid Khomenkov (V.S.S.R.). August Kirsch (F.R.G.). Gurbaksh Singh Kler (Malaysia). Karel Knenicky (Czechoslovakia). Mahmoud Lasheen (Eygypt). Palle Lassen (Denmark). Stan. G. Leeder (New Zealand). Armando Libotte (Switzerland). Jacob Lindahl (Sweden). Bo Lindman (Sweden). Ame Ljungqvist (Sweden). Mrs. Doris Magee (Australia). Michel Marmion (France). Raul Maturana (Chile). Henri Meley (France). A. Ossie Melville (New Zealand).

1962 1970 1974 1982 1976 1968 1978 1980 1974 1978 1978 1970 1970 1976 1962 1972 1972 1982 1976 1968 1976 1956 1972 1952 1964 1978 1978 1960 1982 1976 1962 1968 1966 1950 1980 1972 1982 1982 1976 1980

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Elected Cesar Moreno (Mexico). Pascal Mouassiposso (Congo). A. Lee Morrison (Australia). Charles Mukora (Kenya). Dino Nai (Italy). Primo Nebiolo (Italy). Maurice Nicholas (Singapore). Dimiter Nikolov (Bulgaria). George Oberweger (Italy). Mikio Oda (Japan). Abraham Ordia (Nigeria). Donald T. P. Pain (G.B. &N.!.). Jal Pardivala (India). Adriaan Paulen (Netherlands). Erich Pultar (Austria). Vladimir Rodichenko (U.S.S.R.). Mme. Z. Romanova (U.S.S.R.). Emanuel Rose (Denmark). Erhard Schoeber (G.D.R.). Jose C. Sering (Philippines). S. Umrao Singh (India). Jozsef Sir (Hungary). Kee Chung Sohn (Korea). Hans Stahl (F.R.G.). Otto Symiczek (Greece). Artur Takac (Yugoslavia). Olav Tendeland (Norway). Todor Todorov (Bulgaria). T. Tulikoura (Finland). Jukka Uunila (Finland). Armas Valste (Finland). Peter Vukovic (Yugoslavia). Maciej Wawrzykowski (Poland). Harold H. Whitlock (G.B. & N.!.). Georg Wieczisk (G.D.R.). Seiko Yasuda (Japan).

1974 1982 1982 1976 1952 1974 1982 1976 1960 1976 1974 1956 1962 1950 1978 1982 1960 1972 1970 1982 1976 1962 1968 1976 1982 1962 1946 1974 1966 1978 1976 1978 1982 1966 1972 1980

Deceased

H. H. King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden. Harold M. Abrahams (G.B. & N.!.).

1934 1948

Deceased Sir Harry J. Barclay (G.B. & N.I.). William M. Barnard (G.B. & N.I.). Harold Berliner (U.S.A.). Avery Brundage (U.S.A.). Friedrich Burger (F.R.G.). J. E. Chryssafis (Greece). Emile Clemme (Belgium). Ernest H. L. Clynes (G.B. & N.I.). Jack C. G. Cramp (G.B. &N.I.). Jack W. Davies (Canada). Charles J. Dieges (U.S.A.). Carl Diem (F.R.G.). J. Sigfrid EdstrOm (Sweden). Bo Ekelund (Sweden) Leopold Englund (Sweden). Tage Ericson (Sweden). The Marquess of Exeter (G.B. & N.!.). John Falchenberg (Norway). Daniel J. Ferris (U.S.A.). C. Forys (Poland). J. Genet (France). Frands Guilleux (France). Kristian HellstrOm (Sweden). Edouard Hermes (Belgium). Arthur J. Hodsdon (Australia). Ernest J. H. Holt (G.B. & N.!.). Murray Hulbert (U.S.A.). Evan A. Hunter (South Africa). Ludwig Jall (F.R.G.). G. Jurgenson (France). Hiromu Kasuga (Japan). Gustavus T. Kirby (U.S.A.). S. Kishi (Japan). Hilding Kjellman (Sweden). Jukka Lehtinen (Finland). Joe B. MacCabe (U.S.A.). E. S. Marks (Australia). Paul Mericamp (France). J. G. Merrick (Canada). lustus W. Meyerhof(F.R.G.). Lauri Miettinen (Finland).

1928 1928 1962 1946 1930 1930 1952 1964 1958 1964 1932 1930 1928 1946 1928 1952 1950 1946 1952 1964 1928 1964 1964 1948 1966 1946 1932 1946 1972 1948 1966 1928 1932 1928 1972 1928 1932 1932 1930 1930 1946

""----Joe Moerman (Netherlands). F. A. Moran (Eire). Naili Moran (Turkey). Mogens Oppegaard (Norway). Lauri Pihkala (Finland). Franz Reichel (France). Karl Ritter von Halt (F.R.G.). Oscar Rosenvinge-Kolderup (Norway). F. W. Rubien (U.S.A.). Johannes Runge (F.R. G.). G. V. A. Schofield (G.B. & N.!.). Jean R. Seurin (France). Pincus Sober (U.S.A.). G. D. Sondi (India). Szilard Stankovits (Hungary). Pasquale Stassano (Italy). Peter Stepanenko (U.S.S.R.). Hans Sulak (Czechoslovakia). Robert M. Thompson (U.S.A.). Pierre Tonelli (France). Hugh Weir (Australia). Hermann Wraschtil (Austria). Bruno Zauli (Italy).

Deceased 1974 1948 1958 1950 1928 1928 1960 1930 1932 1930 1930 1950 1966 1948 1928 1970 1968 1976 1928 1958 1956 1928 1954

I.A.A.F. CONTINENTAL ASSOCIATIONS AFRICA African Amateur Athletic Confederation (A.A.A.C.). President: L. Diack, P .0. Box 86, Dakar, Senegal. Hon. Secretary: Papa Gallo Thiam, as above. ASIA Asian Amateur Athletic Association (A.A.A.A.). President: S. Yasuda, Yasuda Office, DAl 4 Bunsei Bldg. 703, 7-10-9 Akasaka, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 107, Japan. Hon. Secretary/Treasurer: M. Nicholas, 26 Windsor Park Road, Rep. of Singapore, District No.: 2057. EUROPE European Athletic Association (E.A.A.). President: A. A. Gold, 49 Friern Mount Drive, Whetstone, London N20 9DJ, England. Hon. Secretary: P. Dasriaux, E.A.A., 22 rue Eugene Jumin, 75019 Paris, France. Hon. Treasurer: J. Frauenlob, 110 chemin de la Montagne, 1224 Geneva, Switzerland. NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Hon. Secretary: I. Delgado, Area Group Bureau, Box 8134, Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910 Representative on LA.A.F. Council A.LD. Frands, Box 8134, Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910 P.R. OCEANIA Oceania Regional Group. Chairman: A. Lee Morrison, 15 Heath Street, Sandringham, Vie. 3191, Australia. Hon. Secretary/Treasurer: A. R. Eustace, 7 Moerangi Street, Palmerston North, New Zealand. SOUTH AMERICA Confederaci6n Sudamericana de Atletismo. President: Viee Admiral P. J. Galvez, Hon. Secretary: P. Villar, CSA Bureau, Calle 22 No. 160 Urb Corpac Lima 27, Peru.

Only the Members' names and addresses 'are given in the Handbook. The I.A.A.F. Directory appears in January every year and provides fuller up-to-date information of telephone numbers, cable addresses, telex numbers and names of officers of all 20

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LA.A.F. Member Federations, Committees and Area Group Associations. In addition the Directory provides many other useful addresses and is obtainable (price Â£1.50) from the I.A.A.F. Bureau. LIST OF MEMBERS The letter in parenthesis denote the official abbreviation of the Member's title, the year of foundation, and the grouping of the Member country (Rule 4).

AFGHANISTAN (AFG) (1930) (C) ALBANIA (ALB) (1930) (C) ALGERIA (ALG) (1963) (A) ANGOLA (ANG) (1976) (C) ANGUILLA (ANL) (1977) (C) ANTIGUA (ANT) (1960) (C) ARGENTINA (ARG) (1954) (A) AUSTRALIA (AUS) (1897) (AA) AUSTRIA (AUT) (1902) (A) BAHAMAS (BAH) (1952) (C) BAHRAIN (BHR) (1974) (C)

Republic of Afghanistan National Olympic Committee, Kabul, Afghanistan. Federation Albanaise d'Athletisme, Rruga Kongresi i Permetit, or 41, Tirana, Albania. Federation Algerienne d' Athletisme, 18 rue Abdelaziz Mouzaoui, - Alger, B.P. - 573 Alger-Gare, Algeria. Federation Angolaise d'Athletisme, Boite Postale - 643, Comercial, Lda Luanda, Angola R.P.A. Anguilla Amateur Athletic Association The Valley, Anguilla, W.!. Antigua Amateur Athletic & Cycling Association, P.O. Box 747, St. John's, Antigua. Confederaci6n Argentina de Atletismo, Buard Irigoyen 396, 3260 del Uruguay, Entre Rios, Rea, Argentina. The Amateur Athletic Union of Australia, Grandstand, Olympic Park Athletic Track, Swan Street, Melbourne 3002, Australia. Osterreichischer LeichtathletikVerband, Vienna 1040, Prinz Eugenstrasse 12, Austria. Bahamas Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box, S.S. 5517, Nassau, Bahamas. Bahrain Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 5163, Manama, State of Bahrain. 22

BANGLADESH (BAN) (1973) (C) BARBADOS (BAR) (1947) (B) BELGIUM (BEL) (1889) (AA) BELIZE (BIZ) (1956) (C) BENIN (BEN) (1960) (C) BERMUDA (BER) (1946) (C) BOLIVIA (BOL) (1929 (C) BOTSWANA (BOT) (1972) (C) BRAZIL (BRA) (1914) (AA) BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS (BVI) (1972) (C) BRUNEI (BRU) (1953) (C) BULGARIA (BUL) (1924) (AA) BURMA (BIR) (1947) (C) BURUNDI (BUR) (1960) (C)

Bangladesh Amateur Athletic Federation, 19-20, National Stadium, Dacca-2, Bangladesh. Amateur Athletic Association of Barbados, P.O. Box 46, Bridgetown, Barbados, W.!. Ligue Royale Beige d'Athletisme (K.B.A.B.), Rue Montagne-auxHerbes Potageres 65, Bte 16, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium. Belize Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 231, Belize City, Belize, Central America. Federation d' Athletisme de Benin, B.P. 65, Porton-Novo, Bernn. Bermuda Track & Field Association P.O. Box 397 - Devonshire 4, Bermuda. Federaci6n Atletica de Bolivia, Calle Mexico No. 1638, Casilla 7864, La paz Bolivia. Botswana Amateur Athletic Association, cloThe General Secretary P.O. Box 1404, Gaborone, Botswana. Brasileira de Atletismo, Av. Graca Aranha, 81-Grupo 808/811, 20030 - Rio de Janeiro, R.J.Brazil. British Virgin Islands Amateur Athletic Association, P .0. Box 223, Road Town, Tortola, B.V.1. Brunei Amateur Athletic Association P .0. Box 1330, Bandar Seri, Bagawan. Brunei. Federation Bulgare d'Athletisme, boul - Tolboukhin 18, Sofia, Bulgaria. Burma Track & Field Federation Aungsan Memorial Stadium, Rangoon, Burma. Federation d'Athletisme du Burundi, clo le Departement des Sports, B.P. 1095, Bujumbura, Burundi. 23

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Federation Camerounaise d'Athletisme, B. P. 353 Yaounde Republique Unie du Cameroun. CANADA (CAN) Canadian Track and Field Association (1889) (AA) 355 River Road, Tower "B", Vanier City, Ottawa, Ontario K1L 8C1, Canada. Cayman Islands Amateur Athletic CAYMAN ISLANDS (CAY) (1976) (C) Association, P.O. Box 527, George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, British West Indies. CENTRAL AFRICAN Federation Centrafricaine EMPIRE (CAF) (1962) (C)d'Athletisme, B.P. 573, Bangui, E.C.A. CHILE (CHI) Federaci6n Atletica de Chile, Calle Santo Toribio 660, Casilla 820, (1917) (B) Santiago de Chile, Chile. PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC Athletic Association of the People's Republic of China, 9, Tiyuguan Road, OF CHINA (PRC) Peking, China (1924) (AA) reformed 1949 Chinese Taipei Track & Field CHINESE TAIPEI (TPE) (1914) (C) Association, 555 Chung-Hsiao E Road, Section 5, Taipei (105), Taiwan. Federaci6n Colombiana de Atletismo, COLOMBIA (COL) Calle 26, No. 17-44, Oficana 501, Apt. (1937) (B) Aereo 6024, Bogota, Columbia. Federation Comorienne d'Athletisme, COMORES (COM) B.P. 905 Moroni, Comores. (1979) (C) Federation Congolaise d'Athletisme, CONGO (CGO) B.P. 2158, Brazzaville, Republique (1962) (C) Populaire du Congo. COOK ISLANDS (CKI) Cook Islands Amateur Athletic Association (Inc). P .0. Mangaia, (1962) (C) Cook Islands. Federaci6n Costarricense de COSTA RICA (CRC) Atletismo, Apdo. 5009, 1000 San Jose, (1960) (C) Costa Rica. Federaci6n Cubana de Atletismo, CUBA (CUB) Calle 13 No: 601, Zona Postale 4, (1922) (AA) Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba. Ceskoslovensky atleticky svaz, Na CZECHOSLAVAKIA Pond 12, 115 30 Praha, (TCH) (1897) (AA) Czechoslovakia. CAMEROONS (CMR) (1959) (C)

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DENMARK (DEN) (1907) (A)

Dansk Athletik Forbund, Idraettens Hus, Brondby Stadion 20, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark. DJIBOUTI (DJI) Federation d' Athletisme de la (1982) (C) Republique de Djibouti, BP 2481, Djibouti. DEMOCRATIC Federacao Santomense de Atletismo REPUBLIC OF SAO Caixa Postale No. 42 - Sao Tome TOME PRINCIPE (STP) Republica, Democratica de Sao Tome E Principe. (1980) (C) DOMINICAN Federaci6n Dominicana de Atletismo REPUBLIC (DOM) Aficionado, Estadio Olimpico "Juan (1953) (C) Pablo Duarte", Santo Dorningo D.N., Republica Dominicana. Federacion Ecuatoriana de Atletismo, ECUADOR (ECU) (1925) (C) Palacio De los Deportes, Quito, Ecuador. EGYPT (BGY) Egyptian Amateur Athletic Federation (1910) (AA) 13 Kasr El Nil Str., Cairo, Egypt. ETHIOPIA (BTH) National Ethiopian Athletic (1961) (B) Federation, Addis Ababa Stadium, P.O. Box 3241, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. FIJI (FIJ) Fiji Amateur Athletic Federation, (1949) (C) G.P.O. Box 1175, Suva, Fiji. FINLAND (FIN) Suomen Urheilulitto, Box 25202, (1906) (AA) 00250 Helsinki, 25, Finland. FRANCE (FRA) Federation d'Athletisme, (1920) (AA) 10 rue du Faubourg Poissonniere, 75480 Paris Cedex 10, France. GABON (GAB) Federation Gabonaise d' (1961) (C) Amateur, B.P. 2266 Libreville, Republique Gabonaise. THE GAMBIA (GAM) The Gambia Amateur Athletic (1960) (C) Association, c/o P.O. Box 72, Banjul, The Gambia, West Africa. GERMAN Deutscher Verband fUr Leichtathletik DEMOCRATIC der DDR, 1005 Berlin, Storkower REPUBLIC (GDR) Strasse 118, G.D.R. . (1950) (AA) FEDERAL REPUBLIC Deutscher Leichtathletik Verband, OF GERMANY (FRG) 6100 Darmstadt, Rheinstrasse 2Oa, (1898) (AA) Federal Republic of Germany. 25

GHANA (GHA) (1944) (B) GIBRALTAR (GIB) (1954) (C) G.B. & N.1. (GBR) (1932) (AA) GREECE (GRE) (1897) (AA) GRENADA (GRN) (1924) (C) GUATEMALA (GUA) (1945) (C) GUINEA (GUI) (1959) (C) GUYANA (GUY) (1948 (C) HAITI (HAI) (1969) (C) HONDURAS (HON) (1951) (C)

Ghana Amateur Athletic Association, Sports Council of Ghana, P.O. Box 1272, Accra, Ghana. Gibraltar Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 284, Gibraltar. British Amateur Athletic Board. Francis House, Francis Street, London SWIP IDL, England. Association Hellenique d'Athletisme Amateur (SEGAS), 137 Avenue Syngrou, Athens 404, Greece. Grenada Amateur Athletic & Cycling Association, P.O. Box 419, St. George's, Grenada, Wl. Federaci6n Na9ional de Atletismo, Palacio de los Deportes, Guatemala City, Republique de Guatemala, C.A. Federation Guineenne d'Atletisme Amateur, Ministere de la Jeunesse, des Arts et des Sport, B.P. 262, Conakry, Republique de Guinee. Amateur Athletic Association of Guyana, P .0. Box 10133, Georgetown, Guyana. Commission Nationale Haitienne d'Athletisme, c/o P.O. Box 1334, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Federaci6n Nacional Deportiva Extraescolar de Honduras, Apartado Postal 331, Tegucigalpa, D.C., Honduras, C.A.

INDIA (lND) (1946) (AA) INDONESIA (lNA) (1950) (C) IRAN (IRN) (1936) (B) IRAQ (IRQ) (1957) (C) IRELAND (IRE) (1937) (A) ISRAEL (ISR) (1931) (B) ITALY (ITA) (1906) (AA) IVORY COAST (CIV) (1960) (C) JAMAICA (JAM) (1932) (AA) JAPAN (JPN) (1925) (AA)

HONG KONG (HKG) (1951) (C)

Hong Kong Amateur Athletic Association, G.P.O. Box 280, Hong Kong.

JORDAN (JOR) (1961) (C) KENYA (KEN) (1951) (AA)

HUNGARY (HUN) (1897) (AA)

Magyar Atletikai Szovetseg, 1143 Budapest, D6zsa, Gyorgy utca 1-3, Hungary.

KHMERE (KHM) (1936) (C)

ICELAND (ISL) (1947) (B)

Frjalsiprottasamband Islands, P .0. Box 1099, Iprottamidstodinni Laugardal, Reykjavik, Iceland.

KOREA (KOR) (1945) (A)

Amateur Athletic Federation of India, Room 3, D.D.A. Building, Nehru Place, New Delhi 110019, India. Persatuan Atletik Seluruh Indonesia (PASI). Jalan Menteng Raya 72, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia. .Amateur Athletic Federation of Islamic Republic of Iran, Mobarezan Avenue, Shiroudi Stadium, Tehran, Iran. Iraqi Amateur Athletic Federation, c/o Iraqi National Olympic Committee, P.O. Box 441, Baghdad, Iraq. Bord Luthchleas Na h'Eireann, 11 Prospect Road, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. Israeli Amateur Athletic Association, P.O. Box 4575,4 Marmorek St., Tel-Aviv 61044, Israel. Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera, viale Tiziano 70-00136 Roma, Italy. Federation Ivoirienne d'Athletisme, Boulevard Lagunaire, B.P. 2844, Abidjan 10, Ivory Coast. Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association P.O. Box 272, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.1. Nippon Rikujo-Kyogi Renmei, 1-1-1, Jinnan, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150, Japan. Jordan Amateur Athletic Federation. P.O. Box 413, Amman, Jordan. Kenya Amateur Athletic Association, Gill House, Moi Avenue, P.O. Box 46722, Nairobi, Kenya. Federation Khmere d'Athletisme Amateur, Complexe Sportif National, Phnom-Penh, Republique Khmere. Korea Amateur Athletic Federation, 19 Mookyo-Dong, Choong-Ku, Seoul, P.O. Box 566, K. W. M. Seoul, Korea. 27

D.P .R. KOREA (PRK) (1955) (C)

MAURITIUS (MRI) (1952) (C)

Amateur Athletic Association of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Moonsin-Doug 2, Dougdaiwon Dist. Pyongyang, DPR Korea. KUWAIT (KUW) Kuwait Athletic Federation, P.O. Box (1957) (A) 5499, Khaled Ben Al-Walid St. Shaker AI-Kazemi Bldg., No: 9 Kuwait. LAOS (LAO) Federation d'Athletisme du Laos, clo (1958) (C) Direction des Sports, B.P. 268, Vientiane, R.D.P. Laos. LEBANON (LIB) Federation Libanaise d'Athletisme, (1945) (C) P.O. Box 5601, Beyrouth, Lebanon. LESOTHO (LES) Lesotho Sports Council, P .0. Box 138, (1931) (C) Maseru, Lesotho. LIBERIA (LBR) Liberia Track & Field Federation, (1955) (C) P .0. Box 3264, Monrovia, Liberia. LIBYA (LBA) Jamahiriya Amateur Athletic (1962) (B) Federation, P.O. Box 879, Tripoli, Libya. LIECHTENSTEIN (LIE) Liechtensteiner Turn und (1936) (C) Leichtathletikverband L.T .L. V., Eschnerstrasse 33, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein. LUXEMBOURG (LUX) Federation Luxembourgeoise (1928) (B) D'Athletisme, B.P. 1055, L-1010, Luxembourg. MADAGASCAR (MAD) Federation Malgache d'Athletisme, (1962) (C) B.P. 681, Antanawarivd, Madagascar. MALAWI (MAW) Amateur Athletic Association of (1967) (C) Malawi, P .0. Box 1079, Blantyre, Malawi. MALAYSIA (MAL) Malaysia Amateur Athletic Union (1906) (B) Stadium Merdeka, P.O. Box 957, Kuala Lumpur 05-06, Malaysia. Reformed 1963 MALI (MLI) Federation Malienne d' Athletisme, (1960) (C) B.P. 595, c.P.P. 1216 Bamako, Republique du Mali. MALTA (MLT) Malta Amateur Athletic Association, (1928) (C) Brantwood, Alley 6, Main Street, Mosta, Malta G.C. MAURITANIA (MTN) Federation d' Athletisme de la (1962) (C) Republique Islamique de Mauritanie, B.P. 374, Nouakchott, R.!. Mauritania.

Mauritius Sports Association, 8 Felicien Mallefille St., Port Louis Mauritius. MEXICO (MEX) Federaci6n Mexicana de Atletismo, (1933) (AA) Avenida del Conscripto y Anillo Periferico, Lomas de Sotelo, Mexico 10, D.F. MONGOLIA (MGL) The Athletic Federation of the (1960) (C) Mongolian People's Republic, M.A.F., Baga Toirog 55, Ulan-Batar, Mongolia. MONTSERRAT (MNT) Montserrat Amateur Athletic (1971) (C) Association, clo P.O. Box 247, Plymouth, Montserrat, W.!. MOROCCO (MAR) Federation Royale Marocaine (1957) (B) d'Athletisme, Centre National des Sports, Bellevue Avenue, Ibn sina Agdal, Rabat, Morocco. MOZAMBIQUE (MOZ) de Atletismo, (1978) (C) C.P. 1094, Maputo, Mozambique. NAURU (NAU) Nauru Amateur Athletics Association, (1967) (C) G.P.O. Box 33, Nauru Island, Central Pacific. NEPAL (NEP) Amateur Athletic Association of (1948) (C) Nepal, National Sports Council, Dashrath Rangshala, Tripureshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal. NETHERLANDS (HOL) Koninklijke Nederlandse Atletiek-Unie (1901 (AA) (KNAU) Bondsbureau, P.O. Box 14444, 3508 SM, Utrecht, Netherlands. NETHERLANDS Nederlands Antilliaanse Athletiek ANTILLES (AHO) Unie, clo H. Prince, Santa Rosaweg (1934) (C) 22, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Reformed 1962 Antilles. NEW ZEALAND (NZL) New Zealand Amateur Athletic (1887) (AA) Association (Inc.), P.O. Box 741, Wellington, New Zealand. NICARAGUA (NCA) Federaci6n Nicaraguense de Atletismo, (1964) (C) Apartado No: P-46, Managua, Nicaragua C.A. NIGER (NIG) Federation Nigerienne d' Athletisme, (1961) (C) B.P. 215, Niamey, Niger. NIGERIA (NGR) Amateur Athletic Association of (1944) (A) Nigeria, P.O. Box 211, Lagos, Nigeria, West Africa.

SWAZILAND (SWZ) (1969) (C)

Swaziland Amateur Athletic Association, P .0. Box 383, Mbabane, Swaziland, Southern Africa. SWEDEN (SWE) Svenska Fri-Idrottsforbundet, (1895) (AA) Sofiatornet, Stadion S 114 33, Stockholm, Sweden. Schweizerischer Leichtathletikverband, SWITZERLAND (SUI) (1905) (AA) Case Postale 2233, CH 3001, Berne, Switzerland. SYRIA (SYR) Syrian Arab Amateur Athletic . Federation, Box 421, Damascus, Syna. (1952 (C) TANZANIA (TAN) Tanzania Amateur Athletic (1954) (B) Association, P .0. Box 2172, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, East Africa. TCHAD (CHA) Federation Tchadienne d' Athletisme, B.P. 187, N'Djamena, Tchad. (1963) (C) A.A.A. of Thailand, National Stadium THAILAND (THA) (1948) (B) Rama 1 Road, Pratomwan, Bangkok, Thailand. Federation Togolaise d'Athletisme, TOGO (TOG) B.P. 2299, Lome, Togo. (1963) (C) Tonga Amateur Sports Association TONGA (TON) c/o P.O. Box 80, Nuku'alofa, Tonga, (1962) (C) South Pacific. National Amateur Athletic Association TRINIDAD & of Trinidad & Tobago, 15 Seukeran TOBAGO (TRI) (1945) (B) Street, Les Efforts West, San Fernando, Trinidad, W.1. Reformed 1970 Federation Tunisienne d'Athletisme, TUNISIA (TUN) (1957) (B) 13 rue de Cologne, 1002 Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia. Tiirkiye Amator Atletizm TURKEY (TUR) Federasyonu, Ulus Ishani A Blok (1922) (A) Kat: 5, Ankara, Turkey. TURKS & CAICOS (TKS) Turks & Caicos Amateur Athletic Association, Cockburn Town, Grand (1977) (C) Turk, Turks & Caicos Islands, W.1. Uganda Amateur Athletic Association, UGANDA (UGA) P.O. Box 20077, Lugogo-Kampala, (1925) (B) Uganda. Light Athletic Federation of the U .S.S.R. (URS) (1945) (AA) U.S.S.R., Louzhnetskaja Naberezhnaj 8, 119270 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 32

UNITED ARAB (UAE) EMIRATES (1976) (C) U .S.A. (USA) (1888) (AA)

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U.A.E. Athletics Association, Box 6756, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

The Athletics Congress of the U.S.A. Inc. 155, Washington Street, P.O. Box 120, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206, U.S.A. UPPER VOLTA (VOL) Federation Voltaique d'AthU:tisme, (1961) (C) B.P. 772. Ouagadougou, Republique du Haute Volta. URUGUAY (URU) Confederacion Atletica del Uruguay, (1918) (B) Casa de los Deportes, Canelones 982, Montevideo, Uruguay. VANUATU (VAN) Vanuatu Amateur Athletic Federation, (1965) (C) Box 888, Port VHa, Republic of Vanuatu. VENEZUELA (VEN) Federacion Venezolana de Atletismo, (1948) (A) P.O. Box 29059, Caracas 102, Venezuela. VIETNAM (VIE) Vietnam Athletic Association, (1951) (C) 36 Tran Phu, Hanoi, Vietnam. VIRGIN ISLANDS (ISV) Virgin Islands Track & Field (1963) (C) Federation, P .0. Box 7400, Sunny Isle, Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 00820. WESTERN SAMOA Western Samoa Amateur Athletic (SAM) Association, P.O. Box 1158, Apia, (1962) (C) Western Samoa. YEMEN ARAB Yemen Amateur Athletic Federation, REPUBLIC (YAR) P.O. Box 2701, Sana'a, Yemen Arab (1976) (C) Republic. PEOPLE'S Yemeni Athletic Federation, DEMOCRATIC P.O. Box 4352, Crater, Aden, REPUBLIC OF P.D.R. Yemen. YEMEN (1977) (C) YUGOSLAVIA (YUG) Federation Yougoslave d'Athletisme, (1921) (AA) Strahinica Bana 73a, 11000 Beograd, Yugoslavia. ZAIRE (ZAI) Federation Zairoise d' Athletisme, B.P. (1949) (C) 1527 Kinshasa 1, Rep du Zaire. ZAMBIA (ZAM) Zambia Amateur Athletic Association, (1949) (C) P.O. Box 80935, Kabwe, Zambia. ZIMBABWE (ZIM) Amateur Athletic Association of (1901) (C) Zimbabwe, p.a. Box MP 187, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. 33

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DIVISION II

RULE 2

I.A.A.F. CONSTITUTION

The Intemational Amateur Athletic Federation The LA.A.F. shall comprise duly elected national governing bodies for amateur athletics which agree to abide by the rules and regulations of the LA.A.F. A Bureau shall be esta.blished in London to carry out the administration of the LA.A.F. in accordance with the decisions of Congress and Council. The location may be changed only with the approval of Congress.

RULE 1 Definitions Athletics: Track and field athletics, road running, walking and cross country running. I.A.A.F.: International Amateur Athletic Federation. Member: Any National Governing Body for amateur athletics affiliated to the LA.A.F. I.O.c.: International Olympic Committee. International Athletic Meetings: (a) Olympic Games and World Championships. (b) Continental, Regional or Area Championships or Games (open to all LA.A.F. Members in the Area or Region). (c) Group Games or Championships (Le. other Championships or Games open to all athletes belonging to a defined group). (d) Matches between two or more Members, or combination of Members. (e) International Invitation meetings specifically sanctioned by the LA.A.F. See Rule 13,3(b). (f) International Invitation meetings specifically sanctioned by an Area Group Association. (g) Other meetings specifically sanctioned by a Member so that foreign athletes may take part. NOTE.- Where appropriate the masculine gender shall include the feminine, and the singular shall include the plural.

RULEl

RULE 3 Objects The objects of the Federation shall be: I.-To establish friendly and loyal co-operation between all Members for the benefit of amateur athletics throughout the world. 2.-To strive to ensure that no racial, religious, political or other kind of discrimination be allowed in athletics, and to take all practicable measures to stop such discrimination. 3.-To strive to secure that there shall be no hindrance to the participation of any country or individual in International athletic competitions on racial, religious or political grounds, and to ensure that there be no such hindrance in international meetings over which the LA.A.F. has control. 4.-To compile rules and regulations governing international competitions for men and women in amateur athletics. 5.-To ensure that all contests between Members, including Area and Group Championships or Games, shall be held under the laws and rules of the LA.A.F. 6.-To affiliate national governing bodies who shall then be the only national governing body for athletics which may be recognised by the respective National Olympic Committee, where such a Committee exists. 7.-To decide any dispute that may arise between Members, if called upon to do so. 8.-To co-operate with the Organising Committees of the Olympic Games in carrying through the organisation of the athletic competitions, and, as delegated by the LO.C., to supervise and control all the technical arrangements. 35

RULES 2,3

9.-To frame regulations for the establishment of World and Olympic records, and such other amateur athletic records as Congress agrees may be recognised. RULE 4 Membership

1.-The National Governing Body for amateur athletics in any country or territory shall be eligible for membership. Only one Member for each country or territory may be affiliated, and such Member shall be recognised by the LA.A.F. as the only national governing body for all amateur athletics in such country or territory. The jurisdiction of Members shall be limited to the political boundaries of the country or territory they represent. 2.-Application for membership, together with a copy of the Constitution and rules of the national governing body, shall be submitted to the Council, which shall have power to elect to membership provisionally, pending confirmation at the next Congress meeting. Any proposal to accept a new Member or to suspend an existing Member, or to re-instate as appropriate a Member suspended by Congress, must obtain two-thirds of the votes cast and such two-thirds must also represent at least half of the total voting power of the LA.A.F. 3.-Membership shall be divided into four groups and any new Member admitted to the LA.A.F. shall be placed in such a group as the Congress may decide. The following grouping shall remain until altered by a subsequent Congress:-

Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada People's Republic of China Cuba Czechoslovakia Egypt Finland France RULE 4

GROUP "AA" (8 Votes) German Democratic Kenya Republic Mexico Federal Republic Netherlands of Germany New Zealand Norway Gt. Britain & N. Ireland Poland Greece Romania Hungary Spain India Sweden Italy Switzerland Jamaica U.S.S.R. Japan U.S.A. Yugoslavia 36

Algeria Argentina Austria Denmark

GROUP "A" (6 Votes) Ireland Pakistan Korea Puerto Rico Kuwait Turkey Nigeria Venezuela

Barbados Chile Colombia Ethiopia Ghana Iceland Iran Israel

GROUP "B" (4 Votes) Libya Saudi Arabia Luxembourg Sudan Malaysia Tanzania Morocco Thailand Panama Trinidad & Tobago Peru Tunisia Philippines Uganda Portugal Uruguay

GROUP "C" (2 Votes) Afghanistan Dominican Republic Mali Albania Djibouti Malta Angola Ecuador Mauritania Anguilla Fiji Mauritius Antigua Gabon Mongolia Bahamas Gambia Montserrat Bahrain Gibraltar Mozambique Bangladesh Grenada Nauru Belize Guatemala Nepal Benin Guinea Netherlands Antilles Bermuda Guyana Nicaragua Bolivia Haiti Niger Botswana Honduras Oman Virgin Islands Hong K<:>ng Palestine BruneI Indonesia Papua New Guinea Burma Iraq Paraguay Burundi Ivory Coast Qatar Cameroons Jordan Rwanda Cayman Islands Khmer St. Kitt's Central African D.P.R. Korea St. Lucia Empire Laos St. Vincent Chinese Taipei Lebanon El Salvador Comores Lesotho San Marino Congo Liechtenstein Sao Tome Cook Islands Liberia Senegal Costa Rica Madagascar Seychelles Malawi Sierra Leone 37

RULE 4

----------

Singapore Solomon Islands Somalia Sri Lanka Surinam Swaziland Syria Tchad

Togo Virgin Islands Tonga Western Samoa Turks & Yemen (AR) Caicos Islands Yemen (PDR) United Arab Emirates Zaire Upper Volta Zambia Viet-Nam Zimbabwe Vanuatu

4.-The annual fees from each Member affiliated to the LA.A.F. shall be paid, in advance, by 1st January in accordance with the following scale, with voting strengths of 8-6-4-2 votes for "AA", "A", "B" and "C" respectively:Group "AA" £250 Group "A" £150 Group "B" £100 Group £50 Members shall not be permitted to organise or take part in Area or Group Championships or Games if their subscriptions are unpaid for the current year. No representative can be authorised to take part in any meeting of the Congress or Committees if the subscription of the Member he represents or belongs to is unpaid for the current year. Any Member whose subscription for the current year is unpaid on the 31st DECEMBER of that year shall be liable to be suspended at the discretion of the Council. The suspension will normally take effect not later than 1st MAY in the following year. 5.-Congress shall decide the name under which a Member is listed and may compete. 6.-ln every kind of information, bulletin, competition document, etc, and on official occasions, the names of the participating Federations in the language of the organising country must correspond to the exact translation of the names of the Member Federations as laid down in paragraph 5 of this Rule. Any abbreviations used for the names of these participating Federations must be in conformity with the official abbreviations by the I.A.A.F. Council.

7.-For the purpose of electing the LA.A.F. Council in accordance with Rule 5 (I), or any area Committee, Members are divided into the following Continental Areas:-

RULE 4

Algeria Angola Bcnin Botswana Burundi Cameroons Central African Empire Comores Congo Djibouti Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea

AFRICA (48) Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar MalaWi Mali

Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Rwanda

Sao Tome Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Tchad Togo Tunisia Uganda Upper Volta Zambia Zafre Zimbabwe

Afghanistan Bahrain 13angladesh Brunei Burma People's Republic of China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq

ASIA (37) Israel Japan Jordan Khmer Korea D.P.R. Korea Kuwait Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Pakistan

Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Thailand United Arab Emirates Viet-Nam Yemen (PDR) Yemen (AR)

Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France

EUROPE (32) German Democratic Republic Federal Republic of Germany Gibraltar Great Britain & N. Ireland Greece

Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy, Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands

RULE 4

Council I.-The Council shall consist of 19 Members as under:(a) President (b) 4 Vice-Presidents (c) Honorary Treasurer (d) One Representative from each of the following six Area Groups:Africa North and Central America Asia Oceania Europe South America (e) Seven members elected as individuals.

Not more than one member of the Council may come from any one country. 2.-All nominations for the Council shall be sent to the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. not later than 3 calendar months prior to the date of the Congress at which elections will take place. Nominations can be made only by Members, and, in the case of an Area Group Representative, only by Members in that respective Group. If, at the time of an election, there are fewer candidates than there are vacancies,- the President of the meeting may invite Members present to submit additional nominations. 3.-(a) All elections for the Council shall take place at Congress by means of secret ballots. Elections shall require an absolute majority of the votes cast on the fIrst round and a simple majority on the second round. (Absolute majority equals half the votes cast plus one). (b) Any unsuccessful candidate for any pQsition may, if also so nominated, be included in a subsequent ballot for any other position. 4.--:'The elections shall be held in the following order:(i) President: . (ii) Four Vice-Presidents: All ballot papers to be valid must register votes for four candidates, no more and no less. If there are 3 or 4 successful candidates from the same Area Group, then only the 2 with the most votes shall be declared elected, and in the next ballot only candidates from the other Area Groups may participate. At its first meeting, the Council shall nominate one of the VicePresidents as Senior Vice-President for the purpose of presiding over the Council in the absence of the President. (iii) Honorary Treasurer: (iv) Area Group Representatives: A separate ballot shall be held for each Area Group and only those Members included in the Group under Rule 4 shall be eligible to vote. (v) Individual Members: All ballot papers to be valid must register votes for seven candidates, no more and no less. 4.-The term of office of the Council shall be four years with the powers and duties as set out hereafter. 5.-The President and all other members of the Council shall serve until their successors are elected and take office. The Council which is elected at a Congress coinciding with the Olympic Games will not take office until after the Games.

Turkey San Marino U.S.S.R. Spain Yugoslavia Sweden Switzerland OCEANlA (10) New Zealand Vanuatu Australia Papua New Guinea Western Samoa Cook Islands Solomon Islands Fiji Tonga Nauru NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA (30) Anguilla Dominican Republic St. Kitt's Antigua Grenada St. Lucia Bahamas Guatemala St. Vincent Barbados Haiti El Salvador Belize Honduras Trinidad & Tobago Bermuda Jamaica Turks & Caicos British Virgin Islands Mexico Islands Canada Montserrat U.S.A. Cayman Islands Netherlands Antilles Virgin Islands Costa Rica Nicaragua Puerto Rico Cuba

Norway Poland Portugal Rumania

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile

SOUTH AMERICA (13) Colombia Paraguay Ecuador Peru Guyana Surinam Panama Uruguay Venezuela RULES

RULES4,S

RULES

6.-If, during the first two years of the term of office, a vacancy arises in the Council, for an individual member, a substitute shall be elected at the 'next Congress for the residuary period. If, at any time, a position as Area Group Representative becomes vacant, through resignation or otherwise, the Bureau shall, after consultation with the Area Association concerned, arrange for a ballot to be held within 3 months to elect a Representative to hold office until the next Congress. 7.-ln the absence of the President, the Senior Vice-President shall preside over meetings of the Council. 8.-The President and each other member of the Council shall have a vote. The President, in the case of a tie in the voting, shall have a second or casting vote. 9.-The Council shall meet at least once a year. Its powers and duties shall include the following:(a) To administer the affairs of the LA.A.F. (b) To submit to each biennial Congress a report, together with audited statements of accounts and balance sheets for the preceding period, and a budget for the succeeding two years. (c) To examine any proposals from members or Committees which are to be discussed at Congress, and to submit such reports thereon as they think fit. To submit to Congress any other proposals they may deem desirable. (d) To make decisions in urgent matters relating to all rules. Any such decisions must be reported to the next Congress. (e) To summon a Special Congress to deal with any special case of great importance requiring an urgent decision. (f) To decide any dispute that may arise between Members which may be referred to it by any of such Members. (g) To grant provisional affiliation to new Members. (h) To exercise the powers of Suspension and Reinstatement as set out in Rule 11. (i) To notify Members of the imposition of any penalties by either Corlgress or Council. (j) To maintain a register of World, Olympic and such other amateur records as Congress may decide to recognise. (k) To control and supervise the athletic technical organisation at the Olympic Games. (I) To appoint Technical Delegates for the Olympic Games, World Championships and World Cup Competitions, and the official LA.A.F. representative at Area or Group Games or RULES

(m)

(n)

(0)

(p) (q)

Championships, or Inter-Continental Matches. This representative shall, if possible, be from the Council and shall ensure that LA.A.F. Rules are observed. To appoint the General Secretary, who should attend all meetings of the Council and of LA.A.F. Committees. The General Secretary shall be remunerated and shall not be entitled to vote. The Secretary shall be responsible for the engagement of staff for the Bureau, with the approval of the President and Honorary Treasurer. The Council may also appoint such honorary assistants as it may deem necessary for the purpose of administering the affairs of the LA.A.F. To promote a Development programme for the benefit of Members requiring assistance in the training of coaches, judges, etc. To nominate one or more Vice-Presidents or members of the Council to undertake special responsibility for the supervision of the Development Programme, or to perform any other special duties subject to the overall control of the Council. To appoint members of the Medical Committee; on the recommendation of the existing members of the Committee. To appoint representatives of the LA.A.F. to the Federation Internationale de Medecine Sportive, Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne and other bodies of a similar nature.

RULE 6 President, Vice-Presidents and Honorary Treasurer I.-The President shall preside at all meetings of Congress and Council and shall be an ex-officio member of all Committees. 2.-ln the administration of the affairs of the Federation, the Council may delegate to the President and Honorary Treasurer power to act in a case of urgency in financial matters, provided that the Council is advised at the earliest opportunity of any action so taken. The President and Honorary Treasurer shall be entitled to indemnify themselves out of the funds of the Federation in respect of any loss so incurred. 3.-The Vice-Presidents shall occupy honorary positions, and have equal rights with other members of the Council (other than the President) except that the Senior Vice-President shall preside over meetings of theÂˇ Council in the absence of the President. 43

RULES 5, 6

RULE 7 Congresses

I.-The Congress of the LA.A.F. shall consist of the Council, the Honorary Life-President, the Honorary Life Vice-Presidents and not more than three delegates from each Member. 2.-A Member shall be represented only by its delegates. Notice of the appointment of delegates, certified in writing by the Member they represent, must be lodged with the General Secretary prior to the commencement of the Congress Meeting. A delegate shall be a citizen of the country he represents and shall not have competed as a Member. professional. A delegate shall represent only members do not have the right to represent theIr own country dUrIng the Congress. 3.-Members included in Group "AA" shall be entitled to eight votes each; those in Group "A" to six votes each; those in Group "B" to four votes each; and those in Group "c" to two votes each (See Rule 4 (3) for Groups of Membership). Only delegates of Members shall have power to vote and votes shall be recorded by one delegate only from each Member. NOTE.-Each delegation shall be provided with an official voting card, bearing the number of votes to which that delegation is entitled. Unless a ballot is called for, voting shall be conducted by show of voting cards. . 4.-Members shall be entitled to register votes as soon as theIr affIliation has been ratified by Congress. 5.-The Congress shall be convened biennially and the venue shall be fixed at the preceding meeting. 6.-Special Congress may be called by the Council, and shall be called if not less than one-third of the Members give notice in writing to the General Secretary stating they desire such a meeting and the reasons relating thereto. Upon receipt of any such notice, the General Secretary shall summon a meeting of the Congress within three months. 7.-The President shall preside at all Congress meetings. In his absence the Senior Vice-President shall preside. . Scrutineers for ballots shall be appointed from the delegates to Congress. 8.-0nly the Congress shall have power to approve or alter any constitutional rule. All additions, amendments or alterations to the Constitution Rules must obtain two-thirds of the votes cast and such two-thirds must also represent at least one half of the total voting power of the LA.A.F. RULE 7

9.-The Congress shall elect by secret ballot, for a period of four years unless otherwise decided by Congress, the following Committees: Technical Committee, Women's Committee, Walking Committee, Cross Country and Road Running Committee. Other Committees may be appointed by Congress as necessary. The number of members of such committees and the functions, powers and duties ofthese boqies shall be in accordance with Rule 8. All nominations for these committees shall be sent to the General Secretary of the I.A.A.F. not later than three calendar months prior to the date of Congress at which such elections will be made. 1O.-Continental, Area or Group Associations, Confederations or Committees may be formed for each of the six Groups listed under Rule 4 (7). In the case of Committees, these shall be elected by Regional Congresses and the result of all elections notified to the General Secretary. Each of such Associations, Confederations or Committees shall draw up its own rules relating to its constitution - and powers (which shall in all cases be limited to operation within its own area and in no sense conflict with any I.A.A.F. rule). These rules must be submitted to the Council for approval and referred to the next Congress for amendment or ratification. Regional Associations, Confederations or Committees shall render reports of their activities to Congress every two years. 11.-ln recognition of valued services given to the LA.A.F., Congress shall be entitled to elect Honorary Life Presidents, Honorary Life Vice-Presidents and Honorary Life Personal without voting power. In addition, the Congress, on the recommendation of Council, may grant the following awards:-

I.A.A.F. Veteran Pin for long and meritorious service to the cause of world athletics within I.A.A.F. activities. Normally 8 per Congress shall be awarded. Plaque ofMerit for meritorious service to the cause of track and field athletics within the Area Group activities, to be proposed by Area Groups. Admittance to the Hall of Fame for performances of outstanding athletes.

meritorious

A suitable I.A.A.F. Diploma will be presented to all recipients of the above Awards as well as to Honorary Life Officers and Members. 45

RULE 7

-_ RULE 8 Committees All Committees shall meet when summoned by the General Secretary and their recommendations shall be reported to Congress. Individual members must come from different countries. (a) Technical Committee. - The Technical Committee, to whom all questions concerning competition rules shall be referred, shall consist of a Chairman and 15 individuals. (b) Women's Committee-The Women's Committee, to whom all questions concerning women's athletics shall be referred, shall consist of a Chairman and 10 individuals. (c) Walking Committee.-The Walking Committee, to whom all questions concerning Walking shall be referred, shall consist of a Chairman and 10 individuals. (d) Cross Country and Road Running Committee. -The Cross Country and Road Running Committee, to whom all questions concerning Cross Country and Road Running shall be referred, shall consist of a Chairman and 10 individuals from various countries. (e) Medical Committee. -The Medical Committee, to whom all questions of a medical nature concerning athletics shall be referred, shall consist of a Chairman and up to 12 individuals, to include as far as possible at least one representative from every Continent.

RULE 9 Languages At all Congress Meetings each Member may speak in his own language. Simultaneous translations must be made in Arabic, German, Russian and Spanish, in addition to English and French. Simultaneous translation may be made from and into any additional language required, if possible, and if the cost of this can be met by or on behalf of the Member requesting the additional language. The Constitution and the Rules and Regulations, Minutes, Reports and other communications shall be in such languages as the Council shall decide. In all cases of any difference in the interpretation of any text the English version shall be accepted. RULES 8, 9

RULE 10 Alterations to Rules I.-Constitutional Rules. Proposals for alterations or additions to the constitutional rules of the LA.A.F. may be made only by a Member, the Council or by an Area Council or Congress and, with the exception of proposals frqm the Council, must reach the General Secretary of the I.A.A.F. at least six calendar months prior to the Congress at which they are to be considered. All proposals shall be sent to Members at least four calendar months before such Congress. No proposals shall be considered without the notice specified herein. 2.-Technical rules. Proposals to amend the technical rules may be made only by a Member, by the Council, by members of the Council or by members of permanent committees, and must be sent to the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. so as to reach him at least six months prior to the Congress at which they are to be considered. - He shall submit them to the appropriate committee for advice and recommendations. 3.-Alterations to the technical rules will normally only be considered by Congress every four years, at the time of the Olympic Games, and will not become effective until April 1st of the following year. Urgent proposals for alterations to the technical rules may, however, be made at any time and they must be discussed at the next Congress, even if they reach the General Secretary later than 6 months prior to Congress. A report containing the recommendations of the Technical Committee will be circulated to all Members at least three months before each Congress. 4.-When alterations to technical rules are adopted by Congress or decided upon by Council as an urgent matter under Rule 5, paragraph 9 (d), a fixed date for the operation of the said amendments must be stated, such date to allow adequate time for all member countries to put them into operation simultaneously.

RULE 11 Suspensions and Other Sanctions' I.-The Council shall have the following powers: (a) to suspend a Member from Membership until the next meeting of Congress or for any shorter period;

RULES 10, 11

(b) to suspend a Member from anyone or more types of

international meetings as defined in Rule 12.1 until the next meeting of Congress or for any shorter period; and

in accordance with this Rule 11.

2.-The Council may only exercise its suspensive powers under 1. if:(a) a Member has failed to pay the appropriate subscription for the preceeding year by 31st December of that year; (b) in the opinion of Council, the Member has infringed anyone or more of the Rules; (c) in the opinion of the Council, the Member has failed, upon written notice to it, within one month to take such sanction against an individual athlete as the Council considers necessary. As the LA.A.F. carries out doping control on behalf of its Members at international meetings as set out in may suspend a Member if the LA.A.F. Rule 12.1, the has carried out its investigations in accordance with Rule 144 and recommended doping procedures, and has informed the Member in writing of the results of those investigations but the Member has, in the Council's opinion, taken no sufficient action against an individual athlete, either for having himself taken forbidden substances or for having incited or assisted another athlete so to do. 3.-Before the Council may exercise its suspensive powers under 1, the Member must have been sent notice in writing of the alleged infringement or failure under 2 (b) or (c), at least one month before the next Council meetings, at which the Member will be afforded a reasonable opportunity of being heard. 4.-A Member who considers that the Council has misdirected itself on its suspensive powers under this Rule must appeal, if at all, to the Arbitration Panel under Rule 19, unless the Congress is to meet within four months following the Council's decision. If this is the case, the Member must instead, if at all, set out in detail, in a written statement sent to the Chairman of the Arbitration Panel, all of the facts and matters which it wishes the Arbitration Panel to consider before reaching a decision; the three persons who would have been appointed by the Chairman as Arbitrators under the

RULE 11

provisions of Rule 19 shall meet before the said Congress, and the Chairman or one of the Arbitrators shall explain the Arbitrator's views to the Congress, before the proposal to suspend the Member is debated. 5.-The Congress shall have the following powers:(a) to .a Member Membership for a fIxed period, or until a speCIfied set of CIrcumstances changes or ceases to exist; (b) to suspend a Member from anyone or more types of international meetings as defIned in Rule 12.1 for a fixed period or until a specified set of circumstances changes or ceases to exist; (c) to caution or censure a Member; and (d) to reinstate a Member who has been suspended under (a) or (b) above, before the end of the fixed period or before the set of circumstances specified has changed or ceased to exist. 6.-The Congress may only exercise its suspensive powers under 5, and may only reinstate a Member under 5 (d) if:(a) a proposal. for such suspension or reinstatement, as the case may be, has been received by the General Secretary at least six months before the relevant Congress meeting (unless the Member is already suspended by the Council, or is suspended by the Council during those six months); and (b) either: (i) the proposal has been sent by the General Secretary to Members at least four months before the said Congress; or (ii) the Members have been informed at least four months before the said Congress of a Member's suspension by Council and of a Council proposal that the Member should be suspended by Congress; or (iii) the Members have been informed at least four months before the said Congress of a Council proposal that the Member should be reinstated; or (iv) the Members have been informed in writing, before the start of the Congress, that the Council has suspended a Member within the four months preceding the Congress and of a Council proposal that the Member should be suspended by Congress; and

RULE 11

and voting at the Congress, which two-thirds must also represent at least one-half of the aggregate voting power of all Members of the LA.A.F. 7.-The Congress may only exercise its suspensive powers under 5 if:(a) a Member has failed to pay the subscription for the preceding .. year by 31st December of that year; or (b) in the opinion of Congress, the Member has mfnnged anyone or more of the Rules; or (c) in the opinion of Congress, the Member has failed written notice to it within one month to take such sanction against an individual athlete as the Congress considers necessary. As the LA.A.F. carries out doping control on behalf of its Members at international competitions as set out in Rule 12.1, the Congress may suspend a Member if I.A.A.F. has carried out its investigations in accordance WIth Rule 144 and the recommended doping procedures, and has informed the Member in writing of the results of those investigations but the Member has, in the opinion of Congress, taken no sufficient action under the Member's own rules. S.-Before the Congress may exercise its suspensive powers under 5, the Member must have been sent notice in writing of the alleged infringement or failure under 7 (b) or (c), at least ?ne month before the Congress meeting, at which the Member WIll be afforded a . . reasonable opportunity of being heard. 9.-A Member who considers that the Congress has nus?ITected itself on its suspensive powers under this Rule, must appeal, If at all, to the Arbitration Panel under Rule 19. 10.-A Member who has been suspended by the Congress under 5, may require, provided that notice in writing is received by General Secretary at least six months before the next ensumg reinstatement be Congress, that a proposal for that considered at the next said Congress meetmg. 11.-A Member who has been suspended by the Congress under 5 to be at the of the fixed (a) shall automatically the set of CIrcumstances period or once, in the oplmon of ., . specified has changed or ceases to eXIst. 12 -As all Members have agreed to abide by thIS Rule, It IS agreed that a Member or which institutes referred to proceedings or refers any matter WhICh must, If at all, the Panel under this Rule, to any Court or Tnbunal rather

RULE 11

than to the Panel, shall have infringed this Rule and shall be liable to be suspended or otherwise sanctioned by Council or Congress. RULE 12 International Meetings - Competitors Competing Abroad _ Qualifications of Competitors I.-At the following International Meetings, the rules and regulations of the LA.A.F. must apply:(a) Olympic Games and World Championships. (b) Continental, Regional or Area Championships open to all I.A.A.F: Members in the Area or Region (Le. Championships over which the LA.A.F. has exclusive control, comprising only athletics events). (c) Group Games (Le. Area or Group Games at which competition in several sports is to take place, and over which therefore, the LA.A.F. has no exclusive control.) (d) Matches between two or more Members, or combination of Members. (e) International Invitation meetings specifically sanctioned by the LA.A.F. (See Rule 13.3 (b)). (f) International Invitation Meetings specifically sanctioned by an Area Group Association. (g) Other meetings specifically sanctioned by a Member so that foreign athletes may take part. 2.-AlI International Meetings or any meetings in which any foreign athlete takes part must be sanctioned by the LA.A.F. or by a Member. In order to obtain the sanction referred to in 12, 1 (e), a Member must apply on behalf of the meeting organiser to the LA.A.F. for a permit. (See Rule 13, 3 (b)). Before sanctioning any International Meeting J,lnder Rule 12, 1 (e), 1 (f) or 1 (g) above, the LA.A.F., Area Group Association or Member must obtain from the promoter an undertaking in writing:(a) that all LA.A.F. Rules and Regulations will be observed; (b) that in particular, the Rules relating to expenses will be strictly followed; (c) that all prizes should be intended for the athlete and should not exceed the value of US $250 or its equivalent in other currencies. NOTE.-A prize is defined as an object which is neither cash nor 11 marketable security.

RULES 11,12

(d) that an account of all such expenses paid will be forw. arde

within 30 days to the Member sanctioning such a meetIng, If requested by that Member. ., . 3.-No athlete or club may take part in an In a foreign country without the written approval of hIS governIng body, and no Member shall allow any foreign athlete to any competition without such permit certifying that he elIgIble and permitted to compete in the concerned. . 4.-ln approving the partICIpatIon of an athlete .at an athletIc meeting in a foreign country, the Member should the number of days for which the athlete and any accompany'Ing manager or coach is permitted to receive expenses and the daily allowance as detailed in Rule 14 "Expenses", paragraphs 1 and 2. After the meeting, the Member may request an account of expenses paid. . ' . 5.-Any athlete competing In any foreIgn (other than In international meetings as above defined) shall, In respect of that of that competition, be subject to the 6.-All negotiations for the partICIpatIon of an athlete In country shall be carried on through the Members and In no circumstances shall any invitation be extended or indirectly to an athlete by any individual, club, college, UnIVersIty or other organisation. The only exception to the foregoing shall be Member shall authorise one of its member clubs to communIcate WIth the club ?f another country concerning the participation of one or more of ItS athletes and such authorisation shall be granted on the express that the Member concerned is kept informed as to the . context of the communications. 7.-Where an athlete of any member country receIves a scholarship from an institution in another country, then as a condition to and before the athlete's governing body grant the permission to compete referred to in Rule 12 (3), PreSIdent of the to the Member, institution granting the scholarship in whose country the educational InstItutIon IS located, detailed information of the nature and extent of the scholarshIp aId furnished to the athlete, for transmission to the Member for the athlete's countrv. . . d' 8.-ln Olympic Games and World an ill Continental, Regional or Area ChampionshIps (categones .1,<a) and 1 (b) of Rule 12) Members shall. be r.epresented only by (by birth or naturalisation or regIstratIOn) of the country WhICh the RULE 12

affiliated Member represents, or by athletes otherwise acquiring citizenship by the procedure legally recognised in that country, except in the case of citizens of a colony, when they shall be eligible to represent the mother country in any such meeting, if such colony is not represented by membership of the LA.A.F. Having once represented any Member in a Meeting which comes within the categories definedÂˇ in 1 (a) and 1 (b), no contestant may thereafter represent any other Member in such a meeting except in the following circumstances:(a) The incorporation of one country in another. (b) The creation of a new country ratified by Treaty. (e) The election to membership of the LA.A.F. of the national governing body of a colony not previously directly represented by a Member. (d) A change of citizenship of a woman by marriage. (e) Residence in a country for at least three years since the date when the athlete last represented another Member in a Meeting under Rule 12,1 (a) or (b), and, if there are legal provisions for acquiring citizenship of that country, compliance with such provisions. The period of residence may be reduced to one year, if the two Members concerned agree, and if the Council of the LA.A.F. approves. 9.-Athletes from a National Federation or some other Athletics Organisation which is not an affiliated Member of the I .A.A.F. may compete in any competition except for meetings listed under paragraph 1 (a) and (b) of Rule 12 against athletes under the jurisdiction of a Member, provided:(a) that the Federation or Organisation concerned is not at that time suspended by the LA.A.F. or excluded from particular categories of competition; (b) that the athletes concerned are amateurs; (e) that the prior permission of the Council is given upon the application of the Member in the Country or territory where the competition is to take place, or of the Member wishing to send athletes to compete in a non-Member country or territory; (d) that where the competition is held in a non-Member country or territory, the member must obtain an undertaking from the organising body that in all other respects, the rules of the LA.A.F. will be observed. 53

RULE 12

RULE 13 World, Area and Group ChampionshipsMeetings requiring an I.A.A.F. Permit I.-The LA.A.F. alone shall have the right to organise or sanction World, Area or Group Championships for Athletics. 2.-The LA.A.F. shall organise World Championships in Athletics in the third year of each Olympiad. 3 (a) Area or Group Championships or Games, Inter-Continental Matches; Meetings of Five or more countries. Sanction of the LA.A.F. is required, unless the LA.A.F. Council decides otherwise, for all Area or Group Championships or Games, for Inter-Continental matches and for any other athletic meetings in which teams from five or more countries participate except where otherwise provided by the Rules. The application for a permit must be made to the LA.A.F., accompanied by a fee of ÂŁ100 sterling (or its equivalent in other currencies) by the sponsoring Member for such sanction except for the Olympic Games. All application forms must be completed in detail and lodged at the headquarters of tile I.A.A.F. not later than twelve months prior to the date of the Championships or Games in question. Organising Committees must ensure that countries to whom invitations are sent are in membership of the LA.A.F. and any other country wishing to participate must apply to the LA.A.F. for membership, which must have been granted prior to their entry being accepted. Such applications must be received at least three months before the date of the opening of the promotion concerned. The LA.A.F. shall not sanction any Continental, Regional or Area Championships without fIrst having obtained an unqualifIed 11 undertaking that the necessary permission for visiting athletes and officials to enter the country where the competition is to be held will be forthcoming sufficiently far ahead to enable them to travel and compete at the Championships. Should it subsequently transpire that these undertakings cannot be fulfIlled, the Competiton shall be transferred to another country which can fulfIl the guarantee. The LA.A.F. does not have control over Games included in Rule 12.1 (c). It shall not sanction such Games if the Council is satisfIed that the Member, in whose country or territory the Games are to be held, has not taken all practicable measures to secure that the necessary permission for visiting athletes and officials to enter the country or territory will be forthcoming sufficiently far ahead to enable them to travel and compete at the Games in question. RULE 13

3 (b) International Invitation Meetings Sanction of the LA.A.F. is required for International Invitation Meetings under Rule 12, 1 (e). The application for a permit must be made on the official form accompanied by a fee of ÂŁiOO sterling or its equivalent in othe; by the Member concerned on behalf of the Meeting orgamsers. . All application forms must be completed in detail and lodged at the LA.A.F. not later than September 1st in the year prior to the meeting in question. NOTE.-Details of how to apply for a Permit Meeting under 12, .1 (e) and of the conditions which must be met before sanction is given, lire to be found in separate rules for I.A.A.F. Permit Invitation Meetings. These rules were approved by the 1982 Congress and are available from the I.A.A.F. Bureau upon request. 4.-The LA.A.F. shall designate a representative to attend every meeting where a Permit is required at the expense of the organisers to that the and regulations of the LA.A.F. are complied The expenses of this representative shall be paid to him by the Orgamser not later than fourteen days prior to his departure to the venue. The choice of airline shall be left to the discretion of the representative and in cases involving flights over one thousand fIve hundred miles, fIrst class return air travel shall be Accommodation expenses shall also be paid by the Orgamsers not later than the fInal day of the championships or the athletic section of the games. Such representative shall render his report to the I.A.A.F. within thirty days thereafter. Assistance for Amateur Athletes NOTE.- The following Rules 14-17 are based on the principle that an amateur athlete should be allowed to receive such material and .f!nancial assistance as may be reasonable and necessary to compete In the sport of Athletics without undue risk to health and without suffering from social disadvantage.

RULE 14- "Expenses". RULE 15- "Provision ofEquipment and RULE 16- "Subventions to assist Athletes". RULE 17- "Athletes' Funds"-New Rule. 55

RULEl3

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RULE 14 Expenses I.-The following rules shall apply to expenses allowed to athletes competing in International Meetings under Rule 12 (1):These shall be limited to the daily allowance and to the actual outlay for transport, travel, insurance, meals, lodging a subvention for hardship for the minimum time they are reqwred to be absent from their normal residence. (a) Expenses payable in respect of Meetings under Rule 12 (1) (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (0 and (g) shall be a matter for decision by the Member or Members concerned. 2.-The daily allowance for the out-of-pocket expenses to must not exceed U.S. $10 or its equivalent in other currenCIes, payable for the minimum time they are required to be absent from their normal residence. A specially authorised per diem allowance of up to $50 or equivalent in local currency may be paid to participating athletes III LA.A.F. Permit Meetings (Rule 12, 1 (e)). 3.-(a) National governing bodies must strictly control all financial transactions. (b) The athlete's own national governing body may authorise .the national governing body under whose jurisdiction he is for the tIme being competing to refund to the athlete travelling expenses as defined in paragraph 1. 4.-Payment of expenses in respect of competition under 12, paragraph 1 (e), (0 and (g) is limited to a total of 60 days III each calendar year. RULE 15 Provision of Equipment and Services Athletes may accept assistance in the form of equipment and services required for training and competition, subject to the control of the national governing body. Such assistance may include the following items:(a) Sports equipment and clothing; When manufacturers are prepared to provide free issues of implements or personal equipment, distribution shall be controlled through the national governing body. (b) Insurance cover for accidents, illness, disability and personal property; RULES 14, 15

(e) Cost of medical treatment and physiotherapy;

(d) Coaches and trainers authorised by the national governing

body.

If an athlete is authorised to avail himself of the services of a

doctor for medical treatment or a masseur or coach, accounts should be submitted and payments made direct to the doctor, masseur or coach andÂˇ not through the athlete; (e) Accommodation, Food, Transport, Education and Professional Training. \

RULE 16 Subventions to Assist Athletes I.-Where a National Governing Body, after full investigation, considers it appropriate, it may provide, or arrange for the provision of a subvention to an athlete to assist him in the expenses incurred in training for or participation in any competition under Rule 12 (1), paragraphs (a) to (g). 2.-An athlete must not accept any subvention without the prior permission in w.riting of his National Governing Body. 3.-The Council of the LA.A.F. may request information from Members concerning the payments of any such subventions. RULE 17 Athletes' Funds I.-Funds may be established for the benefit of athletes. Such "athletes' funds" may include monies arising under Rule 53 (viii) or from other permitted sources. 2.-The funds must be held, controlled and administered by a Member Federation. The Member must establish regulations for the administration of the Funds, which must comply with the LA.A.F. Rules, particularly Rules 14-17, and with its own national, legal and administrative provisions. 3.-A copy of such regulations must be sent for registration to the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. within three months of the regulations becoming effective. 4. -The Funds may be applied in the of assistance to athletes in compliance with Rules 14, 15 and 16. 5.-If monies in a fund established under this Rule are paid to an athlete or disbursed at his request, except under Rules 14, 15 and 16, the athlete concerned shall automatically cease to be eligible to 57

RULES 15, 16, 17

compete at any level of competition. No reinstatement will be permitted once an athlete has received the residue of the Fund.

General Rules for Administration of Athletes' Funds NOTE.-The detailed regulations for the administration of athletes' funds will depend upon the laws and practice of each country. However the following general principles should be followed. \ (a) In any contract for consultation, equipment or any item for which athletes receive a benefit under Rule 53 (viii), only the Member must be a party to the contract with the advertiser or sponsor. (b) Any monies payable under the contract must be paid to the Member. The contract must not permit the advertiser or his agent to control the events in which the athlete participates. (c) At the time of entering into the contract, there must be agreement as between the Member and the athletes involved as to the following matters:(i) The prop<,:>rtion of the monies to be held in the Fund and the proportion to be retained by the Member. (ii) The detailed administrative arrangements (iii) Acknowledgement of any obligations of the athletes to the Member and the sponsors. (d) Where a contract entered into requires the use of an athlete's name, person or image for advertising purposes, the athlete's consent to the detailed arrangements must be obtained. (e) The proportion of the monies to be held for the benefit of athletes must be held separately from the general funds of the Member. (f) Payment of the residue of the Fund to athletes or their personal representatives is permitted in the following circumstances:(a) Voluntary re.tirement from competition. (b) Unavoidable retirement because of illness or injury. (c) Death prior to retirement from competition. (g) Athletes must not assign, charge or mortgage the residue of the Funds or in any way borrow against them. (h) If an athlete changes his Member Federation in accordance with Rule 12 (8), the balance of the monies held in the Fund must be transferred, if the athlete so requests, to a new fund, held by his new Member Federation. RULE 17

RULE 18 Advertising with the Arena At International meetings within Categories l(a), (b) and (c) of Rule 12, advertising within the arena enclosed by the running track or elsewhere where competition is taking place is not permitted. Manufacturers' labels or trade marks on equipment used within the competition arena must be 'limited to one mark on each piece of equipment and the height of the characters must not exceed 25 mm. At meetings. within the above categories, however, where manufacturers have supplied electronic equipment for measuring or timekeeping, or for conveying information to the public, at the discretion of the Organising Committee, the manufacturer's name may appear in the arena on signs which do not exceed 200 cm x 40 cm. There is no objection to advertising material outside the stadium, or inside the stadium but outside the competition area. Advertisements may also appear in programmes and on notices or posters of the meeting. Meeting organisers may also acknowledge the sponsors of meetings by official announcements made at the commencement of the meeting and immediately after the last event. RULE 19 Arbitration Panel Composition and Nomination: I.-The Panel shall consist of six persons. The members of the Panel shall be elected by Congress for a period of four years from the nominations approved by Council. 2.-Area Group Associations shall nominate not more than two people, who normally reside in their Area, these nominations to be received at least three months before the Congress at which the elections are to be held. A curriculum vitae must accompany each nomination. 3.-Persons must be nominated on the basis of their legal training and experience, their ability, their impartiality, and their knowledge and experience of amateur athletics and/or amateur sport in general. 4.-A person may not be nominated if he:(i) is a member of the LA.A.F. Council or of an LA.A.F. Committee or is a member of the Council of an Area Group Association or 59

RULES 18,19 I

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(ii) sits as a delegate of his Member Federation at the Congress

during the period of his election or (iii) cannot speak English or French . 5.-AlI nominations must be considered by the CouncIl on the basis of the requirements detailed in paragraph 3, before the Congress at which the election is to be held. Once elected the six Arbitrators shall nominate a Chairman f , a period of 2 years from amongst their number. 6.-If, while a person is a member of the Panel, he should die or wishes to retire, the Council shall appoint a replacement until the next Congress meeting at which the elections are to be held. 7.-When in session, the Panel shall consist of three persons ("the Arbitrators") one of whom may be the Chairman nominated in paragraph 5, who shall sit on a rotational basis, except that a person shall not sit if he is a citizen of a country which is one of the parties to a dispute, or, where appropriate, comes from the country or territory in which the athlete's Member Federation is based.

Referral: 8.-The following matters shall be referred, if at all, to the Panel:(i) where a Member or alleged Member considers that the Congress has misdirected itself on its suspensive powers under Rule 11.5 (ii) where a Member or alleged Member considers that the Council has misdirected itself on its suspensive powers under Rule 11 (2) subject to the proviso set out in that rule (iii) where a Member or alleged Member, an Area Group Association, the Council or Congress considers, as appropriate, that the Council or Congress has misdirected itself on their interpretation of any other rule (iv) where a Member has imposed sanctions upon an athlete as a result of the investigations upon matters arising under Rule 144 - "Doping", and the athlete considers that the investigation was not carried out by the LA.A.F. in accordance with Rule 144 and the recommended doping procedures (v) where an athlete has been found by the LA.A.F. to have incited or assisted another athlete to take forbidden substances and that athlete considers that the investigations were RULE 19

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not carried out in accordance with Rule 144 and the recommended doping procedures. Procedure:

9.-A matter shall be referred to the Panel under Rule 11 (9), if at all, within three months of the date upon which the decision complained of was made. 1O.-A matter shall be referred to the Panel by notice in writing to the General Secretary, together with a statement setting out in detail all of the fac.ts and matters which the Area Group Association, Member or Athlete, or which the President, (on behalf of the Council or Congress), wishes the Arbitrators to consider before reaching a decision. The notice shall be accompanied by a nonrefundable deposit of ÂŁ250, except where a matter is referred by an athlete under Para. 8 (iv) or (v). 11.-The General Secretary must, within two weeks of receipt of the notice, inform all members of the Panel of the referral and will send to all members of the Panel copies of the statement and the names of the Arbitrators according to the rota. If one or more of the Arbitrators may not sit for the reasons set out in Rule 7, the Chairman shall nominate the next Arbitrator on the rota. 12.-The Chairman shall by notice in writing within two weeks of receipt of the notice from the General Secretary:(i) inform the. LA.A.F. President and the relevant Member(s), and/or Area Group Association, and/or Athlete, as appropriate, of the names of the Arbitrators; (ii) inform them of a time, (which shall be not more than fourteen or less than twelve weeks thereafter), and of a place at which the Arbitrators will meet to discuss the matter referred, and to hear any arguments which the relevant parties may wish to put forward; (iii) send a copy of the Statement enclosed with the Notice of referral to all of the other relevant parties who shall submit to the Chairman (or to a Senior Arbitrator appointed by the Chairman) within four weeks, a detailed Statement in Response, setting out all the facts and matters which they in turn wish the Arbitrators to consider before they reach a decision. This Statement, or these Statements in Response shall be sent by the Chairman or by the Senior Arbitrator to the other two Arbitrators - the party which, or who, referred the matter to the Panel, and - the other relevant parties, within two weeks after receipt. 61

RULE 19

13.-The Arbitrators shall have the power:to extend the time within which a Statement in Response must be submitted; and/or (ii) to postpone for no more than three weeks the original date at which they were to have met to discuss the matter referred; and/or (iii) to change the place at which they were to have met to discuss the matter referred " if, in their opinion, it would be just and fair so to do. 14.-Where a matter is referred by an athlete under Rule 8 (iv), (v) or (vi) the Arbitrators shall meet to discuss the matter referred in a place as convenient to the athlete as is, in their view, reasonable and practicable in all the circumstances. . 15.-No formal procedure shall be followed at the meeting, but all of the relevant parties shall be given, in the opinion of the Arbitrators, a fair and reasonable opportunity to be heard. An athlete, where a matter is referred under Para 8 (iv) or (v), is entitled to be heard by legal Counsel. Other interested parties may be heard by legal Counsel if the Arbitrators so agree in advance in writing. No fact or matter may be raised at the meeting by any of the relevant parties which has not been set out in detail in the written Statement or in the Statement in Response, unless the Arbitrators consider that it would be fair and reasonable in all the circumstances for it so to be raised. 16.-The Arbitrators may call any other person or representative of any body to address them on any aspect of a matter referred to them. 17.- Having considered the written Statment and the Statements in Response, and having heard the relevant parties, and any other person called by the Arbitrators, at the meeting, the Arbitrators shall reach their decision and the Chairman or Senior Arbitrator shall communicate it to all the relevant parties and to the President and the General Secretary within two weeks after the meeting. The decision shall be final and binding upon all of the relevant parties, and upon all Members of the LA.A.F., provided the Congress approves. The Arbitrators shall not be obliged to give any reasons for their decisions. The havqjmrnediate effect and the fact of referral and the decision shall be set out in the next notice being sent by the (i)

RULE 19

General Secretary to all Members of the LA.A.F. 18.-The Arbitrators may, in their discretion, require one or more of the relevant parties to bear a part or all of the costs and incurred by another relevant party or parties, or by the ArbItrators, except that they shall not require an athlete, where a matter is referred under Par!!. 8 (iv) or (v) to bear the costs of any other relevant party. Normally the LA.A.F. will pay the Arbitrators' costs and and Mem?ers of the LA.A.F. and/or Area Group ASSOCIations will bear therr own costs and disbursements.

ELIGIBILITY AND AMATEUR STATUS RULE 51 Definition of Amateur An amateur is one who abides by the eligibility rules of the I.A.A.F.

RULE 52 Restriction of Competition to Amate'urs Competition under LA.A.F. rules is restricted to amateur athletes who are under the jurisdiction of a Member, and who are eligible to compete under LA.A.F. rules. 63

RULES 19, 51, 52

\ RULE 53 Ineligibility for International Competition The following persons are ineligible to take part in competitions under LA.A.F. rules. Any person who:(i) has taken part in any athletic meeting under LA.A.F. rules which any of the competitors in any of the events, were, to hIS knowledge, ineligible to compete under I.A.A.F. This does not apply to any athletic meeting which is restricted to the Veteran age groups (40 years and over for men and 35 years and over for women); (il) takes part in any athletic meeting which is not sanctioned, recognised or certified by the Member in the country in which the event is held; (iii) is, and for so long as he remains, ineligible to compete. in competitions under the jurisdiction of his national govermng body; (iv) contravenes Rule 144 ("Doping"); (v) has competed in any sport or has taught, trained or coached in any sport for any pecuniary reward other than awards won in competitions approved by the LA.A.F. Council. The Council is empowered, however, to declare eligible any person who has received pecuniary rewards in a sport other than athletics, if it is satisfied that the practice of that sport is not of direct help for any athletic event.

NOTE.-Physical education teachers whose work is solely educational and who are not paid directly or indirectly for the coaching of athletes for competitions are eligible to compete as amateurs. (vi) has at any time been financially interested in any athletic meeting in which he was entered, except where his participation is the subject of a contract between his Federation and the Organiser of an LA.A.F. Permit Meeting (Rule 12, 1 (eÂť for which an agreed sum is paid tothe National Federation; (vii) writes, lectures or broadcasts for payment upon any track or field event or competition without the prior permission in writing of his national governing body. This permission must be given only in the case of a person who is genuinely making a career in that particular activity; RULES3

(viii) allows his name, picture or athletic performance to be used for advertising, except when this is connected with a contract for sponsorship or equipment entered into by his national governing body, and any resulting payment or benefit goes to the national governing body. The national governing body after deducting any percentage considered appropriate, can pay the remaining part of such sponsorship payment or benefit to an athletes' fund (see Rule 17 "Athletes' Funds"). NOTE.-It -is permitted for an athlete to benefit from such contracts only within the limits laid down in Rules 15 and 16. (ix) while competing displays on his person any advertising material other than the accepted name of his club or organisation, or takes on to any arena or course any form of advertising material. This rule shall apply to clothing and travelling bags, but does not apply to articles not clearly visible, nor to competitors' number cards provided that Rule 139 para 7 is complied with;

Where Members authorise contracts with commercial sponsors for the addition of lettering on number cards, Members are recommended not to permit this lettering to exceed 150 mm x 25 mm and to ensure that the same style or number is issued to and worn by al/ competitors, and that such numbers are not cut or folded in any way. (See also Rule 139 para. 7). (x) accepts directly or indirectly any money or other consideration for expenses or loss of earnings, other than what is permitted under Rules 14, 15 and 16; (xi) enters into a contract or agreement to compete as a professional athlete.

NOTE.-Suspensions and reinstatement-see Rule 11. RULE 54 Guarantee by National Governing Body In any competition under I.A.A.F. Rules, the eligibility of an athlete competing shall be guaranteed by the governing body of the country to which the athlete belongs.

RULES 53, S4

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Four (or more) Judges for Walking Events Four (or more) Umpires for Track Events Three (orÂˇ more) Timekeepers One (or more) Starters One (or more) Recallers One (or more) Starter's Assistants or Marksmen One (or more) Lap Seprers One (or more) Recorders One (or more) Marshals One (or.more) Wind Gauge Operators One Chief Photofinish Judge Two Assistant Photofinish Judges One (or more) Measurement Judges (Electronics)

DIVISION III ATHLETICS RULES for MEN'S AND WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS RULE 101 All international competitions, as defined in Rule 1, shall be held under the rules of the International Amateur Athletic Federation and this shall be stated in all announcements, advertisements, programmes and printed matter. The rules as laid down shall be applicable to men's and women's competitions. NOTE.-It is recommended that National Associations should adopt the rules of the I.A.A.F. for the conduct of their own athletic meetings.

ADDITIONAL OFFICIALS

One (or more) Announcers One Official Surveyor One (or more) Doctors Stewards for Competitors, Officials and Press. Referees and Chief Judges should be indicated by a distinctive armband or badge. If deemed necessary, assistants may be appointed. Care should however be taken to keep the arena as free from officials as possible. Where women's events are held, there sl1all be appointed a woman doctor when possible.

SECTION I OFFICIALS AND THEIR DUTIES RULE H1 Officials of tbe Meeting The list laid down in this rule comprises those officials considered to be necessary for principal international meetings. The organisers are at liberty to vary this where local circumstances require.

RULE 112 The Manager The Manager shall have charge of the Meeting and be responsible for all proper carrying out of the programme. He shall see that all have for ?uty and when necessary shall appoint substItutes, and m co-operatIOn with the appointed Marshal arrange that only authorised persons are allowed in the centre of the arena.

MANAGEMENT OFFICIALS

One Manager One Secretary One Technical Manager (Clerk of the Course) One Technical Delegate (to be appointed by the LA.A.F. or the Regional Association in question) JURY OF APPEAL. COMPETITION OFFICIALS

One (or more) Referees for Track Events One (or more) Referees for Field Events One Referee for Running Events Outside the Stadium One Referee for Walking Events Four (or more) Judges for Track Events Four (or more) Judges for Field Events RULES 101, 111

I r-

RULE 113 The Secretary The Secret.ary shall be responsible for the calling o,f the meetings of and other committees, and shall prepare all minutes relatmg thereto. He shall be in charge of all administrative arrangements, and shall receive and conduct all principal correspondence relating to the Meeting. 67

RULES 111, 112, 113

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RULE 114 The Technical Manager (Oerk of the Course) The Technical Manager shall act directly under the of the Meeting and be responsible for seeing that the track, runways, circles, arcs, sectors and landing areas for fields events are properly laid out, also that all equipment is according to specification and readily available for approval by the appointed Referee, and that scoring, result and time recording cards are prepared. See also Rule 127. RULE 115 Jury of Appeal In Area or Group Games or Championships, a Jury of Appeal, which should normally consist of not less than three nor more than five persons, shall be appointed. The primary function of the Jury shall be to deal with all protests under Rule 147, and with any other matters arising during the course of the meeting which are referred to them for decision. Their decision shall be final. While in general the Jury should not intervene in the course of a meeting, if they observe any matter which, in their requires correction, they should discuss such matter with the responsible official and offer advice as to what should be done. Decisions involving points which are not covered by the Rules shall be reported subsequently by the President of the Jury to the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. See also Rule 147 "Protests". RULE 116 Referees 1.-A separate Referee shall be appointed for track events, for field events and running and walking events outside the stadium. 2.-It shall be the responsibility of a Referee to see that the rules are observed and decide any technical points which arise during the Meeting, and for which provision has not apparently been made in these rules. The Referee shall have jurisdiction to decide"any placings in a race, only when Judges of the disputed place or places are unable to arrive at a decision. RULES 114, 115, 116

The Referee shall on no account act as a Judge or Umpire. See Rules 117 and 118 for the duties of Judges and Umpires. 3.-Referees shall allocate Judges to particular events if this has not been previously arranged, specifying the duty each should carry out (e.g. circle, take-off board etc.); announce to the Judges and ensure that the competitors are informed of the number of trials to be allowed under the rules even if this has been printed in the programme; supervise the measurements of performance; check the final results and deal with any disputed points. See also Rule 117 (1). 4.-The appropriate Referee shall decide on the ground any protest or objection as to the conduct of the competition. The Referee shall have the power to warn or exclude any competitor for improper conduct from the corresponding competition. Warnings may be indicated to the athlete by showing a yellow card, exclusion by showing a red one. Warnings and exclusions shall be entered on the competition card. 5.-If in the opinion of the Referee circumstances arise at any meeting so that justice demands that any event should be contested again, he shall have power to declare the event void and such events shall be held again, either on the same day or on some future occasion, as he shall in his absolute discretion decide. See also Rule 141 (1). 6.-The Referee shall have power to change the place of the competition in any field event, if in his opinion the conditions justify a change. Such a change shall be made only after a round is completed. 7.-Upon completion of each event the result card shall be immediately filled in, signed by the Referee and handed to the Recorder. See also Rule 124.

RULE 117 Judges

General I.-Subject to the rules laid down by the Nationat Association and except in the case of the Olympic Games and World Championships, the organisers of the meeting shall appoint the Judges for the various events. The Referee shall allocate the duties among the Judges.

RULES 116 ,117

Track Events, and Road Events finishing on the Track. 2.-The Judges, who must all operate from the same of the track, shall decide the order in which the competitors finish, and in any case where they cannot arrive at a decision shall refer the matter to the Referee, who shall decide. NOTE 1. - The Judges should be placed at least five metres from and in line with the finish, and in order that they may have cl good view of the finish line, an elevated stand should be provided. 2. -A photofinish apparatus should be available for use whenever possible as an aid to the Referees and Judges. (See Rule 120). 3. -See also Rule 120 paragraph 3 for duties of "Chief Photofinish Judge". Field Events 3.-The Judges shall judge, measure and record each valid trial of the competitors in all events in which the result is determined by height or distance. In the high jump and pole vault, precise measurements should be made when the bar is raised, particularly if records are being attempted. At least two Judges should keep a record of all trials, checking their recordings at the end of each round. The appropriate Judge shall indicate the validity or non-validity of a trial by raising a white or red flag as the case may be. 4.-When electronic measuring devices are used for distance throws, one or more Measurement Judges (Electronics) shall be nominated. RULE 118 Umpires (Track Events) l.-Umpires are assistants to the Referee, without power to give decisions. 2.-lt shall be the duty of an Umpire to stand at such point as the Referee may determine to watch the competition closely and, in the case of a foul or violation of the rules by a competitor or other person, to make an immediate written report of the incident to the Referee. 3.-Any such breach of the rules should be indicated by the raising of a flag. 4.-A sufficient number of Umpires should also be appointed to undertake the duties of supervision in relay races at the' take-ovt$. points. RULES 117, 118

NOTE.- When an Umpire observes that a runner has run in a different lane from his own, he should immediately mark on the track with adhesive tape where the runner ran outside his lane.

RULE 119 Timekeepers

I.-Two methods of timekeeping shall be recognised as official:hand timing (Rule 119) and fully automatic electrical timing (Rule 120).

Hand timing: 2.-Hand times shall be taken by timekeepers using either stopwatches or manually operated electronic timers with digital readouts. All such timing devices are included in the word "watches" throughout this rule. 3.-Three official timekeepers (one of whom shall be the Chief Timekeeper) and one or two additional timekeepers shall time the winner of every event. The times recorded by the additional Timekeepers' watches, shall not be considered unless one or more of the official Timekeepers' watches fails to record the time properly, in which case the additional Timekeepers shall be called upon, in such order as has been decided previously, so that in all the races three watches should have recorded the official winning time. Whenever possible, times for all finishers, lap times in races of 800 m and over, and times at every 1000 m in races of 3000 m and over, shall be recorded, either by additional Timekeepers or by first place Timekeepers using watches capable of taking more than one time. 4.-Each Timekeeper shall act independently and without showing his watch to, or discussing his tim(; with, any other person, enter his. time on the printed form, and after signing the form, hand it to the Chief Timekeeper, who may examine the watches to verify the reported times. 5.-The Chief Timekeeper shall then decide what is the official time for each competitor, applying, as necessary, the provisions of this rule and provide the result for publication. 6.-ln the event of two of the three official watches agreeing and the third disagreeing, the time shown by the two shall be the official time. If all three watches disagree, the middle time shall be official. Should only two times be available, and if they disagree, the longer time shall be official. 71

RULES 118, 119

7.-For all hand-timed races on the track times shall be returned to 1/1Oth second. The times for races partly or entirely outside the stadium shall be converted to the next longer full second, Le. for the Marathon 2h.09:44.3 shall be returned as 2hr.09:45. If the hand of the watch stops between two lines indicating the time, the longer time shall be accepted. If a 1/100th second watch, or an electronic manually operated digital timer, is used, all times not ending in zero in the second decimal shall be rounded to the next longer 1/1Oth second, Le. 10.11 shall be read as 10.2. 8.-The time shall be taken from the flash/smoke of the pistol or approved starting apparatus to the moment at which any part of the body of the competitor (Le. torso, as distinguished from the head, neck, arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the perpendicular plane of the nearer edge of the finish line. 9.-The Timekeepers shall be in line with the finish and outside the track. Wherever possible, they should be placed at least five metres from the outside lane of the track. In order that they may all have a good view of the finish line, an elevated stand should be provided. RULE 120 Photo-Finish Judges

Fully Automatic Electrical Timing: I.-Fully automatic electrical timing must utilise equipment which is started automatically and which records the finish time automatically. All other timing devices and procedures shall either be considered hand times or shall be unacceptable. 2.-FuHy automatic timing equipment must be approved by the National Association of the country where the competition is held. It must be started automatically through a contact on the Starter's pistol, or any similar apparatus, at the instant of the flash from the charge. The finish must be recorded through a camera, with a vertical slit, positioned in the extension of the finish line, on a continuous film by a photo-finish procedure. The fIlm must also be synchronised with a uniformly marked time-scale graduated in 1/100ths of a second. The times and places should be read from the film with a special device guaranteeing perpendicularity between the time-scale and the reading line. The time should be read to the next longer 1/100th of a second. 3.-The Chief Photo-finish Judge shall be responsible for the functioning of the timing device. In conjunction with his two RULES 119, 120

Assistants, he shall determine the places of the competitors and their respective times. , 4.-Ifpossible, there should be at least two photofinish cameras in action, one from each side. (NO'!ES: I.-Where two photofinish cameras are used, one from each Side of the track, the times and places recorded by the camera on the inside of the trackÂˇ should not be considered unless the photograph from the camera on the outside of the track is obscured or there is reason to doubt its timing accuracy. 2. - !Vhere any possibility exists of failure of the timing device, hand times should be taken by back up timekeepers.

5.-Fully automatic electric times shall be regarded as official for any reaso.n the Chief Photo-Finish Judge decides that they ObVIously must be maccurate. If such is the case the times of the back-up Timekeepers shall be official. ' 6.-Fully automatic timekeeping equipment shall be used at all meetings under Rule 12 paragraph 1 (a) and, wherever possible, (b) and (c). 7.-For all races up to and including 10,000 m, the time shall be read from the photo-finish picture in 1/100th second and shall be recorded in l/l00th second. all races on the track longer than 10,000 m, the time shall be read m 1/100th second and shall be converted to the next longer l/lOth second and recorded in 1/1Oth, Le. for 20 km, 59:26.32 shall be recorded as 59:26.4. For all races partly or entirely outside the stadium the time shall be read in 1/100th second and shall be converted to the next longer whole second, Le. for Marathon, 2h. 09:44.32 shall be recorded as 2h.09:45. 8.-A timing device which operates automatically at either the or the finish, but not at both, shall be considered to produce neIther hand nor fully automatic times and shall not therefore be used to obtain official times. NOTE.-See also Rule 148 for World Records and Rule 195, paragraph 6 (b), for Heptathlon and Decathlon events.

RULE 121 The Starter and RecaUers 1:-The Starter shall have entire control of the competitors on theIr marks, and shall be the sole judge of any fact connected with the start of the race, except that as provided in (4) below. The Starter shall ascertain that the Timekeepers and Judges are ready. 73

RULES 120, 121

2 -In all races started in lanes, the Starter should use a to relay his commands to loudspeakers for the runner in each lane. Where such a device is not used, the Starter shall so place himself that the distance between him and each of the competitors is approximately the same. Where, however, the Starter cannot place. himself in such a position, the pistol or approved apparatus should be placed there and discharged by electric contact. See also Rule 162 "The Start and Finish". 3.-During the races one or more Recallers shall be provided in order to assist the Starter. NOTE.-For events of200 m, 400 m, 400 m Hurdles, 4 x lOO m and 4 x 400 m, it is advisable to provide two Reca/lers. 4.-The Recaller(s) shall assist in the supervision of the of the start. In case of any start which does not comply With the requirements for a correct start, he shall give the sign of a recall by fIring a pistol. A sign of recall can also be given by the Starter. See also Rule 162, Paragraph 8. 5.-The Recaller(s) shall place himself (themselves) so that he (they) may see equally each competitor assigned to him (them). 6.-The warning and disqualifIcation included in Rule 162 may be applied only by the Starter. RULE 122 Starter's Assistants I.-The Starter's Assistants shall check that the competitors are competing in the correct heat or race and that their numbers are in worn properly, one on the breast and one on the events at all distances shall be numbered from left to nght, faCIng the . direction of running. 2.-They must place each competitor in his correct lane or statl?n, metres. assembling the competitors on an assembly line. the starting line (in the case of races started ID slIDilarly behind each starting line), and when so placed they shall Signal to the Starter that all is ready. When a fresh start is ordered the Starter's Assistants shall assemble the competitors again. 3.-The Starter's Assistants shall be responsible for the readiness of batons for the fIrst runners in a relay race. 4 -When the Starter has ordered the competitors to their marks, the'Starter's Assistants must see that no competitor places either fIngers, hands or feet on the starting line or in front of it. If any difficulty arises they must signal immediately to the Starter. See also Rule 162 "The Start and the Finish ". RULES 121, 122

RULE 123 Lap Scorers 1.-A Lap Scorer shall keep a record of the laps covered by each competitor in races from 1500 to 5000 metres. For races exceeding 5000 metres and for Walking events a number of Lap Scorers under the direction of the Referee shall be appointed and provided with lap scoring cards on which they shall record the times over lap (as given to them by an Official Timekeeper) of the competItors for whom they are responsible. No Lap Scorer should record for more than four competitors (six in the case of Walking events). 2.-A Special Lap Scorer shall be appointed to notify to each competitor the number of laps which he still has to complete. He shall notify the fInal lap by the ringing of a bell or otherwise. RULE 124 The Recorder The Recorder shall collect the result of each event, together with the times or heights or distances, which shall be furnished him by the Referee, theehief Timekeeper or Chief Photo-Finish Judge, as well as the information provided by the Wind Gauge operator. He shall as soon as possible communicate the information to the Announcer and, after recording the placings, times, heights or distances, he shall hand the official result together with all cards to the Manager of the meeting. See Rule 116, (7) and Rule 126.

RULE 125 Tb.e Marshal The Marshal shall have full charge of the arena and shall not allow any persons other than the officials, and competitors assembled to compete, to enter and remain therein. He shall control his assistants and assign to them their duties. he shall arrange for an enclosure to be provided for officials when not on duty. RULE 126 The Announcer The Announcer shall give out to the public tlJe names lpld of the competitors taking part in-';"each event, and 'all releViMinformation such as the composition of the heats, lanes or stations

RULES 123, 124, 125, 126

drawn and intermediate times. The result (placings, times, heights and distances) of each event should be announced at the earliest possible moment after receipt of the information from the Recorder. See also Rule 124. RULE 127 The Official Surveyor The Track and distances which are to be contested, as well as the cirles, arcs, sectors and other measurements relating the Field events, shall have been measured in advance by an OffiCIal surveyor. He shall furnish to the Technical Manager and the Referees before the Meeting, certificates as to correctness. See Rule 145. . NOTE.-The Official Surveyor must have the opportunity to get acquainted with the necessary documents of the stadium, if wanted. 11 RULE 128 The Wind Gauge Operator shall ensure that the gauge is erected in The wind gauge accordance with Rule 149. He shall ascertain the velocity of the wind in the running direction in appropriate events and shall then record and sign the results obtained and communicate them to the Recorder.

SECTIONII RULES FOR COMPETITION RULE 138 Entries I.-Competitions under LA.A.F. Rules are restricted to amateurs in accordance with the LA.A.F. Rules relating to the eligibility of athletes to compete. See Rules 51-54. 2.-No competitor shall be allowed to compete outside his own country unless his amateur status is guaranteed in writing by the National Federation of his country, and he has permission from such body to compete. In all international competitions, such guarantee of the amateur status of an athlete shall be accepted as conclusive, for the time being, of the athlete's eligibility to compete; any - objection as to his status shall be referred to the LA.A.F.

Women's Events 3.-For all meetings under Rule 12, 1 (a), (b) and (c), the Organising Committee shall appoint a panel of three medical doctors. Every entry for Women's events must be accompanied by a certificate issued under the provisions of Rule 141 (4) or by a photostat copy thereof, or the competitor will be required to appear before the Medical Panel appointed to act at the meeting concerned. 4.-When an athlete has appeared before such a Medical Panel and had been declared eligible to compete in Women's events, the Panel shall forward to the LA.A.F. the name of this athlete for inclusion on a Central Register. Upon request from the National Federation, the LA.A.F. will issue a certificate in respect of any athlete whose name appears on the Register. Failure to participate 5.-At all meetings under Rule 12, 1 (a), (b) and (c), it is recommended that a competitor be excluded from participation in further events, including relays, in cases where: (l) a final confirmation was given that the athlete would start in an event but then he or she failed to participate without giving a valid reason, so that it was not practicable to delete that name officially from the list of starters for that event;

RULES 127, 128

RULE 138

(2) he or she qualified in preliminaries or heats for further participation in an event but then did not compete further without giving a valid reason. NOTE.-A fIXed time for the final confirmation ofstarters should be published in advance. RULE 139 Qothing, Shoes and Numbers

Clothing I.-In all events competitors must wear clothing which is clean and so designed and worn as not to be objectionable. The clothing must be made of a material which is non-transparent even if wet. At all meetings under Rule 12, 1 (a) to (d), competitors shall participate in the uniform clothing officially approved by the National Federation. Shoes and Spikes 2.-Competitors may compete in bare feet or with footwear on one or both feet. T4e purpose of shoes for competition is to give protection and stability to the feet and a firm grip on the ground. Such shoes, however, must not be constructed so as to give the competitor any additional assistance, and no spring or device of any kind may be incorporated in the shoes. A shoe strap over the instep is permitted.

and the Javelin Throw, where the part of each spike which projects from the sole or the heel must not exceed 12 millimetres. The Sole and the Heel . 5.sole and/or the heel may also have grooves, ridges, mdentatIOns or protuberances, provided that any ridges or proturberances are constructed of the same or similar material to the basic sole itself. Such ridges or protuberances are to be regarded as part of the sole, the total thickness of which must not exceed 13 millimetres. The thickness of the heel, including any ridges or protuberances, must. not exceed that of the sole by more than 6 millimetres except in walkmg events, where shoes may be worn of which the thickness of the heel exceeds that of the sole by not more than 13 millimetres. To the heel the jar of impact in long jumping and triple Jumpmg, the competItor may increase the thickness of the heel itself _or include a pad inside the shoe so that the total thickness of heel and pad in an uncompressed state, does not exceed 25 millimetres. Inserts and Additions to the Shoe 6.:-Competitors may not use any appliance, either inside or the shoe, which will have the effect of increasing the thIckness of the shoe above the permitted maximum of 13 millimetres (0.5 inches) or which can give the wearer any advantage which he would not obtain from the type of shoe described in the previous paragraphs.

Length of Spikes 4. -The part of each spike which projects from the sole or the heel must not exceed 25 millimetres in length or 4 millimetres in diameter. When a competition is conducted on an all-weather synthetic track, the part of each spike which projects from the sole or the heel must not exceed 9 millimetres with the exception of the High Jump

Numbers 7.-Every competitor must be provided with two numbers to be breast and back. The numbers must correspond w?rn visibly on WIth the number III the programme. If track suits are worn in the competition, numbers must be worn on the track suit in a similar manner. In the pole vault and high jump, the competitors may wear the . the or front only. Where photo-finish IS III the meeting organisers may require to wear addItIonal numbers of an adhesive type on the SIde of then shorts. No competitor shall be allowed to take part in any competition without the appropriate number or numbers. The name of a sponsor may appear on a competitor's number card only .when by the Member organising or sanctioning the meetmg. The SIze shall not exceed approximately 150 mm x 25 mm and the same style of number card shall be issued to all competitors taking part.

Number of 3.-The sole and the heel of the shoes may have spikes. The number of spikes is limited to a maximum of six in the sole proper and two in the heel, with the exception of the High Jump and the Javelin Throw, where a maximum of four spikes in the heel is permitted. NOTE.-Provisions may be made on the sole and the heel for changing the position of the spikes, always provided that the maximum number is not exceeded.

RULES 138, 139

RULE 139

RULE 140 The Competition - General I.-No performance accomplished by an athlete will be valid unless it has been accomplished during an official competition, the athletes using only equipment authorised by the rules of the I.A.A.F. 2.-In matches arranged between Members, the number of trials in the jumping and throwing events may be reduced as desired; any such arrangements should be made previous to the meeting.

Simultaneous Entries 3.-If a competitor is entered in both a track and field event, or in more than one field event taking place simultaneously, the judges may allow the competitor to take his trials in an order different from that decided upon prior to the start of the competition. Scoring 4.-In matches where the result of a match is to be determined by the scoring of points, the method of scoring will, unless otherwise agreed by all the competing countries before the meeting, be as follows: f (a) Where there are two teams with two competitors in each event: 5,3,2, L (b) Where there are three teams with two competitors in each event, or two teams with three competitors in each event, or six teams with one competitor in each event: 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. (c) In relay races with two teams: 5, 2. In relay races with three teams: 7, 4, 2. In relay races with six teams: 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. NOTE.-The scoring system set out above is based on the number of athletes (or teams in relay races) entitled to compete in each event, and will not be changed if the number actually competing in any event is smaller.

re-run excluding the disqualified competitor or, in the case of a heat to permit any competitors affected by the act resulting in disqualification (other than the disqualified competitor) to compete in a subsequent round of the race. If for any reason a competitor is hampered in a trial in a field event, the Referee shall have the power to award him a substitute trial. See also Rule 116, (5).

Running out of Lanes 2.-In all races run in lanes each competitor shall keep his alloted lane from startÂˇ to finish. This shall also apply to any portion of a race run in lanes. 3.-If the Referee is satisfied, on the report of a Judge or Umpire or otherwise, that a competitor has deliberately run outside his lane, he shall disqualify him; but if the Referee considers that such action was unintentional, he may at his discretion disqualify, if he is of the opinion that a material advantage was gained thereby. Track 400 metres Stride 2.3Om Number of Strides 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Advantage Gained by Encroaching t cm on Inside of Lane t=5Omm

t= 100mm

t= 150mm

t=300mm

mm 4 7

mm 7 14 22 29 36

mm 22 44

14 18 22 25 29 33 36

51 58 65 72

22 33 44 54 65 76 87 98 109

88 109 131 153 175 197 219

This table shows, mathematically, the theoretical advantage gained by taking from 1 to 10 strides inside the inner border of a lane. The distances are shown in millimetres, e.g. four strides 150mm inside gives an advantage of 44mm.

RULE 141 The Competition - Running Events Obstruction on the Track I.-Any competitor jostling, running across or obstructing another competitor so as to impede his progress shall be liable to disqualification. If in any race a competitor is disqualified for any of these reasons, the Referee shall have power to order the race to be

Absence during Competition 4.-A competitor after voluntarily leaving the track or course shall not be allowed to continue in the race.

RULES 140, 141

RULE 141

- - - - - - - - -

-------

-----

In road races, and in track walking events of 20 km or more, a competitor may leave the road or track with the permission and under the control of a judge, provided that by going off course he does not lessen the distance to be covered.

Check-Marks 5.-Except in the case of relay races run in lanes, See Rule 166 (3), competitors may not make check-marks or place objects on or alongside the running track for their assistance. Rounds and Heats 6.-Preliminary rounds (heats) shall be held in track events in which the number of competitors is too large to allow the competition to be conducted satisfactorily in a single round (final). 7.-The heats and qualifying competitions shall be arranged by the Committee conducting the Meeting together with the appointed Technical Delegates where appropriate. The representatives of each nation shall be placed as far as possible in different heats, which shall be so arranged that not less than six competitors shall qualify for the final. NOTE.-When heats are being arranged it is recommended that as much information as possible about the performances of all competitors should be considered, and the heats so drawn that normally the best performers will reach the final. 8.-In any competition where there are more competitors than can be placed in the first row, the draw for stations shall be by nations, when one competitor from each nation shall be placed in the order of the draw. Additional starters from any nation shall then be placed behind, in the same order. 9.-A competitor shall not be allowed to compete in a heat other than the one in which his name appears, except in circumstances which in the opinion of the Referee justify an alteration. 10.-In all preliminary rounds, at least the first and second in each heat shall qualify for the next round, and it is recommended that where possible at least three in each heat should qualify. Any other competitors to qualify for ther next round shall be decided either according to their placings or according to their times. Where any competitors are to qualify by times, the order in which the heats are run shall be decided by draw after these rounds have been made up. RULE 141

11.-':'-'The following mlmmum times must be allowed when practicable, between the last heat of any round and the first heat of a subsequent round or final: Up to 200 metres 45 minutes Over 200 metres to 1000 metres 90 minutes Over 1000 metres Not on the same day RULE 142 The Competition - Field Events

Obstruction i.-If for any reason a competitor is hampered in a trial the Referee shall have the power to award him a substitute trial. See also Rule 116, (5). -Absence during Competition 2.-In field events or Decathlon or Heptathlon field events, with the permission of and accompanied by a judge, a competitor may leave the immediate area of the event during the progress of the competition. Trials Recorded 3.-No competitor is ailowed to have more than one trial recorded in anyone round of the competition. Delay 4.-A competitor in a field event who unreasonably delays making a trial renders himself liable to have that trial disallowed and recorded as a fault. It is a matter for the Referee to decide, having regard to all the circumstances, what is an unreasonable delay. The official responsible shall indicate to the competitor that all is ready for the trial to begin, and the period allowed for this trial shall commence from that moment. Thefollowing times, which must be regarded as imperative, should not normally be exceeded: _ (a) In the case of the High Jump, Long Jump, Triple Jump, Shot, Discus, Hammer and Javelin, 1!1 minutes; and (b) In the case of the Pole Vault 2 minutes. The time shall begin when the uprights have been adjusted to the satisfaction ofthe competitor. 83

RULES 141, 142

For a second delay at any time during the competition, he shall be debarred from taking any further trials, but any performance accomplished up to that time shall stand.

Place of Competition 5.-The Referee shall have the power to change the place of the competition if in his opinion the conditions justify it. Such a change shall be made only after a round has been completed. Qualifying Competition 6.-ln any field event, a qualifying competition must be held if necessary, to decide who shall compete in the competition proper. Performances accomplished shall not be considered part of the competition proper. The qualifying conditions shall be arranged by the Committee conducting the meeting together with the appointed Technical Delegates where appropriate. Competing order. 7.-The competitors shall compete in the order drawn by lot and, where possible, their ,names shall be placed in the programme in the order drawn. In a qualifying competition, apart from the High Jump and Pole Vault, each competitor shall be allowed three trials. A competitor once having achieved the qualifying standard shall not be allowed to continue in the qualifying competition. At the end of the qualifying competition the order for competing in the competition proper shall be determined by a fresh drawing by lot. NOTE.-In major competitions where there are enough competitors to warrant it, it is recommended that the qualifying competition be divided into two or more groups. Unless there are facilities for the two groups to compete at the same time and under similar conditions, the second group should start the competition immediately the first group has finished. RULE 143 Assistance to Athletes

Indication of Intermediate Times I.-Except with the prior approval of the Referee, no official nor any other person within the arena shall indicate any intermediate times to competitors. RULES 143, 144

Giving Assistance, Advice or Information 2.-Except as provided in Rules 165 and 191 (Marathon races and long distance walking races) during the progress of an event no competitor shall receive any assistance whatsoever from any person. "Assistance" includes giving help or conveying advice to an athlete by any means including any technical device or "uncompetitive running". "Uncompetitive running" means in this instance any athlete participating in the competition with the sole intention of setting the pace. Any athlete receiving advice or assistance must be cautioned by the Referee and warned that for any repetition, he will be debarred from further participation in the competition. Any performance accomplished up to that time will stand. Wind Information 3.-A wind sock should be positioned near the take-off ground in - all jumping events, to show the athlete the approximate direction and strength of the wind. RULE 144 Doping 1.-Doping is strictly forbidden. 2.-Doping is the use by or distribution to an athlete of certain substances which could have the effect of improving artificially the athelete's physical and/or mental condition and so augmenting his athletic performance. 3.-Doping substances, for the purpose of this rule, comprises the following groups:(a) Psychomotor stimulant drugs: amphetamine methylphenidate benzphetamine norpseudo ephedrine caffeine * cocaine diethylpropion pemoline dimethylamphetamine phendimetrazine ethylamphetamine phenmetrazine fencamfamin phentermine fenproporex pipradol methylamphetamine prolintane and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. 85

RULES 143, 144

(b)

Sympathomimetic amines:

ephedrine methoxyphenamine methylephedrine and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. (c)

Miscellaneous central nervous system stimulants: e.g. -

amiphenasole nikethamide bemigride strychnine leptazol micoren and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. (d)

Narcotic Analgf!sics: e.g. -

morphine pethidine heroin dextromoramide methadone dipipanone and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. NOTE:-Codeine is permitted for therapeutic uses. (e)

Anabolic Steroids: e.g. Clostebol Nandrolone Ethyloestrenol Oxandrolone Fluoxymesterone Oxymetholone Methandienone Stanolone Methenolone Stanozolol Methyltestosterone Testosterone* and its esters Methandriol and chemically or pharmacologically related compounds. *Quantitative analysis

The above list is not necessarily comprehensive. Cases of doubt as to other substances which may be regarded as doping substances shall be referred to the Medical Committee for decision. Before any penalties are imposed under this rule, the actual doping substance must be identified. 4.-Doping controls conducted under LA.A.F. Doping Control Regulations shall take place at LA.A.F. meetings under Rule 12, paragraph l(a), l(b) and I (e) and, wherever possible l(c). In RULE 144

addition doping controls shall be held if ordered by the LA.A.F., or by the Area or National governing body responsible for organising or sanctioning a meeting. Doping controls shall be carried out under the supervision of a Doping Committee for the meeting. At meetings under Rule 12, paragraphs l(a) and l(b) this Doping Committee shall include:(1) The Medical Delegate (Chairman) (2) A member or representative of the LA.A.F. Medical Commi.ttee (3) A qualified medical officer of the organising country. Before the event, the criteria for selecting the athletes to be controlled shall be determined by the Doping Committee. This should be either on a final position basis and/or a random basis, but not by selection of named individuals. The total number of athletes tested may depend on the capacity of the Laboratory. Additional controls may be ordered after the event at the discretion of the Doping Committee. 5.-An athlete who takes part in a competition must, if so requested in writIng by the responsible official, submit to a doping control (See Appendix 1). Refusal to do so will result in disqualification from the competition and the athlete will be deemed to have rendered himself ineligible for competition as if a positive result had been obtained. He shall be reported to the LA.A.F. and his National governing body by the Doping Committee Chairman. 6.-To facilitate the analysis, any form of medication administered by any route within two days of the start of the competition or event, must be declared to the Doping Committee.on the Doping Control Form (See Appendix 2). 7.-A competitor found to have a doping substance or/and a metabolite of a doping substance present in his urine at an athletics meeting shall be disqualified from the competition and the case reported to the LA.A.F. and his National governing body (See Rule 53, iv). Likewise any person assisting or inciting others to use doping substances shall be considered as having committed an offence against LA.A.F. Rules, and thus exposes himself/herself to disciplinary action. Any offences under this rule arising from competitions at International or National level shall be reported by the competent authority to the LA.A.F.

RULE 144

8.-The detailed procedure for the conduct of tests, including the collection of urine samples, the method of analysis and the use of accredited laboratories, shall be determined by the Medical Committee of the LA.A.F. Copies of the current approved procedure shall be supplied on request by the LA.A.F. to responsible organising bodies for the information and guidance of the Doping Committees, athletes and officials. RULE 145 Measurements and Weights

I.-All measurements must be made with a certified steel or fibreglass metric tape or bar, and all implements must be weighed on a governmentally approved balance. 2.-In measuring the track, two independent measurements must be made, which may not differ from each other by more than 0.0003 x L + 0.01 metres, where "L" is the length of the track in metres. NOTE.-Thisformula gives a highest permitted difference between two measurings for: 100m

O.04m

400m

O.13m

See also Rules 165 (Marathon) and 191 (Walking). NOTE.-Instructions setting out the recommended method of measuring road courses may be obtained on application to the I.A.A.F. Bureau. RULE 146 Ties

Ties shall be decided as follows: Track Events . I.-In the event of a tie in any heat which affects the qualification of competitors to compete in the next round or final, where practicable, the tying competitors shall both qualify, failing which they shall compete again. In case of a tie for first place in any final, the Refereee is empowered to decide whether it is practicable to arrange for the competitors so tying to compete again. If he decides - it is not, the result will stand. Ties in other placings shall remain.

Field Events 2.-In jumping or vaulting for height: (a) The competitor with the lowest number of jumps at the height at which the tie occurs shall be awarded the higher place. (b) If the tie still remains, the competitor with the lowest total of failures throughout the competition up to and including the height last cleared shall be awarded the higher place.

3.-In measuring the distances of throwing, putting and jumping events, the part of the tape recording the distance achieved must be by an official at the take-off point, the circle or scratch line. Distances shall always be recorded to the nearest O.Olm below the distance covered, Le., fractions less than O.Olm must be ignored, except that in the case of the discus, hammer and javelin throws, distances shall be recorded in even 0.02m units (e.g. 62.44m, 62.46m, etc.) to the nearest unit below. In jumping for height, all measurements shall be made perpendicularly from the ground to the lowest part of the upper side of the bar. NOTE.-For measurements for World Records for all field events, see Rule 148 para. 9(a). 4.-A scientific measuring apparatus, the accuracy of which is approved by the Governmental Weights and Measures department of the country where the events are held, may also be used. 5.-In events over roads, the course shall be measured along the ideal line of running, Le. the shortest possible path, in that section of the road permitted for the runners. The course must not measure less than the official distance for the event, (Le. for the Marathon race 42195 metres), and the variation in the measurement must not exceed 50 metres in all meetings under Rule 12 paragraph l(a), (b) and (c), (Le. a Marathon course must be between 42195 and 42245 metres).

A, B, C and D all cleared 1.92 metres and failed at 1.94 metres. The rule regarding ties comes into operation, and as "D" cleared 1.92 metres at his second attempt, the others taking three, he is declared the winner.

RULES 144, 145

High Jump (1)

Example -

...'"

1.78m 1.82m 1.85m 1.88m l.90m 1.92m 1.94m A B

C D

0 0 0

Cleared.

XO 0 0 -

0 0

XXO

x = Failed.

xxo xxo -

XXO XXX XXX XXO XXX XO XXX

xxo

taa

,,;

E-o'"

ll.

4 4 5 5

2= 2= 4 I

= Did not jump.

RULES 145, 146

The other three will tie and the Judges add up the total number of failures, up to and including the height last cleared, Le. 1.92 metres. "C" has more failures than "A" or "B", and is therefore awarded fourth place. "A" and "B" still tie and as this does not concern first place, they share second place. (c) If the tie still remains: (i) If it concerns the first place, the competitors tying shall have one more jump at the lowest height at which any of those involved in the tie failed, and if no decision is reached, the bar shall be lower.ed or raised to the heights which shall be announced by the Chief Judge of the event; they shall then attempt one jump at each height until the tie is decided. Competitors so tying must jump on each occasion when deciding the tie. (ii) If it concerns any other place, the competitors shall be awarded the same place in the competition. (See example 2). Example -

High Jump (2)

'"'"

l.78m 1.82m 1.85m l.88m 1.9Om 1.92m l.94m

A D

0= Cleared.

XO XXO

XXO XXX XXO xxx 0 XXO XXO XXX XXO XXX -

Failed.

o=; 4

5 4

1.92

ll.

3= 3= 2

- = Did not jump.

3.-In those field events where the result is determined by distance, the second best performance of the competitors tying shall decide the tie. Then, if necessary, the third best, and so on. If the tie still remains, the competitors having achieved the same results will compete again in the same order in a new attempt until the tie is decided. RULE 147 Protests I.-Protests concerning the status of an athlete to participate in a meeting must be made, prior to the commencement of such meeting, RULES 146, 147

to the Jury of Appeal, or, if no Jury has been appointed, to the Referee. If the matter cannot be settled satisfactorily prior to the meeting, the athlete shall be allowed to compete "under protest" and the matter be referred to the Council of the LA.A.F. 2.-Protests relating to matters which develop during the carrying through of the programme should be made at once, and not later than within thirty minutesÂˇ after the result has been officially announced. The Organisers of the meeting shall be responsible for ensuring that the time of the announcement of all results is recorded. 3.-Any protest shall in the first instance be made orally to the Referee by the athlete himself or by someone acting on his behalf. To arrive at a fair decision, the Referee should consider any available evidence which he thinks necessary, including a film or picture produced by an official video tape recorder. The Referee may decide on the protest or may refer the matter to the Jury. If the Referee makes a decision, there shall be a right of appeal to the Jury. 4.-An application to the Jury of Appeal must be in writing, signed by a responsible official on behalf of the athlete and must be accompanied by a deposit of $10.00 or its equivalent before the appeal is heard; The deposit will be forfeited if the protest is considered to be frivolous. To arrive at a fair decision, the Jury of Appeal shall consult all other available evidence and interview all those whom they consider necessary. RULE 148 World Records I.-When a World Record is set up by an athlete or by a team, the LA.A.F. Member in the country where the record performance was made shall collect together, without delay, all the information required for the ratification of the record by the LA.A.F. (See World Record forms pages 168 to 171). The Member should immediately inform the LA.A.F. of its intention to submit the performance. 2.-The official application form of the LA.A.F. shall be filled in and despatched by air mail to the LA.A.F. Bureau within thirty days. If the application concerns a foreign athlete or a foreign team, a duplicate of the form shall be sent within the same period to the National Association of the athlete or of the team in question. Application may be made only on behalf of an athlete or athletes who are under the jurisdiction of a Member of the LA.A.F.

RULES 147,148

3.-The National Association of the country where the record was set up shall send, with the official application form: (a) The printed programme of the meeting; (b) The complete results of the event in question. Including in the case of a field event, the complete result sheet. (c) The photofinish photograph in the case of a track record where fully automatic electrical timekeeping was in operation; 4.-However, for the competitions referred to in Rule 12, paragraph 1 (a) the above formalities need not be carried out. 5.-The following conditions shall apply to all World Records:(a) The record must be made out of doors and must not have been made on a wooden surface. (b) The record must be made in a bona fide competition which has been duly flxed, advertised and authorised before the day by the LA.A.F. Member of the country where the event takes place. The competition with the name of the competitors taking part, must have been mentioned in the printed programme of the meeting. (c) The record must be better than or equal to the result in the latest world record list in the event in question. (d) Records made in Heats or Qualifying Competitions, in deciding ties and in individual events in the Heptathlon and Decathlon Competitions may be submitted for ratiflcation. 6.-ln the case of Women's records, unless the athlete's name appears on the LA.A.F. register (See Rule 138, paragraph 4), an application must be accompanied by a medical certiflcate as to sex, drawn up by a qualifled medical doctor recognised by the National Association of the athlete (athletes) for whom the record is claimed. No performance set up by an athlete will be recognised if it has been accomplished during a mixed competition. 7.-(a) Running and Walking records may be made only on a track which is not banked and will be recognised only if the track has a raised border as specified in Rule 161 (1) or, in the case of a grass track, only if it is marked and flagged in accordance with the above Rule. (See also Rule 143, paragraph 2). (b) A race must be stated to be over one distance only and all competitors shall compete at that distance. However, a race based on the distance covered over a given time (see Rule 162, paragraph 13) may be combined with a race over a flxed distance (for example, 1 Hour and 20 Km). RULE 148

It is permissible for the same athlete to accomplish in the same race any number of records. It is permitted for several athletes to accomplish different records in the same race. However, it is not permissible for an athlete to be credited with a record at a shorter distance if he did not finish the full distance for which the race had been fixed. (c) Running and Walking records must be timed by official timekeepers as provided in Rule 119 (and accepted by the National Association as such), or by an approved fully automatic electrical timekeeping device (See Rule 120). For races up to and including 400 metres, only performances timed by an approved fully automatic electrical timing device shall be accepted. (d) For any record at any distance of 200 metres or more to be recognised, the track on which it was made must not exceed 440 yards and the race must have started on some part of the perimeter. This limitation does not apply to the Steeplechase events where the Water Jump is placed outside a normal 400 metres track. (e) The record must be made on a track of which the radius of the outside lane does not exceed 60 metres. NOTE.- Where the bend is formed with two different radii, this /imitation does not apply to the larger radius at the crown of the bend, provided th"t this section of the bend does not account for more than 60 0 of the 180 0 turn. (f) For all records up to and including 200 metres, information concerning wind speed, measured as indicated in Rule 149, must be submitted. If the wind velocity measured in the direction of running behind the competitor averages more than 2 metres per second, the record will not be accepted. (g) In a race run in lanes, no record will be accepted where the runner has run on or inside the inner curved border of his lane. (h) A relay record may be made only by a team all of whose members are citizens of a single Member country. Citizenship may be obtained in any of the ways referred to in Rule 12, paragraph 8. A colony which is not in separate Membeship of the I.A.A.F. shall be deemed, for the purpose of this Rule, to be part of its Mother Country. (i) The time set up by the flrst runner in a relay team may not be submitted as a record.

RULE 148

--------

8.-For Walking records, the track must be an oval from 350 metres minimum to 500 metres maximum, with 2 curves and 2 straights from 60 metres minimum to 120 metres maximum. 9.-(a) Records in field events must be measured by 3 Field Judges with a certified steel tape, graduated in centimetres, or by a scientific apparatus approved by the governmental Weights and Measures Department of the country where the event is held. Measurements for world records in field events must be made and submitted in metres to the nearest 0.01 metre below, except that in the case of the Discus, Javelin and Hammer throws, the distance shall be recorded in even 0.02 metre units to the nearest unit below (e.g. 62.44m, 62.46m etc). (b) In field events, a performance may be submitted for ratification if it took place during an event where a handicap was combined with the scratch competition. (c) In the Long Jump and Triple Jump, information concerning wind speed, measured as indicated in Rule 149, must be submitted. If the wind velocity measured in the direction of jumping behind the competitor averages more than 2 metres per second, the record will not be accepted. 10.-When a record is claimed for the Hepathlon or Decathlon, the conditions imposed for recognising records in individual events must have been compiled with in the 7 or 10 events. However, a record will be recognised even though the wind speed exceeded 2 metres per second (see paragraphs 7 (f) and9 (c) provided it was not more than 4 metres per second. 1l.-The President and the General Secretary of the LA.A.F. together are authorised to recognise world records. If they are in any doubt whether or not the record should be accepted, the case shall be referred to the Council for decision. The LA.A.F. will inform the member applying for a World Record, as well as the athlete's National and Area Associations, where these are not the same, that the record has been ratified. If the record is not ratified, the reasons why the record was not accepted will be supplied. 12.-The LA.A.F. Bureau shall keep lists of World Records and Olympic Records. These lists shall be revised once a year and a copy forwarded to each Member of the LA.A.F. 13.-Members of the LA.A.F. shall keep a list of the National Records of their own country. Copies of this list shall be forwarded RULE 148

to the LA.A.F. Bureau in January each year. NOTES.-

i.-The official World Record Plaques, as designed by the I.A.A.F. for presentation to World Record holders, will be supplied by the I.A.A.F., provided National Associations remit the cost. 2.-Refer to Rule 38i as to events for which World Records are recognised. 3.-Continemal Associations must apply all the conditions laid down in this rule for the ratification of their own Continental Records. 4. -It is recommended that National Federations adopt similar rules to the above for the recognition of their own National records. RULE 149 Wind Measurement The periods for which the wind velocity shall be measured are as follows, from the flash of the pistol or approved apparatus:-

Seconds 10 13

lOO metres lOO metres Hurdles 110 metres Hurdles

In 200 metres run on a curve, the wind velocity shall be measured for a period of 10 seconds, commencing as the runners enter the straight. In the Long Jump and Triple Jump, it shall be measured for a period of 5 seconds from the time a competitor passes a mark placed alongside the runway, in the case of the Long Jump - 40 metres, and in the case of the Triple Jump - 35 metres, from the take-off board; or if a competitor runs less than 40 metres or 35 metres as the case may be, from the time he commences his run. When the wind speed is taken into consideration, the wind measuring instrument shall be set up half-way down the straight and for the jumps, 20 metres from the take-off board. The instrument shall not be more than 2 metres away from the track or runway and shall be approximately 1.22 metres high. 95

RULES 148, 149

RULE 150 Official Implements I.-In all international competitions, the implements used must comply with the specifications for official implements set out in Rules 161-186. 2.-All such implements shall be provided by the organisers of the meeting. No competitor is allowed to use any other implements, with the exception of vaulting poles and starting blocks, in case they may use their own, provided these comply with the conditions laid down in the rules. See also Rule 162 (Starting Blocks) and Rule 172 (Vaulting Poles).

SECTION III RUNNING EVENTS

RULE 161 Track and Lanes 1.- The length of the rullning track should not be less than 400 metres. The track should be not less than 7.32 metres in width and if possible be bordered on the inside with a kerb of concrete or other suitable material, approximately 50mm in height, minimum 50mm in width. NOTE.- The kerb may be raised to permit surface water to drain away, in which case a maximum height of 65mm must not be exceeded. Where it is not possible for the inner edge of the running track to have a raised border, the inner edge shall be marked with lines 50mm in width. Where it is a grass track it shall also be flagged at intervals of 5 metres. Flags must be so placed on the line as to prevent any competitor running on the line, and they shall be placed at an angle of 60 degrees . with the ground away from the track. Flags approximately 0.25 metres by 0.2 metres in size mounted on a staff of 0.45 metres long are the most suitable for the purpose. 2.-The measurement shall be taken 0.3Om outward from the inner border of the track or, where no border exists, 0.2Om from the line marking the inside of the track. I I

1.22 m

';:.' )

all lines white 50mmwide___ of race

_L_L

-------... 01'-

inner edge kerb 50 mm wide 1_

measurement line for all other lanes

- -,

O.2Om O,30m

measurement line for inner lane

3.-ln all races up to and including 400m, each competitor shall have a separate lane, with a minimum width of 1.22 metres and a maximum width of 1.25 metres to be marked by lines 50mm in width. The inner lane shall be measured as stated in paragraph 2 above, but the remaining lanes shall be measured 0.20m from the outer edges of the lines. RULE 150

RULE 161

NOTES.-The line on the right hand only of each lane shall be included in the measurement of the width of each lane. See Rule 141, paragraphs 2 and 3 "Running out of Lanes". 4.-The direction of running shall be left-hand inside. 5.-In international meetings the track should allow for at least six lanes, and where possible should allow for eight lanes, particularly for major international events. 6.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of tracks should not exceed 1: 100 and the overall inclination in the running direction shall not exceed 1: 1000 downwards. NOTE.-It is strongly recommended that in the case of all new tracks, the lateral inclination shall be towards the inside lane.

As the runners are permitted to leave their respective lanes on entering the back straight, the starting positions must care for two factors. First, the normal echelon allowance which would be applicable were the race to be of 200m starting at the same point on the track; secondly, an adjustment to the starting point in each lane to compensate for the runners in the outside lane having farther to go to reach the inside positioq on the track at the end of the back straight than those in the inside lanes. The following method of arriving at the starting position in each lane is recommended. (a) (b)

800 metres event 7.-In competitions held under Rule 12, 1 (a), (b) and (c), the 800 metres event shall be run in lanes as far as the end of the first bend the maximum number of available lanes being used. ' The starts shall be so staggered that the distance from start to finish shall be the same for each competitor. NOTE.-In international matches, countries may reach agreement not to use lanes.

(c)

(d)

SETTING OUT STARTS FOR 800 METRES WHERE THE FIRST CURVE IS RUN IN LANES

(e)

O.Jam

O.3Om

A FINISH LINE STARTS IN RESPECTIVE LANES

Mark B J in the inside lane at the point of entry into the back straight 0.3Om from the inside kerb. Fix point Y, which is the point in the outer lane in prolongation of the line A B J 0.20m from the inner line in the lane. Fix point C, which is the point on the path of the runner, namely 0.3Om from the inside kerb at which the back straight ends and the bend begins. With radius C B 1 describe an arc across the track B J X. This line must be flagged at each end with a flag set on a post at least 1.5Om high on each side of the track and with a line 0.05m wide across the track. This indicates to the runners that they may leave their lanes at this stage. For lanes 2 to 6 this point can be determined by the intersection of B 1 X and the path of the runner, which is 0.20 metres from the line marking the inside of his lane. The correct adjustment to the starting positions can now be determined in the following way.

The normal starting position in each lane for a 200 metre race must be advanced by the distance the points of denouement from the lanes, viz B2B3B4B5B6 are in advance of the line B 1 Y.

C POINT AT WHICH TANGENT FROM Y MEETS 0.30 METRE LINE IN INSIDE LANE H' .8 2 .8 2 ,8-,85.8-. POINTS OF DENouEMENT FROM LANES

. RULE 161

An indication of the distance by which the normal starting position in each lane must be advanced can be seen from the following calculations, where each lane is the standard width of 1.22 metres and the straight is 80 metres long: Lane 5 + 0.145m Lane 1 + zero Lane 6 + 0.224m Lane 2 + 0.007m Lane 3 + 0.034m Lane 7 + 0.325m Lane 4 + O.079m Lane 8 + O.444m

RULE 161

SETTING OUT STARTS AND CHANGE OVER AREAS FOR 4 x 200 METRES AND 4 x 400 METRES RELAY. WHERE ONE LAP PLUS ONE COMPLETE CURVE IS RUN IN LANES

8.-In the 4 x 200 metre and 4 x 400 metre Relays, the first full lap shall be covered in lanes. The second runner in the 4 x 400 relay and the third runner in the 4 x 200m relay shall keep in his lane until entry to the back straight. The distance from start to finish shall be measured in such a way that the competing teams shall all run the same distance of 4 x 200m or 4 x 4OOm. The following method should therefore be adopted to determine the echelon starting positions for the first runner in each team: Inside lane 51 .identical with Al. Lane 2 52 = A 2 plus normal stagger for 400 metres. 53 = A 3 plus normal stagger Lane 3 for 400 metres Lane 4 54 = A 4 plus normal stagger for 400 metres NOTE.- The positions A 2 , A 3, A 4, etc allow for the 200 metres stagger, plus the compensatory adjustments as set out in the Table shown in para. 7(e).

...-..

\UClliCy.

!! on c o.a. _ÂŤne..,.. . -. en c ... ....... ..... ......

ccncu,

9.-The central line of the first take-over zone can be determined by advancing the normal starting stagger in each lane for a 200 metre race by the distance the points of denouement from the lanes, viz, B 2 B 3 B 4 B S B 6 are in advance of the line B 1 Y. The take-over zone will be within two lines set out 10 metres either side of this central line in each lane. 10.-The take-over zones for the second and last take-overs (4 x 400 metres) will be the normal 10 metre lines either side of the start/finish line AA. 11.-The arc across the track at the entry to the back straight showing the positions at which the second stage runners (4 x 40001) and third stage runners (4 x 200m) are permitted to leave their respective lanes, shall be identical to the arc for the 800 metres event, described in Para. 7 (d). RULE 162 The Start and Finish I.-The start and the finish of a race shall be Qenoted by a line O.05m in width at right angles to the inner edge of the track. The distance of the race shall be measured from the edge of the starting line further from the finish, to the edge of the finish line nearer to the start.

RULE 161

100

101

RULES 161, 162

----

-----

Curved Start - Method of Setting out In all races not run in lanes the starting line shall be curved, so that wherever it occurs on the track, all the runners start the same distance from the finish. 6 lanes of 1.22m Assembly line

BB' + B' F' + C' F'

cc'

AF' =

0 0' + 0' F' lEE' + E' F' F F'

FP is the tangent from the position of the runner in the outside lane to the estimated path of the runner in the inside lane (O.30m from inner edge of track)

2.-AlI races shall be started by the actual report of a pistol or any similar apparatus fired upwards into the air, but not before all competitors are quite still on their marks. 3.-At all international meetings, the words of the Starter in his own tongue shall in races up to and including 400 metres (including 4 x 200m and 4 x 400 metres), be "On your marks", "Set", and when all competitors are "Set", the pistol shall be fired. In races longer than 400 metres, the words shall be "On your marks" and when all competitors are steady, the pistol shall be fired. 4.-If for any reason the Starter is not satisfied that all is ready for the start to proceed after the competitors are on their marks, he shall order all competitors to stand up and the Starter's assistants shall place them on the assembly line again. RULE 162

102

In all races up to and including 400m, where a crouch start must be used, both hands must be in contact with the ground wlien the is in the "Set" position. A competitor must not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with his hands or his feet when on his marks. 5.-0n the command "On your marks" or "Set" as the case may be all competitors shall at once and without delay assume their full and final set position. Failure to comply with this command after a reasonable time shall constitute a false start. If a competitor after the command "On your marks" disturbs the other competitors in the race through sound or otherwise, it may be considered a false start. 6.-If a competitor leaves his marks with hand or foot after the words "On your marks" or "Set" as the case may be (See Paragraph 3 above), and before the actual report of the pistol it shall be considered a false start. 7.-Any competitor making a false start must be warned. If a competitor is responsible for two false starts or three in the case of the Heptathlon or Decathlon, he shall be disqualified. 8.-The Starter or any Recaller, who is of the opinion that the start was not a fair one, shall recall the competitors by firing a pistol.

NOTE.-In practice, when one or more competitors makes a false start, others are inclined to follow and, strictly speaking, any competitor who does so follow has also made a false start. The Starter should warn only such competitor or competitors who, in his opinion, were responsible for the false start. This may result in more than one competitor being warned. If the unfair start is not due to any competitor, no warnings shall be given. Starting Blocks 9.-Starting blocks must be used for all races up to and including 400 metres (including the first leg of the 4 x 200m and 4 x 400m) and must not be used for any other race. When in position on the track, no part of the starting block must overlap the starting line or extend beyond the lane for that athlete. Starting blocks must comply with the following general specifications:(i) Starting blocks must be entirely rigid in construction and must give no unfair advantage to the athlete. 103

RULE 162

(ii) They must be fIxed to the track by a number of pins or

spikes, arranged to cause the minimum possible damage to the track. The arrangement must permit the starting blocks to be quickly and easily removed. The number, thickness and length of pins or spikes depends on the track construction. (Hi) When an athlete uses his own starting blocks, they shall

comply with paragraphs (i) and (ii) above. They may be of any design or construction, provided that they do not interfere with other athletes. (iv) When starting blocks are provided by the Organisers they shall in addition comply with the specifIcations of this paragraph (iv). The starting blocks shall consist of two foot plates, against which the athlete's feet are pressed in the starting position. The foot plates shall be mounted on a rigid frame, which shall in no way obstruct the athlete's feet as they leave the blocks. The foot plates shall be sloped to suit the starting position of the athlete, and may be flat or slightly curved Le. concave. The surface of the foot plates shall be prepared to accommodate the spikes in the athlete's shoes, either by using slots or recesses in the face of the foot plate, or by covering the surface of the foot plate with suitable material permitting the use of spiked shoes. The mounting of the foot plates on a rigid frame may be adjustable, but it must allow no movement during the actual start. In all cases, the foot plates shall be adjustable forward or backward in relation to each other. The adjustments must be secured by fIrm clamps or locking mechanism, which can be easily and quickly operated by the athlete. (v) Starting blocks may be fItted with approved false start detection apparatus for the assistance of Starters. 10.-In competitions held under Rule 12, paragraph l(a), (b), (c) and (d), competitors must use starting blocks provided by the organisers of the meeting. In all other competitions, except those held on all-weather tracks, competitors may use their own blocks. On all-weather tracks, the organisers may insist that only starting blocks provided by them may be used. RULE 162

104

The Finish 1 I.-Finish Posts. Two white posts, shall denote the extremities of the fInish line, and shall be placed at least 30 centimetres from the edge of the track. The fmish posts shall be of rigid construction of about lAm in height, 80mm in width and 20mm in thickness. 12.-The competitors shall be placed in the order in which any part of their bodies (Le. "torso" as distinguished from the head, neck, arms, le"gs, hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the fInish line as defIned above. 13.-In any race decided on the basis of the distance covered in a fixed period of time, the Starter shall fIre the pistol exactly one minute before the end of the race to warn competitors and judges that the race is nearing its end. The Starter shall be directed by the Chief Timekeeper, and at exactly the appropriate time after the start, he shall signal the end of the race by again fIring the pistol. At the moment the pistol is fIred to signal the end of the race, the Judges appointed for that purpose shall mark the exact spot where each competitor touched the track for the last time before or simultaneously with the fIring of the pistol. The distance achieved shall be measured to the nearest metre behind the rear edge of the last footprint of the competitor. One Judge at least must be assigned to each competitor before the start of the race for the purpose of marking the distance achieved.

NOTE.-Refer also to Rules 121 and 122 for the duties of the Starter, Recallers and Starter's Assistants.

RULE 163 Hurdle Races

I.-Distances. The following are the standard distances: MEN

WOMEN

110, 400 metres

100,400 metres

There shall be ten flights of hurdles in each lane, set out in accordance with the following table: 105

RULES 162, 163

MEN

Distance of race

Height of Hurdle

metres 110 400

metres 1.067 0.914

EXAMPLE OF APPROVED HURDLE (11Om H.)

Distance from scratch line to first hurdle

Distance between hurdles

Distance from last hurdle to finish line

metres 13.72 45

metres 9.14 35

metres 14.02 40

------------+

1200mm (max) E --41__ E 225mm (min) O

....

,..

T E E

o .... o

WOMEN

'lit

Distance of race

Height of Hurdle

metres 100 400

metres 0.840 0.762

Distance from scratch line to first hurdle

Distance between hurdles

Distance from last hurdle to finish line

metres 13 45

metres 8.5 35

metres 10.5 40

2.-Construction. The hurdles shall be made of metal or some other suitable material with the top bar of wood or other suitable material. They shall consist of two bases and two uprights supporting a rectangular frame, reinforced by one or more cross-bars, the uprights to be fIxed at the extreme end of each base. The hurdle shall be of such a design that a force at least equal to the weight of 3.6 kilograms applied to the centre of the top edge of the top bar is required to overturn it. The hurdle may be adjustable in height for each event. The counterweights must be adjustable so that at each height a force at least equal to the weight of 3.6 kilograms and not more than 4 kilograms is required to overturn it. NOTE.-To check the resisting force of hurdles a simple springbalance should be used by the application of pulling force to the centre of the top bar. Alternatively use a cord with a hook, applied to the centre of the top bar, take the cord along over a pulley fixed conveniently and load the other end of the cord with weights. RULE 163

106

TOP END ROUNDED

10-25mm-j

700mm (max)

o â&#x20AC;˘

700 mm(max)

107

-+ RULE 163

- - - .._. .--------=--

---_ --....

,. r--

3.-Measurements. The standard heights of the hurdles shall be: Women 100 metres 400metres

Men 110 metres 400 metres

0.84 metres 0.762 metres

1.067 metres 0.914 metres

The maximum width shall be 1.20 metres. The maximum length of the base shall be 0.70 metres. The total weight of the hurdles shall be not less than 10 kilograms. In each case there shall be a tolerance allowance of 3 millimetres above and below the standard heights, to allow for variation in the manufacture. 4.-The width of the top bar shall be 70 millimetres. The thickness of this bar should be between 10 and 25 millimetres and the top edges should be rounded. The bar should be fIrmly fIxed at the extremities. 5.-Finish. The top bar should be striped in black and white in such a manner that the white stripes appear at the end of each hurdle and that they shall be at least 225 millimetres in width. The hurdle shall be so placed on the track that the feet of the hurdles shall be on the side of the approach by the competitor. 6.-All races shall be run in lanes and each competitor shall keep to his own lane throughout. 7.-A competitor who trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle or jumps any hurdle not in his own lane or in the opinion of the Referee deliberately knocks down any hurdle by hand or foot shall be disqualifIed. 8.-Except as provided in paragraph 7 of this rule, the knocking down of hurdles shall not disqualify nor prevent a record being made. 9.-In establishing a World Record, a complete set of hurdles of the international type must have been used. RULE 163

108

RULE 164 Steeplechase I.-The standard distances shall be: 2000 metres and 3000 metres. NOTE.-2000 metres steeplechase isfor Junior events only. 2.-There shall be 28 hurd!e jumps and 7 water jumps included in the 3000 metres event, and 18 hurdle jumps and 5 water jumps in the 2000 metres event. 3.-For bot!) races the water jump shall be the fourth jump in each lap. If necessary the fInish line shall be moved to another part of the track. It is recommended that in the 2000 metres, the water jump be the second jump of the fIrst lap, and thereafter the fourth jump. NOTE.-Owing to the water jump having to be constructed on the arena inside or preferably outside the track, thereby lessening or _ lengthening the normal distance of the laps, it is not possible to lay down any rule specifying the exact length of the laps nor to state precisely the position of the water jump. It should be borne in mind that there must lle enough distance from the starting line to the first hurdle to prevent the competitors from overcrowding, and there should be approximately 68 metres from the last hurdle to the finish line. EXAMPLE: The following measurements are given as a guide and any adjustments necessary should be made by lengthening or shortening the distance ofthe starting point ofthe race. It is assumed that a lap of400 metres has been shortened or lengthened by up to 10 metres by constructing the water jump inside or outside the track. Lap of 390 metres Distance from start to beginning of 1st lap, to be run witbout jumps .•• 270 metres Distance from beginning of 1st IOm lap to 1st burdle From 1st to 2nd hurdle 78m From 2nd to 3rd burdle 78m From 3rd burdle to water jump 78m From water jump to 4th burdle .•• 78m From 4tb burdle to finisbing liue 68m

Lap of 410 metres 130 metres

IOm 82m 82m 82m 82m

72m

----7 laps of 390m = 2730 metres

7 laps ,of 410m = 2870 metres

3000 metres

4.-In the 3000 metres steeplechase the distance from the start to the beginning of the first lap shall not include any jumps, the hurdles 109

RULE 164

being removed until the competitors have entered the first lap. 5.-The hurdles shall be 0.914 metres high (3 ft.) with a tolerance of 3 millimetres above or below this height and shall be at least 3.96 metres (13 ft.) in width. The section of the top bar of the hurdles, and the hurdle at the water jump, shall be 127 millimetres (5 in.) square. The weight of each hurdle shall be between 80 kilograms and 100 kilograms. Each hurdle shall have on either side a base between 1.20 metres and 1.40 metres. (See Diagram). -1+

_ _._ _ 3._Hm_m_in_im_u_m O.3Om

1z7mm

TRACK SURFACE I

FIXED

HURDLE

0-911-

O-'17m

WATER lEVEL TRACK CONTINUED

SURFACE HDER WATER

--About 2'5

127mm â&#x20AC;˘ 127mm

O.30m

-r-----r-

;---t-

;;;

cS E

;;; cS

1.20m (min)l.40m(mox)

WATER JUMP For tracks not having a synthetic surface, the top of the :oncrete should be covered with matting or synthetic firmly fixed In place and of sufficient thickness in which the spikes or shoes will grip satisfactorily). (NOTE. -

The hurdle shall be placed on the track so that 0.30 metres of the top bar, measured from the inside edge of the track, will be inside the field. NOTE.-It is recommended that the first hurdle taken in the race should be at least 5. ()() metres in width. 6.-The water jump, including the hurdle, shall be 3.66 metres in length and width. The water shall be level with the track surface and at the hurdle end shall be 0.70 metres deep for a space of about 0.3 metres. From this point the bottom shall have a regular slope upwards to the level of the track at the farther end of the water jump. The hurdle shall be firmly fixed in front of the water and be of the same height as the others in the competition. 7.-Each competitor must go over or through the water and anyone who steps to the one side or other of the jump or trails his foot or leg alongside any hurdle shall be disqualified. He may jump or vault over each hurdle, or place a foot on each hurdle and on the hurdle at the water jump. RULE 164

110

RULE 165 Marathon Race (42 165 metres - 26 miles 385 yards) I.-The Marathon race shall be run on made-up roads; when traffic or similar circumstances make it unsuitable, the course, duly marked, may be on a bycyle or footpath alongside the road, but not on soft ground such as grass verges or the like. The start and finish may be within an athletic arena. NOTE. I.-It is desirable to have a course with a single turning point, or, alternatively, a single circuit. NOTE.-See Rule 45 (5) for measurement of course. 2.-A competitor must retire at once from the n:lce if ordered to do so by a member of the medical staff officially appointed and clearly identified by an armband. 3.-The distance in kilometres on the route shall be displayed to all competitors.

III

RULES 164, 165

-1"""

4.-Refreshments shall be provided by the Organisers of the Race at approximately 5 km and thereafter at approximately every 5 km. In addition, the organisers shall provide sponging points where water only shall be supplied, midway betweenÂˇ two refreshment stations. Refreshments which may either be provided by the organiser or by the athlete himself, shall be available at the stations nominated by the competitor. The refreshments shall be placed in such a manner that they are easily accessible for the competitors or so that they may be put into the hands of the competitors. A competitor taking refreshments at a place other than the refreshments points appointed by the organisers renders himself liable to disqualification. See also Rule 143 (2). 5.-The organisers of the Marathon Race must take care to ensure the safety of competitors. In the case of competitions staged under Rule 12, 1 (a), (b) and (c), the organisers must, where possible, give an assurance that the roads to be used for the Marathon will be closed in both directions Le. not open to motorised traffic. RULE 166 Relay Races I.-Lines 50mm wide shall be drawn across the track to mark the distances of the stages and to denote the scratch line. 2.-Lines 50mm wide also shall be drawn 10 metres before and after the scratch line to denote the take-over zone, within which lines the baton must be passed. These lines are to be included in the zonal measurements. In races up to 4 x 200 metres, members of a team other than the first runner may commence running not more than 10 metres outside the take-over zone. A distinctive mark shall be made in each lane to denote this extended limit. In 4 x 200 metres relay races, the first two stages, as well as that part of the third stage up to the exit from the first bend, will be run entirely in lanes. In 4 x 400 metres relay races, the first lap, as well as that part of the second lap up to the exit from the first bend, will be run entirely in lanes. (See pages lOO and 101) The competitors are free to take over any position on the track at the entrance to the following straight, which shall be marked with a flag set on a post at least 1.50 metres high on each side of the track, and with a line 50 millimetres wide across the track. RULES 165, 166

112

NOTE.-In the 4 x 400 metres relay, where not more than 3 teams are competing, it is recommended that only the first bend of the first lap should be run in lanes. 3.-Check Marks. When a relay race is being run in lanes, a competitor may make a check-mark on the track within his own lane, e.g. by scratching with his shoe, but may not place marking objects on or alongside the track. Where the track is of a material which will not permit scratching with a shoe, some material supplied by the organisers may Âˇbe used, at the discretion of the judge. 4.-The Baton. The baton must be carried in the hand throughout the race. If dropped, it must be recovered by the athlete who dropped it. In all relay races the baton must be passed within the take-over zone. The passing of the baton is completed at the moment it is in the . hand of the receiving runner only. Within the take-over zone, it is only the position of the baton which is decisive, and not the position of the body or limbs of the competitors. Construction. The baton shall be a smooth hollow tube circular in section, made of wood or metal or any other rigid material in one piece, the length of which shall not be more than 300mm and not less than 28Omm. The circumference shall be 120mm to 130mm and it shall not weight less than 50 grams. NOTE.- The baton should be coloured so as to be easily visible during the race.

5.-The position of the teams at the start of the race shall be drawn, and shall be retained at each take-over zone. After lanes shall have ceased to be used, waiting runners can move to an inner position on the track as incoming team-mates arrive, provided this can be done without fouling. 6.-In events where the first part of the race is run in lanes, competitors, after completing this part, are free to take up any position on the track. 7.-Competitors after handing over the baton should remain in their lanes or zones until the course is clear, to avoid obstruction to other competitors. Should any competitor wilfully impede a member of another team by running out of position or lane at the finish of the stage, he is liable to cause the disqualification of his own team. 113

RULE 166

- - - - - - ---

---

8.-Assistance by pushing-off or by any other method will cause disqualification. 9.-0nce a relay team has started in a competition, only two (2) additional athletes may be used as substitutes in the composition of the team for subsequent rounds. Substitutions may only be made from the list of athletes already entered for the meeting whether for that event or any other event.

(d) By scoring the lowest aggregate of the times recorded by the

scoring members. 6.-If two or more competitors tie for any place the points for the places concerned shall be aggregated and divided equally among the competitors so tying. 7.-In case of a tie on points, the team whose last scoring member finished nearest to first place shall be the winning team. RULE 168 Cross-Country Races

RULE 167 Team Races I.-In team races the maximum number of starters comprising a team and the number of competitors whose positions are to count shall be stated in the programme. 2.-Stations shall be drawn and the members of each team shall be lined up behind each other at the start of the race. 3.-If necessary, preliminary rounds may be held. 4.-The composition of a team must not be changed after a heat has been run. With the approval of the Referee however it may be permitted in the case of an injury or illness certified by the medical officer appointed for the Meeting to be such as to make It unwise for the competitor to run. Only competitors finishing the full distance are eligible to compete in the final. 5.-The method of scoring shall be optional and may be anyone of the following: (a) By scoring the least number of points, according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The positions of the non-scoring members of a team shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams, but when a team fails to finish the requisite number to score, it shall be eliminated; or (b) By scoring the least number of points according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The positions of the non-scoring members of a team, whether it finishes all its members or not, shall be scored in computing the scores of other teams; or (c) By scoring the least number of points according to the positions in which the scoring members of a team finish. The finishing positions of the non-scoring members of a team, and the members of a team which fails to finish the requisite number to score, shall be eliminated; or RULES 166, 167

114

General:Owing to the extremely varying circumstances in which crosscountry running is practised throughout the world, especially in regard to different seasons, climatic conditions and distances, it is impossible to lay down any rigid legislation for international _standardisation of this sport. The following rules, however, are intended as a guide and incentive to assist countries to develop cross-country running both as a sport in itself and as a training adjunct to track and field events. Except where stated, the rules should also apply to women's events. I.-Season. The cross-country season should normally extend throughout the winter months after the close of the track and field season. 2.-The Course. For championship and international events: (a) The race shall be run over a course confined, as far as possible, to open country, fields, heathland, commons and grasslands. A limited amount of ploughed land may be included. If the course passes through woodland without any clearly defined path or track, it must be clearly marked for the runners. The traversing of roads of any description should be limited to the minimum. (b) The course for championship events must be clearly marked, preferably with red flags on the left and white flags on the right, all of which must be visible from a distance of 125 metres. In all other respects, the appropriate rules governing track competitions shall be followed. (c) When laying out the course, very high obstacles should be avoided, so should deep ditches, dangerous ascents or descents, thick undergrowth and, in general, any obstacle which would constitute a difficulty beyond the aim of the competition. 115

RULES 167, 168

----

r .,...

---

4.-Distances (a) For Seniors the distance should not be less than 7 kilometres, . nor more than 14 kilometres:

For Juniors not less than 5 kilometres, nor more than 10 kilometres; For Women not less than 2 kilometres, nor more than 5 kilometres; (b) In International races, the Senior race should be approximately 12 kilometres, the Junior race approximately 8 kilometres and the Women's race approximately 4 kilometres. NOTE.-Federations are advised to increase month by month the competition distances for the various categories. 5.-Teams and Reserves. The regulations for Teams. Reserves and number of runners to score will differ from competition to competition. The LA.A.F. Cross Country Team Championships ruling on this subject, however, which may be adopted as a standard guide, is as follows: "For the Senior race, teams of not more than 12 competitors can be entered. Not less than six nor more than nine of these shall be allowed to start in the race of which six will score. For the Women's and Junior races, teams of not less than four nor more than eight competitors can be entered. Not more than six shall be allowed to start in the race of which four will score." Except in international races, it may be possible to accept entries from individuals. In the same way, members of depleted teams, who on the day are unable to field the necessary scoring number, could also be allowed to compete as individuals. 6.-The Start. The races shall be started by the firing of a pistol. The standard commands for distance events shall be used. In races which include a large number of competitors, a fiveminute warning before the start of the race should be given, with additional warnings if required. 7.-No competitor in cross-country events is allowed to receive assistance or refreshment from any person during the progress of the race. 8.-Scoring. (a) At the conclusion of a race the Judges shall decide the respective places of the scoring competitors of each competing team, add these together and the team having the lowest aggregate shall be declared the winners. (b) In assessing the aggregate, the finishing positions of any individual runners may be eliminated and subsequent finishing positions adjusted accordingly, but with large fields this is not recommended.

116

117

It is preferable that artificial obstacles should not be used, but if the scope of the promotion renders them unavoidable, they should be made to simulate natural obstacles met within open country. In cases where there is a large number of competitors, narrow gaps or other hindrances which would deny to the competitors an unhampered run must be avoided for the first 1500 metres. (d) The course must be measured and the distance declared at

the time invitations are extended. The opportunity should also be taken to include a brief description of the course. (e)

The responsibility for providing a proper course and its marking by flags, details of which should appear in the programme, rests with the promoting body, who should appoint clerks of the course, umpires and pointsmen at intricate parts of the course to direct competitors and see that they keep to the proper course.

NOTE.-For events other than international competitions, the foregoing regulations governing the course may be modified according to local Circumstances. 3.-It is recommended that competitors be placed in age categories. The following categories are those in force for the annual LA.A.F. Cross Country Team Championships:(1) Seniors:

Any male athlete of 16 years of age and over on the day of the race.

(2) Juniors:

A male athlete under the age of 20 years on the 31st December in the year of the race.

(3) Women:

Any female athlete 15 years and over on the day of the race.

(4) Junior Women:

Any female athlete under the age of 18 years on 31st December in the year of the race and not younger than 14 years of age on the day of the race.

RULE 168

- - - ---

Jf_'I"

In the event of a tie it shall be resolved in of the team whose last scoring member finishes nearer the flrst place. 9.-0fficials. The following officials to be necessary for international events, but orgamsers are at hberty to vary these where local circumstances require. Referee Timekeeper Judge Timekeeper's recorder Judge's stewards Chief Funnel Judge Starter Funnel Controller Competitor's stewards Funnel Judge and recorder Technical Manager Funnel stewards Umpires and Pointsmen Disc distributors Press steward Disc area stewards Prize steward Result recorder(s) (c)

NOTE.-I.A.A.F. Cross Country Team Championships:-F?r the organisation of the above competitions held a".nually, to which all been I.A.A.F. members are invited, separate techmcal rules approved by the Cross Country and Road Running Committee and published by the I.A.A.F. Bureau.

RULE 168

118

SECTION IV JUMPING EVENTS RULE 171 mgh Jump Competition Rules I.-The competitor must take-off from one foot. 2.-A competitor fails if he: (a) knocksÂˇ the bar off the supports. (b) touches the ground including the landing area beyond the plane of the uprights either between or outside the uprights, with any part of the body, without first clearing the bar. NOTE.-If a jumper when he jumps touches the landing area with his foot and in the opinion of the Judge no advantage is gained, the jump should not for that reason be considered a failure. 3.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. See also Rule 142(7). 4.-0nce a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the runway or take-off area for practice purposes. Before the beginning of the competition, the Judges shall announce to the competitors the starting height and the different heights to which the bar will be raised at the end of each round until there is only one competitor remaining in the competition, or there is a tie (See Rule 146). Until there is only one competitor remaining or there is a tie, the bar should never be raised by less than 2 cm after each round. In Combined Events the raising shall be uniformly 3 cm throughout the competition. 5.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps, including jumps taken in a jump-off of a first place tie. 6.-A competitor may commence jumping at any height above the minimum height and may jump at his own discretion at any subsequent height. Three consecutive failures, regardless of the height at which any of such failures occur, disqualify from further jumping, except in the case of a tie. (See Rule 146). NOTE.-The effect of this rule is that a competitor may forgo his second or third trial at a particular height (after failing first or second time) and still jump at a subsequent height. If a competitor forgoes a trial at a certain height, he may not make any subsequent attempt at that height, except in the case ofa tie. (See Rule 146). 119

RULE 17.

,. ..... 7.-Any measurement of a new height shall be made before competitors attempt such height. In all cases of records the Judges must check the measurements after the height has been cleared. NOTE.-Judges should ensure, before starting the competition, that the underside andfront of the cross-bar are distinguishable, and that the bar is always replaced with the same surface uppermost and the same surface to the front. 8.-Even after all the other competitors have failed, a competitor is entitled to continue jumping until he has forfeited his right to compete further. After the competitor has won the competition, the height or heights to which the bar is raised shall be decided after the Judge or Referee in charge of that event has consulted the wishes of the competitor. NOTE.- This does not apply for Combined Events. 9.-The uprights or posts shall not be moved during the competition unless the Referee considers the take-off or landing area has been unsuitable. In such a case the change shall be made only after a round has been completed. , . 1O.-Marks. A competitor may place marks (supplied by the Organising COlILmittee) to assist him in his run-up and take-of: a small handkerchief or similar object on the cross-bar for sIghtmg purposes. The Runway and Take-off Area 11.-The maximum length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length of the runway shall be 15 metres except in competitions held under Rule 12, paragraph l(a), (b) and (c), where it shall be 20 metres. Where conditions permit, the minimum length shall be at least 25 metres. 12.-The take-off area must be level. If portable mats are used, all references in the Rules to the level of the take-off area must be construed as referring to the level of the top of the surface of the mat. B.-The maximum overall inclination of the runway and take-off area shall not exceed 1:250 in the direction of the centre of the crossbar.

They shall have supports for the cross-bar firmly fixed to them. They shall be sufficiently tall as to exceed the maximum height to which the cross-bar can be raised by at least 100 millimetres. The distance between the uprights shall not be less than 4.00 metres nor more than 4.04 metres. 15.-Cross-bar. The cross-bar shall be of wood, metal or other suitable material, circular in 'cross-section. The length of the cross-bar shall be between 3.98 metres and 4.02 metres. The maximum weight of the cross-bar shall be 2.0kg. The diameter of the cross-bar shall be at least 25mm but not more than 3Omm. The ends of the bar shall be constructed in such a way that a flat surface of 25-3Omm x 15Omm-200mm is obtained for the purpose of placing the bar on the supports. Those parts of the bar which rest on the supports shall be smooth. They may not be covered with rubber or any other material which has the effect of increasing the friction betwen them and the supports. NOTE. - The new rule excluding the triangular cross-bar shall come into force on 1st Apri/1983 for meetings under Rule 12, paragraph 1 (a) to (f) and fat all other meetings on 1st April 1985. 16.-Supportsfor Cross-bar. The supports for the cross-bars shall be flat and rectangular, 40 millimetres wide and 60 millimetres long.

Crossbar

10mm OEJ.omm Support for

Uprights

I End of Crossbar

Crossbar

['>]'\. \

'30mm

Alternative Ends for

Apparatus

LJ +-25-30-l mm l Bar

14.-Uprights. Any style or kind of uprights or posts may be used, provided they are rigid.

HIGH JUMP UPRIGHTS AND CROSS-BAR

120

121

RULE 171

They must be firmly fixed to the uprights during the jump and shall each face the opposite upright. The ends of the cross-bar shall rest on them in such a manner that if the cross-bar is touched by a competitor, it will easily fall to the ground, either forwards or backwards. The supports may not be covered with rubber or with any other material which has the effect of increasing the friction between the surfaces of the cross-bar and the supports. Nor may they have any kind of springs. 17.-There shall be a space of at least 10 millimetres between the ends of the cross-bar and the uprights. 18.-The landing area should measure not less than 5 metres x 3 metres. NOTE.-The uprights and landing area should be also designed that there is a clearance ofat least IOcm between them when in use to avoid displacement of the cross-bar through a movement of the landing area causing contact with the uprights.

Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. See also Rule 142 (7).

2.-Before the competition begins, the Judges shall announce to the competitors the commencing height and the different heights to which the bar will be raised at the end of each round, until there is only one competitor remaining in the competition or there is a tie. (See Rule 146). Until there is only one competitor remaining, or there is a tie, the bar should never be raised by less than 5 cm after each round. In Combined Events the increase in height should be uniformly 10 cm throughout competition. 3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his vaults, including vaults taken in a jump-off of a first place tie. 4.-A competitor may commence vaulting at any height above the minimum height and may vault at his own discretion at any subsequent height. Three consecutive failures (See Para. 9) regardless of the height at which any of such failures occur, disqualify from further vaulting. NOTE.-The effect of this rule is that a competitor may forgo his second or third vaults at a particular height (after failing first or second time) and still jump at a subsequent height. If a competitor forgoes a trial at a certain height, he may not make any subsequent attempts at that height, except in the caSe of a first place tie (See Rule 146). 5.-Any measurement of a new height shall be made before competitors attempt such height. In all cases of records the Judges must check the measurements after the height has been cleared. NOTE.-Judges should ensure, before starting the competition, that the underside andfront of the cross-bar are distinguishable, and that the bar is always replaced with the same surface uppermost and the same surface to the front. 6.-Even after all the other competitors have failed a competitor is entitled to continue vaulting until he has forfeited his right to compete further. After the competitor has won the competition, the height or heights to which the bar is raised shall be decided after the Judge or Referee in charge of that event has consulted the wishes of the competitor. NOTE.-This does not apply for Combined Events. 7.-Any competitor may have the uprights moved in either direction but they may not be moved more than 0.60 metres from the prolongation of the inside edge of the top of the stopboard.

122

123

5 m

PLAN OF A SUITABLE HIGH JUMP LANDING AREA

3 m

Abo ut. O:l-f4 I!L. . . - - - A b out 3Âˇ5 m-----;?!

RULE 172 Pole Vault

RULES 171, 172

RULE 172

---,---

------

NOTE.-A white line lcm wide may be drawn at right angles to the axis of the runway, at the level of the inside edge of the top of the box. This line shall be prolonged as far as the outside edge of the uprights. B.-Competitors are permitted during the competition to place a substance on their hands or on the pole, in order to obtain a better grip. The use of tape on the hands or fingers shall not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open wound. 9.-A competitor fails if he: (a) knocks the bar off the supports; or (b) touches the ground, including the landing area beyond the vertical plane through the upper part of the stopboard with any part of his body or with the pole, without first clearing the bar; or (c) after leaving the ground places his lower hand above the upper one or moves the upper hand higher on the pole; or (d) before taking off touches, with any part of his body or with the pole, the' ground including the landing area beyond the vertical plane of the upper part of the stopboard. 1O.-If in making an attempt the competitor's pole is broken, it shall not be counted as a failure. 11.-No one shall be allowed to touch the 'pole unless it is falling away from the bar or uprights. If it is touched, however, and the Referee is of the opinion that, but for the intervention, the bar would have been knocked off, the vault shall be recorded as a failure.

Vaulting Poles 12.-Competitors may use their own poles. No competitor shall be allowed to use any of the private poles except with the consent of the owner. The pole may be of any material or combination of materials and of any length or diameter, but the basic surface must be smooth. The pole may have a binding only of not more than two layers of adhesive tape of uniform thicknesss. This restriction does not however apply to binding the bottom end of the pole with protective layers of tape for a distance of about 0.30 metres to reduce the risk of damaging the pole when striking the back of the box. RULE 172

124

The Runway, Take-off and Landing Area 13.-The length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length provided for the runway shall be 40 metres. The runway shall have the minimum width of 1.22m. NOTE.-Where conditions permit, the runway should not be shorter than 45 metres. 14.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runway should not exceed 1: 100 and the overall inclination in the running direction 1: 1000. l5.-No marks shall be placed on the runway, but a competitor may place marks (supplied by the Organising Committee) alongside the runway. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use runways for practice purposes. 16.-The take-off for the Pole Vault shall be from a box made of some suitable rigid material and which shall be sunk level with the ground. (See paragraph 21). 17.-The landing area should measure not less than 5 x 5 metres. 5Âˇ0m

5Âˇ0m

Plan ofa Suitable Landing Area

about

1Âˇ3m

Apparatus lB.-Uprights. Any style or kind of uprights or posts may be used, provided they are rigid. The distance between the uprights or between the extension arms where such are used, (See para. 20 Note) shall be less than 4.3.0 metres or more than 4.37 metres wide. (See para. 19). 19.-Cross-bar. The cross-bar shall be of wood, metal or other suitable material, circular in cross-section. 125

RULE 172

------- - - -

75mm

NOTE.- To lessen the chance of injury of a competitor by his falling on the feet of the uprights, as an alternative to the above, the pegs supporting the cross-bar may be placed upon extension arms permanently attached to the uprights, thus allowing the uprights to be placed wider apart, without increasing the length of the cross-bar. (See diagram).

irl

13mm MAXIMUM DIAMETER OR W10TH

mm==-:,) J ALTERNATIVE POLE VAULT SUPPORTS

fOl/Steel Lining for It.

I :

FRONT VIew

SIDE VIew

I I

POLE VAULT EXTENSION ARMS

PLAN

The length of the cross-bar shall be between 4.48 metres and 4.52 metres. The maximum weight of the cross-bar shall be 2.25kg. The diameter of the cross-bar shall be at least 25mm but not more than 30mm. The ends of the bar shall be constructed in such a way that a flat surface of 25-3Omm x 150mm - 200mm is obtained for the purpose of placing the bar on the supports. Those parts of the bar which rest on the supports shall be. They may not be covered with rubber or any other matenal whIch has the effect of increasing the friction. NOTE.- The new rule excluding the triangular cross-bar shall come into force on 1st April 1983 for meetings under Rule 12, 1 (a) to (f) and for all other meetings on 1st April 1985. 20.-Supports for cross-bar. Pegs shall be used to support. the cross-bar and shall be without notches or indentations of any kmd, of uniform thickness throughout and not more than 13 millimetres diameter. They must not exceed more than 75 millimetres from the uprights, and the cross-bar shall rest on them so that if it is by a competitor or his pole, it will fall easily to the ground m the direction of the landing area. The pegs may not be covered with rubber or with any other material which has the effect of increasing the friction between them and the surface of the bar. RULE 172

151 40.

Wooden Box

126

Abou!/'.

VIEW

=::::;d!

. 1'" mm ----=::::::::: '0 " - _ ......

224

105"

Le"e,

2 It

VERTICAL SECTION

POLE VAULT BOX

21.-Box. This shall be constructed of some suitable rigid material, sunk level with the ground and shall be 1 metre in length, measured along the inside of the bottom of the box, 600 millimetres in width at the front end and tapering to 150 millimetres in width at the bottom of the stopboard. The length of the box at ground level and the depth of the stopboard will depend upon the angle formed between the base and stopboard which shall be 105 0 â&#x20AC;˘ The base of the box shall slope from ground level at the front end to a vertical distance below ground level of 200 millimetres at the point where it meets the stopboard. The box should be constructed in such a 127

RULE 172

manner that the sides slop outwards and end next to the stopboard at an angle of approximately 120" to the base. If the box is constructed of wood, the bottom shall be lined with 2.5 millimetres sheet metal for a distance of 800 miliimetres from the front of the box.

RULE 173 Long Jump

Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. See also Rule 142 (7). 2.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps. 3.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials and the eight competitors with the best jumps shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie* for eighth place, any competitor so tying shall be allowed the three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six trials. (See also Rule 140 (2). *Tying means, in this connection, clearing the same distance, and Rule 146 (3) should not therefore be applied.

Failures 4.-It shall be counted as a failure if any competitor (a) touches the ground beyond the take-off line with any part of the body, whether running up without jumping or in the act of jumping. To assist in judging, a plasticine indicator board should be provided behind the take-off board - See Paragraph 14; (b) takes off from outside either end of the board, whether beyond or behind the take-off line extended; (c) in the course of landing, touches the ground outside the landing area nearer to the take-off than the nearest break in the landing area made by the jump; (d) after a completed jump, walks back through the landing area; (e) employs any form of somersaulting. 5.-If a competitor takes off before reaching the board it shall not for that reason be counted as a failure. RULES 172, 173

128

The Runway 6.-The runway shall have a minimum width of 1.22 metres. The length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length provided for the runway shall be 40 metres. NOTE.- Where conditions permit the runway should not be shorter than 45 metres. 7.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runways shall not exceed 1: 100 and the overall inclination in the running direction 1: 1000. 8.-No marks shall be placed on the runway, but a competitor may place marks (supplied by the Organising Committee) alongside the runway. No marks shall be placed in the landing area. 9.-0nce a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the competition runway for practice purposes. Take-off Board 10.-The take-off shall be marked by a board sunk level with the runway and the surface of the landing area. The edge of the board which is nearer to the landing area shall be called the take-off line. Immediately beyond the take-off line there shall be placed a board of plasticine or other suitable material for recording the athlete's footprint when he has foot-faulted. If it is not possible to install the above apparatus the following method should be adopted: immediately in front of the take-off line and across all the length of it over a width of 100 millimetres the grpund shall be sprinkled with soft earth or sand, at an angle of 30Â° to the horizontal. 11.-The distance between the take-off board and the end of the landing area shall be at least 10 metres. 12.-The take-off board shall be not less than 1 metre from the edge of the landing area. l3.-Construction. The take-off board shall be made of wood or some other suitable rigid material and shall measure 1.21m to 1.22m long, 198mm to 202mm wide and maximum lOOmm deep. It shall be painted white. 14.-Plasticine Indicator Board. This shall consist of a rigid board, 98mm-102mm wide and 1.21m-1.22m long, covered with plasticine or other suitable material on the top surface. The surface shall rise from the level of the take-off board at an angle of 30Â° in the direction of the running to a maximum height above the take-off board of 7mm. The board shall be mounted in a recess or shelf in the 129

RULE 173

runway, on the side of the take-off board nearer the landing area. When mounted in this recess, the whole assembly must be sufficiently rigid to accept the full force of the athlete's foot. The surface of the board beneath the plasticine shall be of a material in which the spikes of an athlete's shoe will grip and not skid. The layer of plasticine can be smoothed off by means of a roller or suitably shaped scraper for the purposes of removing the footprints of the competitors. NOTE.-It will be found very helpful to have spare plasticine boards available, so that while the footprint is being eliminated the competitors are not delayed.

Measuring 16.-All jumps shall be measured from the nearest break in the landing area made by any part of the body or limbs to the take-off line, or take-off line extended. The measurement must be taken perpendicular to the take-off line or its extension. CONTROL OF SAND LEVEL IN LONG AND TRIPLE JUMP

min_4

19. mm 202 mm

min

1I2mm max

----->030'

max

;

1mm

iit' .. :...[.

Take Off Board

,eomm ma.

PIAstici ne Indicator Board

l7.-In order to ensure the correct of any jump, it is essential that the surface of the sand in he landing area should be accurately controlled so as to be level wi the top of the take-off board. An apprQved apparatus for this purpose is illustrated above.

TAKE-OFF BOARD AND PLASTICINE INDICATOR

Landing Area 15.-The landing area shall have a minimum width of 2.75 metres and the runway shall, if possible, be SO placed that the middle of the runway when extended coincides with the middle of the landing area. NOTE.- When the axis of the runway is not in line with the centre line of the landing area (see diagram), this shall be achieved by placing a tape which shall de-limit a landing area which has the same width on either side of the central axis of the runway prolonged.

-CL

Tape Dividing Line

CENTRALISED LJ/TJ LANDING AREA

RULE 173

130

RULE 174 Triple Jump Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. (See also Rule 142 (7)). 2.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps. 3.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials and the eight competitors with the best jumps shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie for eighth place, any competitor so tying shall be allowed the three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six trials. NOTE.-Tying means, in this connection, clearing the same distance, and Rule 146 (3) should not therefore be applied. 4.-The hop shall be made so that the competitor lands fIrst upon the same foot as that from which he has taken off; in the steQ he shall land on the other foot, from which subsequently the jumÂŁ is performed. . 131

RULES 173, 174

Failures 5.-If the competitor while jumping touches the ground with the "sleeping" leg it shall be considered as a failure. 6.-ln all other respects the rules defining a failure for the Long Jump shall apply. (See Rule 173 para 4 and para 5). The Runway 7.-The runway shall have a minimum width of 1.22 metres. The length of the runway is unlimited. The minimum length provided for the runway shall be 40 metres.

NOTE.-Where conditions permit the runway should not be shorter than 45 metres. 8.-The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runway should not exceed 1: 100 and the overall inclination in the running direction 1: 1000. 9.-No marks shall be placed on the runway, but a competitor may place marks (supplied by the Organising Committee) alongside the runway. No marks shall be placed in the landing area. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use runways for purposes. Take-off Board 10. - The take-off shall be marked by a board sunk level with the runway and the surface of the landing area, and placed at least 13 metres from the landing area. The edge of the board which is nearer to the landing area shall be called the take-off line. Immediately beyond the take-off line, there shall be placed a board of plasticine or other suitable material for recording the athlete's footprints when he has foot-faulted. If it is not possible to install the above apparatus, the following method should be adopted: immediately in front of the take-off line and across all the length of it over a width of 100 millimetres the ground shall be sprinkled with soft earth or sand, at an angle of 30 0 to the horizontal. 11.-The distance between the take-off board and the end of the landing area shall be at least 21 metres. 12.-The take-off board shall be not less than 13 metres from the edge of the landing area. 13.-Construction. The take-off board shall be made of wood or some other suitable rigid material and shall measure 1.21m to 1.22m long, 198mm to 202mm wide and maximum l00mm deep. It shall be painted white. RULE 174

132

14.-Plasticine Indicator This shall consist of a rigid board, 98mm-102mm wide and 1.21m-1.22m long, covered with plasticine or other suitable material on the top surface. The surface shall rise from the level of the take-off board at an angle of 30 0 in the direction of the running to a maximum height above the take-off board of 7mm. The board shall be mounted in a recess or shelf in the runway, on the side of the take-off board nearer the landing area. When mounted in this recess, the whole assembly must be sufficiently rigid to accept the full force of the athlete's foot. The surface' of the board beneath the plasticine shall be of a material in which the spikes of an athlete's shoes will grip and not skid. The layer of plasticine can be smoothed off by means of a roller or suitably shaped scraper for the purpose of removing the footprints of the competitors. NOTE.-It will be found very helpful to have spare plasticine boards available, so that while the footprint is being eliminated the competitors are not delayed.

11Zmm max

7mm

i .... _.:... L Take 011 Board

3mm

l"L __

min

100mm

Plastici ne Indicator Board

TAKE OFF BOARD AND PLASTICINE INDICATOR

Landing Area 15.-The landing area shall have a minimum width of 2.75 metres and the runway shall, if possible, be so placed that the middle of the runway when extended coincides with the middle of the landing area. 133

RULE 174

SECTION V -CL

THROWING EVENTS

RULE 181 Putting the Shot CENTRALISED LJ/TJ LANDING AREA NOTE.- When the axis of the runway is not in line with the centre line of the landing area (see diagram above), this shall be achieved by placing a tape which shall de-limit a landing area which has the same width on either side of the central axis of the runway prolonged.

17.-In order to ensure the correct measuring of any jump, it is essential that the surface of the sand in the landing area should be accurately controlled so as to be level with the top of the take-off board. An approved apparatus for this purpose is illustrated above.

RULE 174

134

CompetitoR Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. (See also Rule 142 (7)). 2.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and the eight competitors with the best performances shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie for eighth place, any competitor so tying shall be allowed three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each - competitor shall be allowed six trials. (See also Rule 140 (2)). NOTE.-Tying means, in this connection, achieving the same distance, and Rule 146 (3) should not therefore be applied. At the competition ground, each competitor may, if possible, have two practice trials but no more. These should be made in order of the draw, and competitors called by name under the supervision of the Judges. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the circle or ground within the sector for practice trials, with or without implements. 3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his puts. 4.-The put shall be made from a circle. At the middle of the circumference, in the front half of the circle, a stop board shall be placed firmly fastened to the ground. The putting area shall consist of cinders or grass or some suitable material on which the shot makes an imprint. 5.-A competitor must commence the throw from a stationary position inside the circle. The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only. At the time the competitor takes a stance in the ring to commence a put, the shot shall touch or be in close proximity to the chin and the hand shall not be dropped below this position during the action of putting. The shot must not be brought behind the line of the shoulders. 6.-A competitor is allowed to touch the inside of the iron band and of the stop board. 135

RULE 181

----------

-----

- -. .

It shall be a foul throw and not allowed to count if the competitor, after he has stepped into the circle and begun to make a throw, touches with any part of his body the ground outside the circle, the top of the iron band, stop-board or circle or improperly releases the shot in making any attempt. Provided that in the course of a trial the foregoing rules have not been infringed, a competitor may interrupt a trial once started, may lay his implement down, and may leave the circle before returning to a stationary position and beginning a fresh trial. 7.-The competitor must not leave the circle until the implement has touched the ground. When leaving the circle, the first contact with the top of the iron band or the ground outside the circle must be completely behind the white line which is drawn outside the circle running theoretically through the centre of the circle. See paragraph l8-Construction of a shot circle. 8.-For a valid trial, the shot must fall so that the nearest mark made by the fall of the shot is within the inner edges of lines 0.05 metres wide, marking a sector of 40 0 set out on the ground so that the radii lines cross at the centre of the circle. The ends of the lines marking the sector should be marked with sector flags. NOTE. 1- The sector flag should be entirely of metal. It should be rectangular in shape, measure approximately 0.2m x OAm, and be not less than 0.6 metres in length, above ther ground. The standard should be approximately 8mm in diameter. 2- The 40 0 sector may be laid out accurately and conveniently by making the distance between the two points on the sector lines 20m from the centre of the circle exactly l3.68m apart. NOTE.

9.-The maximum allowance for the overall downward inclination in the throwing direction of the putting area shall not exceed 1: 1000. 10.-The measurement of each put shall be made immediately after the put from the nearest mark made by the fall of the shot, to the inside of the circumference of the circle, along a line from the mark made by the shot to the centre of the circle. 11.-A distinctive flag or disc shall be provided to mark the existing World Record and when appropriate the existing national record. RULE 181

136

12.-At competitions held under Rule 12, l(a), (b) and (c), only implements provided by the Organisers may be used, and no modification can be made to them during the competition. No competitor shall be permitted to take any implement into the arena. At meetings between two or more Members, competitors may use their own implements, provided these are checked and marked as approved by the Organisers before the competition and made available to all competitors. . 13.(a).-No device of any kind - e.g. the taping of two or more fingers together - which in any way assists a competitor when making a put, shall be allowed. The use of tape on the hand shall not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open cut or wound. (b) The use of gloves is not allowed. (c) In order to obtain a better grip, competitors are permitted to use a suitable substance on their hands only. (d) In order to protect the spine from injury, a competitor may wear a belt of leather or some other suitable material. 14.-A competitor may not spray or spread any substance in the circle nor on his shoes. 15.-After a put has been completed, the shot must be carried back to the circle and never thrown back. Construction of Shot 16.-The shot shall be of solid iron, brass or any metal not softer than brass, or a shell of such metal filled with lead or other material. It must be spherical in shape and the surface must be smooth. 17.-It shall conform to the following specifications:

Shot

Men

Women

Weight Minimum for acceptance of a record

7.260 kg

4.000 kg

Range for supply of equipment for competition

7.265 kg7.285 kg

4.005 kg4.025 kg

Continued on page 138. 137

RULE 181

--_._--

Continued from page 137. Shot

Men

Women

IIOmm 130mm

95mm IIOmm

Diameter Minimum Maximum

Construction of Shot Circle 18.-Construction. Circles shall be made of band iron, steel or other suitable material, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside. The interior of the circle may be constructed of concrete, asphalt or some other firm but not slippery material. The surface of this interior shall be level and 20mm (Âą6mm) lower than the upper edge of the rim of the circle. A portable circle meeting with these specifications is permissible. A white line 50mm wide shall be drawn from the top of the metal rim extending for at least O.75m on either side of the circle. It may be made of paint, wood or other suitable material. The rear edge of the white line shall form a prolongation of a theoretical line at right angles to the centre line of the throwing sector the rear edge of which passes through the centre of the circle.

19.-Measurements. The inside diameter of the circle shall measure 2.135m (Âą 5mm). The rim of the circle shall be at least 6 millimetres in thickness and shall be painted white. Stop Board

20.-Construction. The bo.ard shall be made of wood or some other suitable material in the shape of an arc so that the inner edge coincides with the inner edge of the circle, also so made that it can be firmly fixed to the ground. 21.-Measurements. The board shall measure 1.21m to 1.23m long on the inside, 112mm to 116mm wide and 98mm to I02mm high in relation to the level of the inside of the circle. 22.-Finish. The board shall be painted white. --

11-

Surface of Circle

,.. -

102

miIH Stop

Board

U-ZI mm

Ground Level - - - ----J

RULE 182 Throwing the Discus Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. (See also Rule 142 (7)). 2.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and the eight competitors with the best performances shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie for eighth place, any competitor so tying shall be allowed three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six trials. (See also Rule 140 (2)). LAYOUT OF SHOT CIRCLE

RULE 181

138

NOTE. - Tying means, in this connection, achieving the same distance, and Rule 146 (3) should not therefore be applied.

139

RULES 181, 182

At the competiton ground, each competitor may, if possible, have two practice trials but no more. These should be made in order of the draw, and competitors called by name under the supervision of the judges. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the circle or ground within the sector for practice trials, with or without implements. 3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his throws. 4.-The discus shall be thrown from a circle. The competitor must commence the throw from a stationary position. 5.-The competitor is allowed to touch the inside edge of the circle. It shall be a foul throw and not allowed to count if the competitor, after he has stepped into the circle and begun to make a throw, touches any part of the circle or improperly releases the discus in making any attempt. Provided that in the course of a trial the foregoing rules have not been infringed, a competitor may interrupt a trial once started, may lay his implement doW:D, and may leave the circle before returning to a stationery position and beginning a fresh trial. 6.-The competitor must not leave the circle until the implement has touched the ground. When leaving the circle, the first contact with the top of the iron band or ground outside the circle must be completely behind the white line which is drawn outside the circle running theoretically through the centre of the circle. See Paragraph 17 - Construction of a Discus Circle. 7.-For a valid trial, the implement must fall so that the point of impact is within the inner edges of lines 50mm wide marking a sector of 40 0 set out on the ground so that the radii lines cross at the centre of the circle. The ends of the lines marking the sectors should be marked with sector flags. See Notes to Rule 181 para. 8 for sector flag construction and layout of 40 0 sector. 8.-The maximum allowance for the overall downward inclination in the throwing direction of the throwing field shall not exceed 1:1000. 9.-The measurement of each throw shall be made immediately after the throw from the nearest mark made by the fall of the discus, to the inside of the circumference of the circle, along a line from the mark made by the implement to the centre of the circle. RULE 182

140

1O.-A distinctive flag or marker shall be provided to mark the best throw of each competitor, and this shall be placed along a line or tape outside the sector lines. A distinctive flag or disc shall also be provided to mark the existing World Record and when appropriate the existing national record. H.-At competitions under Rule 12, 1 (a), (b) and (c), only implements provided by theÂˇ Organisers may be used, and no modification can be made to them during the competition. No competitor shall be permitted to take any implement into the arena. At meetings between two or more Members, competitors may use their own implements, provided these are checked and marked as approved by the Organisers before the competition and made available to all competitors. 12 (a).-No device of any kind - e.g. the taping of two or more fingers together - which in any way assists a competitor when making a throw, shall be allowed. The use of tape on the hand shall -not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open cut or wound. (b) The use of gloves is not allowed. (c) In order to obtain a better grip, competitors are permitted to use a suitable substance on their hands only. (d) In order to protect the spine from injury, a competitor may wear a belt of leather or some other suitable material. 13.-A competitor may not spray or spread any substance in the circle nor on his shoes. 14.-Implements must be carried back to the circle and never thrown back. Construction of the Discus IS.-Construction. The body of the Discus shall be made of wood, or other suitable material, with a metal rim, the edge of which shall be circular. The cross section of the edge shall be rounded in a true circle having a radius of approximately 6mm. There may be circular plates set flush into the centre of the sides. Alternatively the Discus may be made without metal plates, provided that the equivalent area is flat and the measurements and total weight of the implement correspond to the specifications. Each side of the Discus shall be identical and, shall be made without indentations, projections or sharp edges. The sides shall taper in a straight line from the beginning of the curve of the rim to a circle of a radius of 25mm (min.), 28.5mm (max.) from the centre of the Discus. 141

RULE 182

- - - - -

-------

16.-It shall conform to the following specifications:

Men

Women

2.000kg

l.OOOkg

2.005kg2.025kg

I.OO5kg1.025kg

Discus

Weight Minimum for acceptance of record Range for supply of equipment for competition

Construction of Discus Circle

Outside diameter of metal rim

Min. Max.

219mm 221mm

180mm 182mm

Diameter of metal plate or flat centre area

Min. Max.

50mm 57mm

Min. Max.

44mm 46mm

37mm 39mm

17.-Circles shall be made of band iron, steel or other suitable material, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside. The interior of the circle may be constructed of concrete, asphalt or some other firm but not slippery material. The surface of the interior shall be level and 20mm Âą6mm lower than the upper edge of the rim of the circle. 18.-Measurements. The circle shall measure 2.50 metres (Âą5mm) inside diameter. The rim of the circle shall be at least 6 millimetres in thickness, and shall be painted white.

Thickness over flat centre area or metal pla,tes Thickness of rim (6mm from edge)

min

Min.

12mm

DISCUS

LAYOUT OF DISCUS CIRCLE 50-57mm

'RULE 182

-l-

I-

Men 219-221 mm Women 180-182mm

142

-i -

E o

19.-A white line 50mm wide shall be drawn from the top of the metal rim extending for at least 0.75m on either side of the circle. It may be made of paint, wood or other suitable material. The rear edge of the white line shall form a prolongation of a theoretical line at right angles to the centre line of the throwing sector at the rear edge of which passes through the centre of the circle. 143

RULE 182

;

RULE 183 Discus Throwing Cage I.-All discus throws shall be made from an enclosure or cage to ensure the safety of spectators, officials and competitors. The cage specified in this Rule is intended for use in a major stadium with spectators all the way round the outside of the arena and with other events besides discus throwing taking place in the arena. Where this does not apply, and especially in training areas, a much simpler construction may be entirely satisfactory. Advice is available on request, from national organisations or from the LA.A.F. Bureau. NOTE.-The hammer throwing cagespecijied in Rule 185 may also be used for discus throwing, either by installing a 2.13512.5m concentric circle, or by using an extended version of that cage with a second discus circle installed behind the hammer circle. Details are given in Rule 185. 2.-The cage should also be designed, manufactured and maintained so as to be capable of stopping a 2kg discus moving at a speed of up to 25 metres per second. The arrangement should be such that while stopping the discus there is no danger of it ricocheting off fixed members of the cage, back towards the athlete or over the top of the net. Provided it satisfies all the requirements in this rule, any form of cage design and construction can be used. 3.-The cage should be U-shaped in plan, consisting of a minimum of 6 panels of netting 3.17m wide, as shown in the diagram. The width of the mouth should be 6m, positioned 5m in front of the centre of the throwing circle. The minimum height of the netting panels should be at least 4m. Provision should be made in the design of the cage to prevent a discus forcing its way through any joints in the cage or the netting or underneath the netting panels. Alternatively, the hammer throwing cage specified in these rules from 1958-1978 can be re-used for the discus. In this case, the circle should be positioned O.80m further back, (this is with the centre of the circle 5.Om from the 6m wide mouth) in order to decrease the danger sector. 4.-The netting of the cage can be made from suitable natural or synthetic fibre cord or alternatively from mild or high tensile steel wire. The maximum mesh size shall be 50mm and 44mm for cord netting. The minimum size of cord or wire for wire depends critically on the construction of the cage, but the minimum breaking stress should be at least 4Okg. RULE 183

144

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145

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RULE 183

------ - - - -

In order to ensure the continued safety of the cage, the steel netting should be inspected after every 12 months continuous service. NOTE.- Visual inspection is not sufficient for fibre cord. Instead several ÂŤtell tale" lengths of the standard cord should be worked into the netting by the manufacturers. One of these can be removed after every 12 months' continuous service and tested to ensure the continued strength of the netting. 5.-The maximum danger sector for discus throws from this cage is approximately 98Â°, induding both right and left handed throwers. The position and alignment of the cage in the arena is, therefore, critical for its safe use.

RULE 184 Throwing the Hammer Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. (See also Rule 142 (7) ). 2.-Where there more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and the eight competitors with the best performances shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie for eighth place, any competitor so tying shall be allowed three additional trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competitor shall be allowed six (See also Rule 140 (2)). NOTE.- Tying means, in this connection, achieving the same distance, and Rule 146 (3) should not therefore be applied. At the competition ground, each competitor may, if possible, have two practice trials but no more. These should be made in order of the draw, and competitors called by name under the supervision of the Judges. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the circle or ground within the sector for practice trials, with or without implements. 3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his throws. 4.-Gloves for the protection of the hands are permitted. The gloves must be smooth on the back and the front and the finger-tips must be exposed, Le. the tops of the fingers of the gloves must not be closed. RULES 183, 184

146

No device of any kind - e.g. the taping of two or more fingers together - which in any way assists a competitor when making a not be However taping of individual fingers iS11 permissible. The tapmg should be shown to the Chief Judge before the event starts. The use of a tape on the hand shall not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open cut or wound. In order to protect the spine from injury, a competitor may wear a belt of leather or some other suitable material. In order to obtain a better grip, competitors in throwing the hammer are permitted to use a suitable substance on their hands or gloves only. A competitor may not spray or spread any substance in the circle nor on his shoes. Requirements for a valid Throw 5.-The Hammer must be thrown from a circle. The competitor must commence the throw from a stationary position. The competitor in his starting position prior to the preliminary swings or turns is allowed to put the head of the hammer on the ground inside or outside the circle. A competitor is allowed to touch the inside edge of the circle. 6.-lt shall not be considered a foul throw if the head of the hammer touches the ground when the competitor makes the preliminary swings or turns; but if, after having so touched the ground, he stops throwing so as to begin the throw again, this shall count as a trial throw. 7.-It shall be a foul throw and not allowed to count if the competitor, after he has stepped into the circle and begun to make a throw, touches with any part of his body the ground outside the circle, the top edge of the circle or if he improperly releases the hammer in making any attempt. 8.-Provided that in the course of a trial the foregoing rules have not been infringed, a competitor may interrupt a trial once started, may lay his hammer down, and may leave the circle before returning to a stationary position and beginning a fresh trial. 9.-1f the hammer breaks during a throw or while in the air, it shall not count as a throw, provided it was made in accordance with the rules. If the competitor thereby loses his balance and commits a foul, it shall not count against him. 10.-The competitor must not leave the circle until the hammer has touched the ground. When leaving the circle, the first contact 147

RULE 184

._------

with the top of the iron band or the ground outside the circle must be completely behind the white line which is drawn outside the circle running theoretically through the centre of the circle. See Paragraph 15 - Construction of a Hammer Circle. 11.-Hammers must be carried back to the circle and never thrown back.

Measuring the Throw

12.-For a valid trial, the hammer must fall so that the point of impact is within the inner edges of lines 50 millimetres wide marking a sector of 40 0 set out on the ground so that the radii lines cross at the centre of the circle. The ends of the lines marking all sectors should be marked with sector flags. See Notes to Rule 181 para. 8 for sector flag construction and layout of 40 0 sector. 13.-The measurement of each throw shall be made immediately after the throw from the nearest mark made by the fall of the head of the hammer to the inside of the circumference of the circle, along a line from the mark made by the implement to the centre of the circle. 14.-A distinctive flag or marker shall be provided to mark the best throw of each competitor, and this shall be placed along a line or tape outside the sector lines. A distinctive flag or disc shall also be provided to mark the existing World Record and when appropriate the existing national record.

O"75m ---?:' 0

LAYOUT OF HAMMER CIRCLE

SOmm

Construction of a Hammer Circle

15.-Construction. Circles shall be made of band iron, steel or other suitable material, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside. The interior of the circle may be constructed of concrete, asphalt or some other firm but not slippery material. The surface of this interior shall be level and 20mm (Âą6mm) lower than the upper edge of the rim of the circle. Measurements. The inside diameter of the circle shall be 2.135 metres (Âą5mm). The rim of the circle shall be at least 6 millimetres in thickness and shall be painted white. A white line 50mm wide shall be drawn from the top of the metal rim extending for at least 0.75m on either side of circle. It may be RULE 184

148

" 11/

90' \

182"Smm

I; I

min

BOm

2 13S,:

:!:Smm

:!:smyj

)

LAYOUT OF CONCENTRIC CIRCLES FOR DISCUS AND HAMMER 149

RULE 184

made of paint, wood or other suitable material. The rear edge of the white line shall form a prolongation of a theoretical line at right angles to the centre line of the throwing sector, the rear edge of which passes through the centre of the circle. The hammer may be thrown from the Discus circle provided the diameter of this circle shall have been reduced from 2.5Om to 2.135m by the placing of a circular ring inside which must not be dangerous for competitors.

11. mm---';

The Throwing Field 16.-The maximum allowance for the overall downward inclination in the throwing direction of the throwing field shall not exceed 1: 1000. Hammers to be used 17.-At competitions under Rule 12, 1 (a), (b) and (c), only hammers provided by the Organisers may be used, and no modifications can be made to them during the competition. No competitor shall be to take any hammer into the arena. At meetings between two or more Members, competitors may use their own hammers, provided these are checked and marked as approved by the Organisers before the competition and made available to all competitors. The Construction of the Hammer 18.-The hammer shall consist of three parts: a metal head, a wire and a grip. 19.-Head. The head shall be of solid iron or other metal not softer than brass, or a shell of such metal, filled with lead or other solid material with a minimum diameter of IIOmm. It must be completely spherical in shape. If a filling is used, this must be inserted in such a manner that it is immovable and that the centre of gravity shall not be more than 6 millimetres from the centre of the sphere. 20.- Wire. The wire shall be a single unbroken and straight length of spring steel wire not less than 3 millimetres in diameter or No. 11 Standard Wire Gauge, and shall be such that it cannot stretch appreciably while the hammer is being thrown. The wire may be looped at one or both ends as a means of attachment. RULE 184

150

A SUITABLE DOUBLE LOOP GRIP IS ILLUSTRATED ABOVE

21.-G!ip. The grip may be either of single or double loo c?nstructlOn, blJt must be rigid and without hinging joints of anP kmd. It must not stretch appreciably while being thrown It must attached to the wire to increase the overall length of the' hamm 22 er. .-Connections for wire. The wire shall be connected to the head b! means of a swivel, which may be either plain or ball bearing The grIp shall be connected to the wire by means of a loop A . I' may not be used. . SWlve

The hammer shall conform to the following specifications: Weight complete as thrown Minimum for 7.260kg acceptance of record Range for supply of equipment for competition

7.265kg - 7.285kg

Length of Hammer measured from inside of grip Minimum I 175mm Maximum 1215mm Diameter of head Minimum Maximum

110mm 130mm 151

RULE 184

Centre of gravity of head Not more than 6mm from the centre of the sphere, e.g. - It must be possible to balance the head, less handle and grip, on a horizontal sharp-edged circular orifice 12mm in diameter (see diagram).

...

III

:::l

U III

Q 'tl

. â&#x20AC;˘ C

III

Suggested apparatus for testing centre of gravity of Hammer head

E E

III

RULE 185 Hammer Throwing Cage I.-All hammer throws shall be made from an enclosure or cage to ensure the safety of spectators, officials and competitors. The cage specified in this rule i,s intended for use in a major stadium, with spectators all the way round the outside of the arena, and other events beside hammer throwing taking place on the finishing straight and the two "D"s of the centre. Where this does not apply, and especially in training areas, a much simpler construction may be entirely satisfactory. Advice is available on request from national organisations or from the I.A.A.F., Bureau. 2.-The cage should be designed, manufactured and maintained so as to be capable of stopping a 7.26kg hammer head llOmm in diameter, moving at a speed of up to 29 metres per second. The arrangement should be such that there is no danger of ricocheting or rebounding back towards the athlete or over the top of the cage. Provided that it satisfies all the requirements of this rule, any form of cage design and construction can be used. 3.-The cage should be U-shaped in plan, consisting of a minimum of 7 panels of netting, each 2.74m wide as shown on the diagram. The width of the mouth should be 6m, positioned 4.2m in front of the centre of the throwing circle. The minimum height of the netting panels shall be at least Srn. Provisions should be made in the design and construction of the cage to prevent a hammer forcing its way through any joints in the cage or the netting. In addition, provision should be made to prevent a hammer sliding along the ground underneath the netting. RULES 184, 185

152

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----:-

.- ._-_.

-7

153

RULE 185

4.-Two movable netting panels 2.Om wide shall be provided at the front of the cage, only one of which will be operative at a time. The minimum height of the panels shall be 5.5m. NOTES.-

(i) These panels are used alternatively, the left hand panel for a

right handed thrower and the right hand panel for a left handed thrower. In view of the need to change over from one panel to the other during the competition, when both left and right handed throwers are present, it is essential that this changeover should require little labour and be carried out in the minimum of time. (;;) The left panel only is shown in the diagram, in position for the cage to be used by a right-handed thrower. The end position for the right panel is also shown on the diagram. (iii) When in operation, the moveable panel must be exactly in the position shown. Provision must therefore be made in the design of the movable panels to lock them in the operative position.

(iv) The construction of these panels and their operation depends on the overall design of the cage and can be sliding, hinging on a vertical or horizontal axis or dismounting. The only firm requirements are that the panel in operation must be fully able to stop any hammer striking it and there must be no danger of a hammer being able to force its way between the fvced and movable panels. 5.-The netting for the cage can be made from suitable natural or synthetic fibre cord or, alternatively, from mild or high-tensile steel wire. The maximum mesh size shall be 50mm wire and 44mrn for cord netting. The minimum size of cord or wire depends critically on the construction of the cage, but the minimum breaking strain should be at least 130kg. In order to ensure the continued safety of the cage, the steel netting should be inspected at least every 12 months. Visual inspection is not sufficient for fibre cord. Instead, several "tell-tale" lengths of the standard cord should be worked into the netting by the manufacturer. One of these can be removed every 12 months and tested to ensure the continued strength of the netting. 6.-Where it is desired to use the same cage for discus throwing, the installation can be adapted in two alternative ways. Most simply, a 2.13512.5m concentric circle may be fitted, but this involves using the same surface in the circle for hammer and discus throwing. RULE 185

154

Where it is desired to have separate circles for hammer and discus the two circles must be placed one behind the other with the 2.37m apart on the centre line of the throwing sector and with the hammer circle at the front. The shape of the rear of the cage must then be enlarged using a minimum of eight fixed panels 2.83m wide two movable panels 2.Om wide, as shown on the diagram. The mmImum height of the panels, both fixed and movable, for this enlarged cage shall be exactly the same as for the standard cage. 7.-The safety of the hammer cage installation is very dependent on the position and alignment in the arena. The maximum danger sector for all throws, including both left and right handed throwers is approximately 85Â°. '

RULE 186 Throwing the Javelin Competition Rules I.-The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot. See also Rule 142 (7). 2.-Where there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and the eight competitors with the best shall be allowed three additional trials. In the event of a tie for eIghth place, any competitor so tying shall be allowed three additi0t.Ial trials. Where there are eight competitors or fewer, each competItor shall be allowed six trials. (See also Rule 140 (2)) . NOTE.- Tying means, in this connection, achieving the same dIStance, and Rule 146 (3) should not therefore be applied. At the ground, each competitor may, if possible, have two practice throws but no more. These should be made in order of the draw, and competitors called by name under the supervision of the Judges. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the runway or ground within the sector for practice trials with or without a javelin. ' 3.-Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his throws. 4.-No device of any kind - e.g. the taping of two or more fingers together - which in anyway assists a competitor when making a throw, shall be allowed. The use of tape on the hand shall not be allowed except in the case of the need to cover an open cut or wound. 155

RULES 185, 186

In order to protect the spine from injury, a competitor may wear a belt of leather or some other suitable material. In order to obtain a better grip, competitors are permitted to use a suitable substance on their hands only. The use of gloves is not allowed.

Requirements for a Valid Throw 5.-(a) The javelin must be held at the grip. It shall be thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and must not be slung or hurled. Non-orthodox styles are not permitted. (b) No throw shall be valid in which the tip of the metal head does not strike the ground before any other part of the javelin. (e) A competitor may not cross either of the parallel lines. (d) It is a foul throw if the competitor touches, with any part of his body or limbs, the strip (see paragraph 8), or the lines drawn from the extremities thereof at right angles to the parallel lines, or the ground beyond the strip or those lines. (e) At no time after preparing to throw, until the javelin has been discharged into the air, may the competitor turn completely around, the throwing arc. so that his back is (f) A competitor shall not leave the runway until the javelin has touched the ground. He shall then, from a standing position, leave the runway from behind the arc and the lines drawn from the extremities of the arc. (See paragraph 8). (g) If the javelin breaks at any time in the course of the throw, it shall not count as a trial, provided the throw was made in accordance with the rules. 6.-A foul throw or improperly releasing the implement in making an attempt shall be recorded as a trial, but shall not count. 7.-Javelins must be carried back to the starting line and never thrown back.

y.--------40m-----ÂĽ

't'-----20m

The Runway and Throwing Field

8.-The length of the runway shall be not more than 36.5 metres but not less than 30 metres and shall be marked by two parallel lines 50 millimetres in width and 4 metres apart. The throw shall be made from behind an arc of a circle drawn with a radius of 8 metres; such arc shall consist of a strip made of paint, wood or metal 70 millimetres in width, painted white and shall be flush with the ground. Lines shall be drawn from the extremities of the arc at right angles to the parallel lines marking the runway. These lines shall be 1.50 metres in length and 70 millimetres in width. RULE 186

156

JAVELIN RUNWAY -

THROWING SECTOR

Not to Scale 157

RULE 186

-----

The maximum allowance for lateral inclination of the runway shall be 1: 100 and the overall inclination shall not exceed 1: 1000. 1."he maximum allowance for the overall inclination in the throwmg direction of the throwing field shall not exceed 1: 1000. NOTE.-It is recommended that the length of the runway should be not be less than 33.5 metres. 9.-No mark shall be placed on the runway, but competitors place marks - supplied by the Organising Committee - at the SIde of the runway.

Measurements 10.-AlI throws to be valid must fall within the inner edge of 50mm wide marking the sector, set out on the ground by extendmg arc is the lines from the centre (A) of the circle, of which through the points (B) and (C) at which the arc Joms the lmes marking the runway. The ends of the radii lines should be marked with sector flags. See Rule 181 para. 8. Sectors may be marked at: e.g. 30m, 50m, 70m. 11.-The measurement of each throw shall be made immediately after the throw from the nearest mark made by the head of the javelin to the inside edge of the arc along a line from the mark made the arc is a part. by the implement to the centre of the circle of 12.-A distinctive flag or marker shall be prOVIded to mar:k the best throw of each competitor, and this shall be placed along a hne or tape outside the sector lines. . ' . A distinctive flag or disc shall also be prOVIded to mark eXlstmg Records, e.g. World or National records.

15.-The cord shall be about the centre of gravity without thongs, notches or identations of any kind on the shaft, and shall not exceed the circumference of the shaft by more than 25mm. The binding shall be of uniform thickness. 16.-The cross-section shall be regularly circular throughout and the maximum diameter thereof shall be under the grip. From the grip the javelin shall taper gradually to the tip of the metal head and the rear tip. The line from the end of the grip to the tip ofthe metal head may be straight or slightly curved, but the curve must be gradual and there must be no abrupt alteration in the diameter of the section throughout the length of the javelin. NOTE.- Whilst the cross-section should be circular, a maximum difference between the biggest and the smallest diameter of the oval of 5 per cent is permitted. The mean value of these two diameters must correspond to the specification given for a circular Javelin. 17.-The javelin shall have no mobile parts or other apparatus which during the throw could change its centre of gravity or throwing characteristics. NOTE.-For specifications see page 161.

Implements to be used 13.-At competitions under Rule 12, 1 (a), (b) and (c), only implements provided by the Organisers. may be used,..and no modification can be made to them dunng the competitIOn. No competitor shall be permitted to take any implement in,to the arena. At meetings between two or more Members, competItors may use their own implements, provided these are checked and marked as approved by the Organisers before the competition and made available to all competitors. Construction 14.-The javelin shall consist of three parts: a head, a shaft, and a cord grip. The shaft may be constructed of either wood or metal and it shall have fixed to it a head terminating in a sharp point. RULE 186

158

159

RULE 186

If'r' ' !:i.·l:

"'----- .---- _.- --- ----I

...

- ----- j- . ---..... --- "'!"5t

18.-It shall conform to the following specifications:

Ii E

Javelin

Men

Women

••o

Weight

•

(inclusive of cord grip) .. Minimum for acceptance of record

800gm

600gm

805gm -825gm

605gm -620gm

':..

a c

Overall length

Min. Max.

2.60m 2.70m

2.2Om 2.3Om

Length of metal head

Min. Max.

250mm 330mm

Distance from tip of metal head to centre of gravity

Min. Max.

O.90m 1.1Om

0.80m 0.95m

..,a

• ...... •• aO

Diameter of shaft at thickest point

Min. Max.

25mm 30mm

20mm 25mm

Width of cord grip

Min. Max.

150mm 160mm

140mm 150mm

!i .......

-s. 0'"

•

a..,

:::-

Range for· supply of equipment for competition

! . • - •w

= -=

19.-The tapering of the shaft from the maximum diameter to the tip of the metal head or to the rear tip shall be such that the diameter at the midpoint between the end of the cord grip and either tip shall not exceed 90 per cent of the maximum diameter of the shaft and that at a point 150 millimetres from either tip 80 per cent of the maximum diameter.

_____ . .J.____ ...1._ - -. --

RULE 186

160

•0

161

RULE 186

SECTION VI Rule 191 Walking

I.-Walking is progression steps so taken that unbroken contact with the ground is maintained. At each step, the advancing foot of the walker must make contact with the ground before the rear foot leaves the ground. During the period of each step in which a foot is on the ground, the leg must be straightened (Le. not bent at the knee) at least for one moment, and the supporting leg must be straight in the vertically upright position. 2.-Judging and Disqualifications. The appointed Judges of walking shall elect a Chief Judge. However at Olympic Games, World and Continental Championships and the LA.A.F. Race Walking World Cup for the Lugano Trophy the Chief Judge shall be nominated by the Walking Committee of the LA.A.F. All the Judges shall act in an individual capacity. When, in the opinion of three Judges, a competitor's mode of progression fails to comply with the definition during any part of the competition, he shall be disqualified and informect of his disqualification by the Chief Judge. In a competition either directly controlled by the LA.A.F. or taking place under permit, in no circumstances shall two Judges of the same nationality have the power to disqualify. NOTE.-At Olympic Games, World Championships and the Race

Walking World Cup, the Walking Committee shall in good time submit to the I.A.A.F. Council for approval the names of the walking judges to officiate at the relevant meeting. For continental championships, a similar practice is recommended. 3.-Effect may be given to any such disqualification immediately after the conclusion of the competition, if circumstances render impracticable an earlier notice to the competitor of his disqualification. 4.-A competitor may be cautioned when by his mode of progression he is in danger of ceasing to comply with the definition of walking; but he is not entitled to a second caution for the same offence. The decision to caution a competitor shall be made under the same procedure as for disqualification set out in paragraph 2. Before a disqualification is announced the walker is normally entitled to a warning. 5.-ln track races a competitor who is disqualified must immediately leave the track, and in road races the disqualified RULE 191

162

competitor must immediately after his disqualification remove the distinguishing number or numbers which he is wearing, :md leave the course.

NOTE.-It is recommended that a system of signalling "caution" by w.hite and "dis.qualijication" by red flag be used as far as durmg a walkmg race for the information of the officials, competitors and spectators.. ,6.-ln all international races of more than 20 kilometres shall be provided by the organisers, and refreshment shall.be arranged at 5 kilometres and thereafter at every 5 Refreshments which may either be provided by the OrganIser or by the athlete himself, shall be available at the station nominated by the competitor. The refreshments shall be placed in such a manner that they are easily accessible for the competitors or so that they may be put into the hands of the competitors. A competitor taking refreshments at a place other than the refreshment points appointed by the organisers renders himself liable to disqualification. At. all walking events of lOkms or more, sponging points may be prOVIded by the organisers at suitable intervals, corresponding to weather conditions.

NOTE.-At International meetings, two officialsfrom each country may be stationed behind the refreshment table. Under no circummay the officials from an athlete's own country run along beside the athlete whilst hs is taking his refreshment. . 7.-ln Championship and Games under Rule 12 1 (a)-(c), the 50 .... walk shall so arranged as to ensure that the first walker . home fimshes approX1IDately at sunset in order that he may enjoy the Dest climatic conditions. 8.-ln Championship and Games under Rule 12 1 (a)-(c) the circuit for the 20 kilometre event should be a maximum of '3000 metres with a minimum of approximately 1500 metres. 9.-The organisers of events held on roads must take care to ensure the safety of competitors. In the case of Championship and Games under Rule 12 1 (a)-(c), Walking races, the organisers must where possible give an assurance that the roads to be used for the competitons will be closed in both directions; Le. not open to motorised traffic. NOTE.-A booklet "Guidancefor Walking produced by

the I.A.A.F. Walking Committee with the aim of bringing about a better understanding of the sport of race walking, is available from the I.A.A.F Bureau-see publications list. 163

RULE 191

- - -

RULE 192 LA.A.F. Race Walking World Cup for the "Lugano Trophy" (Men) and The "Eschborn Cup" (Women) This competition will be conducted by a Sub-Committee appointed by the Walking Committee of the LA.A.F. in accordance with Rules approved by Congress. Copies of the current rules by be obtained from the LA.A.F. Bureau upon request.

-------

---

SECTION VII COMBINED COMPETITIONS RULE 195 MEN (Pentathlon and Decathlon) 1,.-The Pentathlon consists of five events which shall be held on one day in the following order: long jump; throwing the javelin; 200 metres; throwing the discus; and 1500 metres. 2.-The Decathlon consists of ten events which shall be held on two consecutive days in the following order: First day - 100 metres; long jump; putting the shot; high jump and 400 metres. Second day - 110 metres hurdles; throwing the discus; pole vault; throwing the javelin; and 1500 metres. WOMEN (Heptathlon) 3.-The Heptathlon consists of seven events which shall be held on two consecutive days in the following order: First day - 100 metres hurdles; high jump; putting the shot; 200 metres. Second day - long jump; javelin throw; 800 metres. GENERAL 4.-At the discretion of the Referee, there shall be whenever possible, an interval of a least 30 minutes between the time one event ends and the next event begins, for any individual athlete. 5.-The order of competing may be drawn before each separate event. In the 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres, 100 metres Hurdles and 110 metres Hurdles events, the competitors compete in groups as decided by the Referee, so that preferably five or more competitors and never less than four are in each Group. In the last event of a Combined Event Competition, the heats should be so arranged so that one group contains the leading competitors after the next to last event. Except for, this proviso, the heats for the last event may be made up and a draw made as and when competitors become available from the previous event. The Referee shall have the power to rearrange any group, if in his opinion it is desirable.

RULE 192

164

165

RULE 195

in.'r' .â&#x20AC;˘ j ;

6.-The LA.A.F. rules for each event constituting the competition will apply with the following exceptions: (a) In the long jump and each of the throwing events, each competitor shall be allowed three trials only. (b) Each competitor's time shall be timed by 3 timekeepers independently. If for any reason only two register times, and these two disagree, the longer time of the two shall be adopted as official. Alternatively times may be recorded by a fully automatic electrical timekeeping device. (e) In the running trials and the hurdles, a competitor shall be disaqualified in any event in which he has made three false starts. 7.-The scores separately and combined should be announced to the competitors after the completion of each event. Only one system of timing may be applied. In case of electrical timing, times shall be given to 1/100th of a second. Scoring shall be made from the table to l/l00th second. 8.-The winner shall be the competitor who has obtained the highest number of points in the five, seven or ten events, as the case may be, awarded on the basis of the LA.A.F. Scoring Table. 9.-In the event of a tie, the winner shall be the competitor who in the greater number of events has received more points than the other competitor/competitors tying. If this does not resolve the tie, the winner shall be the competitor who has the highest number of points in any such events. This shall apply to ties for any place in the competition. 10.-Any athlete failing to start or make a trial in one of the seven events of the Heptathlon or in one of the ten events of the Decathlon shall not be allowed to take part in the following event but shall be considered to have abandoned the competition. He shall not therefore figure in the final classification. Any competitor deciding to withdraw from a combined events competition shall immediately inform the Referee of his/her decision.

DIVISION IV RULE 381 EVENTS FOR WHICH WORLD RECORDS ARE RECOGNISED Fully automatic Electrically Timed performances (E. T.) Hand Timed performances (H.T.) E.T. only

MEN . lOOm, 200m, 400m, llOrn Hurdles, 400m Hurdles, 4 x lOOm Relay.

E.T. or H.T. 8oom, 1 000m, 1 5OOm, One Mile, 2 OOOm, 3 000m, 5 000m, 10 000m, 20 000m, 1 Hour, 25 000m, 30 000m, 3 000m Steeplechase.

Relays: 4 x 200m, 4 x 400m, 4 x 800m, 4 x 1500m.

Walking: 20km, Two Hours, 30km, 50km. Jumps:

High Jump, Pole Vault, Long Jump, triple Jump.

Throws:

Shot Putt, Discus, Hammer, Javelin.

Decathlon

E.T. only

WOMEN lOOm, 200m, 400m, lOOm Hurdles, 400m Hurdles, 4 x lOOm Relay.

E.T. or H.T. 800m, 1 500m, One Mile, 3 000m, 5 000m, 10 000m.

Relays: 4 x 200m, 4 x 400m, 4 x 800m.

Walking: 5 000m, 10 000m. Jumps:

High Jump, Long Jump.

Throws:

Shot Putt, Discus, Javelin.

Heptathlon

RULE 195

166

167

RULE 381

---'

Intemational Amateur Athletic Federation

- TIMEKEEPERS' CERTIFICATES - HAND TIMING.

9. I, the undenigned officiollimekeep. of the event mentioned on this form, do hereby certify that the lime set oppooite my lilP'oture WOI the e"oct lime recorded by my watch ond that the watch used by me ' - been certified and approved by my Notional Association.

FOUNDED IN 1912 President: P. NEBIOLO General Secretary: J. B. HOL T

Time........

SifillAClllure

Adct_

Application for a World Record - Track Event.

Time........

Signoture

SifillAClllure

10. I confirm thot the Clbove Timekeepers ."hibited lheir watc

APPliCATION IS HEREBY MADE FOR A WORLD RECORD, IN SUPPORT OF WHICH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION IS SLeMITTED:- (PI type or use block

.................................... ) (Signoture of Chief Timekeeper or Ref

Men/Nomen

11. A fully automatic eleclTicol liming device

......................................

iF;'"

;'-1 leom memben

··•·····••

ond this wca the officiol lime .

_WINO GAUGE-

12. Velocity and direclion of wind............. ••

held.

The e"act distonce

· .. ··•···

• .. · .. •·• .. •

···

Dote

(Quolificotion)

(Addreu)

(Signature of A--'ecaurer)

(Quolificotion)

(Add...s)

1•. The nanes of the first t1v..

within menlioned stotements, confirms lhot the officials conducting the competilion were duly

1st

quolified, and recommends Ihis appl icolion for acceplance:

2nd

Presidenl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. • . . . . . . . . . .

Jrd

Secr.IClI'y .....•........•.....••.•..•... .. . Dote

........................ of lhe I.A.A.F . .

168

ond lheir times _re ca follows:..

PLEASE ENClOSE WITH THIS APPLICATION: Q Progr........ of the Meeling and, for Q Women', event, 0 certificate of "", unl_ lhe athlete hca an I.A.A. F. Certificate (Rule 1.1).

APPROVALI

Dole ..... "

ins.

-RESl1.T OF RACE-

8. The undeni l""d I .A .A. F. Member hereby certifi. that I t is sotisfied with lhe accuracy of the

i:A·.:..::,;:········

yds •••••••• ft

(Signature of A--'ecaurer)

lRECOMMENDATlON BY I.A.A.F. MEMlER COUNTRY'

.......

mil

· •... ·.· .. ••··•··•·· ..•.••..•.....••.•.••..••...•..•..•.•...•••••.•.•.•.

· .. •

WOI

n.elength of one lap wca melT•....•• CInI OR .•.• .• y4 ......• . ft ins. The maKirnum allowance for laterol inclination did nol ."ceed 1: 100 ond in the """'ing direction 1:1000.

Thot 011 lhe appropriate I.A.A.F. Rules of competilion were complied with.

II.A.A.F.

WOI:-

.•••...• metres ...•..•.. centimetres OR

That 011 the information recarded in Ihis form is occurale;

Member

Operator's Signature

..TRACK MEASURERS' CERTIFICATE-

13. We hereby certify that _ mecaured wilh on approved lape the coune over which Ihis ev.nt

7. I hereby cerlify:-

Nm>e of I.A.A.F .

used.

Prinl of the Photo-Finish mUlt be enclosed).

I GUARANTEE BY REFEREE I

Signature of Referee

WOI

$Ignoture of Chief Photo-Finish Judge •.••.•.••.

6. Where held (Ground, Town, C<><tnlTy) .•.••..............•....•.•...•.•....... ·••····•···••

Nane of Refer"" (BLOCK CAPiTALS)

. .

The time recorded wca...............

·······

5. Dote and lime ............•........•.............................•..••.......•.........

Addr

to me crtd thot the limes _re .. stoted.

Signature of Operotor.....................

....

.tt,;,.

•. Compelilor's Country (and Club where qopropriote)

-ELECTRICAL TIMING-

2. Record claimed (lime) ..•..•..•................. · .. ·•······•···········••··•·•····••·•·• ······

• CHIEF TIt.'fI(UPER-

Knightsbridge, LONDON S.W.1.

1. Event.

' Adct_

3 Hans Crescent,

To: THE GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE LA.A.F.,

3. Full nane of competitor

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION DESIRED FOR HISTORICAL PURPOSES: SloIe of _Ciih4II' Inlermediate Ti..... Type of lTack or runway Pr_ cuffinllll if avoilClbI. Condilion of Irock or runway A Photo of the athlete.

169

International Amateur Athletic Federation

- FielD JUDGES' CERTIFICATE_

9. We hereby certify that the measurement stated opposite our respec::tive signatures is exact as me",ured in occordance with I,A.A.F. Rule 145 - "Me"'urement> and Weights".

FOUNDED IN 1912 President: P. NEBIOLO

We alsO certiFy that the implement> used and circle

General Secretary: J. B. HOLT

Application for a World Record - Field Event 3 Hans Crescent,

To: THE GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE I.A.A.F.,

Knightsbridge, LONDON S.W.1.

APPLICATION IS HEREBY Iv'ADE FOR A WORLD RECORD, IN SLPPORT OF WHICH THE FOLLOWING INFORlv'ATION IS SUBMITTED:(PI- type or use block capitols)

1. Event

2. 3.

(Signature of Field Judge)

.m.

. (Signature of Field Judge)

runway compl ied with IMF specifications

. ................................ (Address)

. ................................

We hereby certify that (a) the lateral inclination of the runway did not exceed 1: 100 and in the ruming direction 1:1000 (b) the overall downward inclination between the circle or ruoway and the point of impact of the implement did not exceed 1: 1000. (See R·. I., 181, paragraph 9; 182, paragraph 8; 184, paragraph 16; and 186, paragraph 8) (c) the level of the long Jump ar Triple Jump landing area was not lower than the to ke-off board.

•• Competitor's Country •• " •••••••.•••••.••.•••.•••.••.•••••••••.•....•.•••.••..•.••. . .

eGUARANTEE BY REFEREEe

7. I '-eby certify:-

(Signature of Measurer)

(QualiFication)

(Signature of Measurer).

(Qualification)

That all the inFonnotion recorded in this Fonn is occurote; That all the app«>priaht I.A.A.F. Rules of competition were

compI ied with.

N _ of ReFer. . (BlOCK CAPiTALS}

Date

................................. (Address)

-WIND GAUGE (LONG JUNf> AND TRiPlE JUM' ONLY)_

Address •.••.••.•...•••..•••..•••••..••....••.•....••......•.•....•..•..••..•..•••• of Referee...............................................

(Address)

-SURVEYORS' OR MEASURERS' CERTIFICATE FOR FIELD EVENTS_ 10.

Full nane of competitor •.•.•...••....•.•..••.•.•.•••..•....•.•••••••••••••••••..•.•

(Distance or Height)

................................................................................. 6. Where held {Ground, Town, Country}

(Signature of..Field Judge)

(Distance or Height)

'" •.. metres

S. Date and time

(Distance or Height)

Men/Women

Record claimed (height", distonce)

01"

11. Force and direction of wind.. . .. . .. . . ..

Operator's signature

, ...•. '" ....•..

- RESUl T OF COMPETITION12. The names of the first three campetitors and their performances were as Falla...:-

- RECOMW£NDATlON BY LA.A.F. MEwaER COUNTRye

8. The undersigned I.A.A.F. Me....... hereby certifies that it is satisfied with the occurocy uF the within mentioned &tatements, confirms that the officials conducting qualified, and recommends this

appI icotion

the competition were duly

1st

.....................................•.....

2nd

...........................................

3rd

For occeptance:

President...............................

Secretay

N _ of I.A.A.F. Member......................................

Date

PLEASE ENCLOSE WITH THIS APPLICATION:

A Programme of the meeting; For -I.A.A.F.

APPROVAL-

Women's event,

certificate of sex, unless the athlete has on IAAF Certificate (Rule 1.41)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION DESIRED FOR HISTORICAL PURPOSES: State of weather Type of throwi n9 surface or runway COndition of throwing surface or runway

General Secretay of the

President of the l.A.A.F. Dote

I. A. A. F •

Copy of the Scoring Card Press cuttings if available A Photo of the athl ete .

170

171

.. '::!'l!III.

---'']

OFFICIAL LIST OF OLYMPIC GAMES RECORDS Time. Height or Distance

event

Place

Date

Country

Holder

MEN U.S.A U.S.A U.S.A Cuba Kenya G.B.&N.I Finland U.S.A U.S.A Sweden

Jim Hines ·.. · Tommie Smith .. Lee Evans .. Alberto Juantorena .. Kipchoge Keino .. Brendan Foster ." .. Lasse Viren .. Rodney Milburn . Edwin Moses . Anders Giirderud . U.S.A. Team . (L. Black. R. Taylor. G. Tinker. E. Hart) U.S.A. Team .. (V. Mallhews. R. Free-

.. . . . . . .. .. .. .

9.95

1:43.5 3:34.9 13:20.3 27:311A 13.24 ·17.64 1l:01l.0 311.19

. · · .. . .. . ·

4 x 4lMlm Relay

2:56.1

HighJump LongJump Tnple Jump Pole Vaull ShOI PUll Discus Hammer Javelin ' Decathlon

L. James, L. Evans) 2.36m (7' Il·W')........ Gerd G.D.R .. I 1l.91lm (29' 2 h") Roberl Beamon............... U.S.A . VictorSaneyev................ U.S.S.R . 5.711m (Ill' 1Ph")..... Wladyslaw Kozakiewicz Poland .. 21.35m (70' Vladimir Kiselyov U.S.S.R . 611.211m l2 24'0"l"'''' MacWilkins U.S.A .. IlI.Xllm(26ll'4" YuriSedykh U.S.S.R . lJ4.511m (310' 3" Miklos Nemeth................ Hungary .. 116111points.. BruceJenner U.S.A .. (10.94. 7.22m. 15.35m, 2.03m, 47.51. 14.114. 50.04m, 4.110m, nll.52m, 4: 12.6)

IlMlmetres 21MI metres 4IKlmetres XlMl metres \:;IMlmetres StKMI metres IlMMKl melres Illlm Hurdles 40llm Hurdles 3tMMlm Steeplechase 4 x IlKlm Relay

·· ··· . .. .. .. . .. . . .

19611 1968 1968 1976 1968 1976 1972 1972 1976 1976 1972

Mexico City Mexico City Mexico City Montreal Mexico City Montreal Munich Munich Montreal Montreal Munich

19611

Mexico City

19110 1968 1968 1980 1980 1976 19110 1976 1976

Moscow Mexico City Mexico City Moscow Moscow Montreal Moscow Montreal Montreal

man.

.. .

.. .. ···· ·· · ..

Evenl

Record

Holder

Country

Place

Date

Best performances in events where World Records are not recognised. 21MIIMI metres .. RoadWalk SOIMIO melres .. Road Walk Marathon ...

I h.2.'I:35.5....

Maurizio Damilano ...

3hAlJ:24.0 ..

Hartwig Gauder

2h.09:5S.0 ..

Waldemar Cierpinski

Italy , .

19XO

Moscow

G.D.R.

19110

Moscow

G.D.R.

IlJ76

Montreal

F.R.Germanv G.D.R . G.D.R .. U.S.S.R.' . U.S.S.R . U.S.S.R . G.D.R.

1976 19110 1980 1980 19BO 1980 1980

Montreal Moscow Moscow Moscow Moscow Moscow Moscow

G.D.R.

1976

Montreal

1911U 19110 1980 198U 1980 1980

Moscow Moscow Moscow Moscow Moscow Moscow

WOMEN

--..l

100metrcs ..... 2(MI mclres .. 41HI metres . HOO met res . 1500 metres .. lOOm Hurdles .. 4 x IIMlm Relay . 4 x 41Hlm Relay ..... HighJump ... LongJump. Shot .. Discus .. Javelin .... Pentathlon

lUll 22.03.... 4X.Xll.. 1:535 3:56.6 12.S6 .. 41.60

Annegret Richter .. Riirhel W'\ekel . . Marita Koch Nadezhda Olizarcnko Tatyana Kazankina . Vera Komisova

G.D.R. Team . R. Muller, B. Wockel, I. Auerswald, M. Gohr 3: IlJ.2 .. G.D.R. Team D. Maletzki, B. Rohde E. Streidl. C. Brehmer' I.lJ7m (6' Sara S·lmeoni 706m('.".''') .. _., Tatiana Kolpakova .. .. 611 40m (224' 5"l.. Maria .. SOll3 points........... Nadyezhda (13.29,16.H4m. Ill4m. 6.73m. 2:05.2) ..

Italy U.S.S.R G.D.R G.D.R Cuba U.S.S.R

.. . .. . ..

ATHLETICS EVENTS

MOSCOW OLYMPIC GAMES 1980

MEN A. Wells S. Leonard P. Petrov

100 METRES (G.B. & N.I.) (Cuba) (Bulgaria)

P. Mennea A.Wdls D.Ouarrie

200 METRES (Italy) (GB.&N.I.) (Jamaica)

V. Markin R. Mitchcll F. Schatkr

400 METRES (US.S.R.) (Australia) (G.D.R.)

S.Ovell S.Coe N. Kimv

800 METRES (G.B.&N.I.) (G.B.& N.I.) (U.S.s. R.)

1:45.4 1:45.9 1:46.0

S.Coe J. Strauh S.Ovell

1500 METRES (G.B.&N.I.) (G.D.R.) (G.B.&N.I.)

3:38.4 3:38.8 3:39.0

M. Yifter S. Nvambui K.Maaninka

5000 METRES (Ethiopia) (Tanzania) (Finland)

10.25 10.25 10.39 20.19 20.21 20.29 44.60 44.84

13:21.0 13:21.6 13:22.0

10000 METRES

M. Yifter K. Maaninka M. Kedir

T. Munke" A.

A. Puchkov

(Ethiopia) (Finland) (Ethiopia)

IIOm HURDLES (G.D.R.) (Cuba) (U.S.s.R.)

40001 HURDLES V. Beck (G.D.R.) (U.S.S.R.) V. Arkhipenko (G.B.&N.I.) G.Oakes

27:42.7 27:44.3 27:44.7 1339 I:q(l 1:1.44

12.5 8:1:1.0

MARATHON (G.D.R.) (Netherlands)

2: 2:11.20

(U.S.S.R.)

2:11 ..'5

Zarov

G.We",ig J. Wszola J. Freimuth

4 x 10001 RELAY I. U.s.S.R. (V. Muravyov. N. Sidorov. A. Askinin. A. Prnkofcv) , Poland (K. Zwolinski. Z. Licznerski. L. Dunecki. M. Wornnin) .. 3. France (A. Richard. P. Barre. P. Banc. H. Panzn) 38.53

HIGH JUMP (G.D.R.) WR 2.36ml7'IP/4" (Poland) 2.310117'7" (G.D.R.) 2.310117'7"

POLE VAULT W. Kozakiewicz (Poland)WR 5.7801118'11'11" K. Vnlkov (U.S.S.R.) 5.65m/I8'6'11::} e4 ual T. Slusarski (Poland) 5.1>5011\8 LONG JUMP L. Dombrowski (G.D.R.) 8.54m128'OI/4" F. Paschek (G.D.R.) M.2ImI26'II'/4" V. Podluzhnyi (U.S.S.R.) 8. I Bm/26' 10" TRIPLE JUMP J. Uudmae (U.S.S.R.) 173501/56' 11'/4" V. Saneyev (U.S.S.R.) 17.24m/56·6·W' J. C. de Oliveira(Brazil) 172201/56'6" SHOT V Kiselyov (U.S.S.R.) A. Baryshnikov (U.S.S.R.) U. Beyer (G.D.R.) DISCUS V. Rasshchupkin (U S.S.R.) I. (Czechos• lovakia) L. Dellis (Cuba)

21.3501170'0 111" 21 .(lBml09':!" 21.11601/69' 1 /4" ' 00. ti4ml2lll' 8" 00. 38m/2 IT'!" 00..'2011217'7"

Y. Sedykh S. Litvinov Y.Tamm

HAMMER (US.S.R.)WR XU<Om/26l1'4" (U.S.S.R.) 80.6401/264'7" (U.S.S.R.) 789tim/259'1"

D.Kula A. Makanw W. Hanisch

JAVELIN (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.) (G.D.R.)

4911

STEEPLECHASE (Poland) B. Malinowski (Tanzania) F. Bavi (Ethiopia) E. Tu'ra W. Cierpinski G. Nijboer S. Dzhumana-

WOMEN 4 x 400m RELA Y I. U.S.S.R. (R. Valiulis, M. Linge. N. Chernetsky. V. Markin)3:01.1 2. G.D.R. (K. Thiek. A. Knebe!. F. Schaffer. V. Beck) 3:01.3 .'. Italy (S. Malinverni. M. Zuliani. R. Tozzi. P. Mennea) 3:114.3

B.Wiickel N.Bochina M.Ottey

22.03 22.19 22.30

M.Koch J. Kratochvilova C. Lathan

400 METRES (G.D.R.) (Czechoslovakia) (G.D.R.)

48.88 49.46 49.66

800 METRES N.Olizarenko (U.S.S.R.) 0. Mineyeva (U.S.S.R.) T. Providokhina (U.S.S.R.)

WR 1:53.5 1:54.9 1:55.5

ISOOMETRES T. Kazankina (U.S.S.R.) C. Wartenberg (G.D.R.). N.Olizarenko (U.S.S.R.)

3:56.6 3:57.8 3:59.4

V. Komisova J. Klier L. Langer

S.Simeoni U.Kielan J. Kirst

T. KOIf'akova B.WuJak T. Skachko

10001 HURDLES (U.S.S.R.) (G.D.R.) (Poland)

1.97m/6'5 111" 1.94m16'4 1/." 1.94m/6'4'/4"

LONG JUMP (U.S.S.R.) (G.D.R.) (U.S.S.R.)

7.(16m/23'2" 7 '<14m123' 1'/4" 7.01m/23'lr

SOKMWALK (G.D.R.) (Spain) (U.S.S.R.)

.':44:24 3:51:25 3:51>:32

DECATHLON D. Thompson (G.B. & N.I.) Y.Kutsenko (U.S.S.R.) S Zhelanov (U.S.S.R.)

M495 8331 8135

SHOT (G.D.R.) G.D.&.)

22.41mi73'6'/." 2 I. 42mi70'3 'tz"

21.2OmI69'63/,"

E.Jahl M.Petkova T. Lesovaya

DISCUS (G.D.R.) (Bulgaria) (U.S.S.R.)

67.90mI222'9" 67.40mI221 T

M.Colon S. Gunba U.Hommola

JAVELIN (Cuba) (U.S.S.R.) (G.D.R.)

67.76m1222 '4" 66.56m1218' 4"

69.96m1229'6"

68.401224'5"

4 x lOOm RELAY I. G.D.R. (R. Muller. B. Wockel. I. Auerswald. M. Gohr) 41.60 WR '2. U.S.S.R. (V. Komisova. L Maslakova, V. Anisimova, N. Bochina) 42.10 3. G.B. & N.!. (H. Hunte. K. Smallwood, B. Goddard. S. Lannaman) 42.43

12.56 12.63 12.65

HIGH JUMP ItalY) Poland) O.D.R.)

I. Slupianek S. Krachevskapa M. ufe

4 x 400m RELAY I. U.S.S.R. (T. Prorochenko, T. Goistchik. N. Zyuskova. I. Nazarova) 3:20.2 2. G.D.R. (G. Lowe, B. Krug, C. Lathan; M. Koch) 3:20.4 3. G.B. & N.1. (L. Macdonald. M. Probert, J. Hoyre-Smith. J. Macgregor) 3:27.5 PENTATHLON I. N. Tkaehenko (U.S.S.R.) 5083 WR 2. O. Rukavishikova (U.S.S.R.) 4937 3. O. Kuragina (U.S.S.R.) 4874

91.20mi299'2"

Ih.2.U5.5 Ih.24:45,4

176

200 METRES G .D.R.) U.S.S.It.) Jamaica)

11.06 11.07 11.14

84.6401/294' I" 86.7201/284'6"

20KMWALK M. Damilano (ltalv) P. Pochinchuk (U.S.S.R.) R. Weiser (G.D.R.) H.Gauder J. L10part Y.lvchenko

100 METRES L. Kondratyeva (U.S.S.R.) M. Gohr (G.D.R.) I. Auerswald (G.D.R.)

177

fr" ÂĽ.

TABLES OF CONTENTS DIVISION II -

CONSTITUTION -

NOTES Pages 34-65

Page Rule I Definitions 34 2 The LA.A.F. 35 3 Objects 35 4 Membership 36 40 5 Council 6 President, Vice-President and Honorary Treasurer 43 7 Congresses 44 8 Committees 46 9 Languages 46 47 10 Alterations to Rules I I Suspensions & Reinstatements 47 12 International meetings 51 Competition abroad 51 Competitors' Qualifications

Rule 13 World, Area and Group Championships 14 Expenses 15 Provision of Equipment and Services 16 Subventions to assist Athletes 17 Athletes' Funds 18 Advertising within the Arena 19 Arbitration Panel 51 Definition of Amateur 52 Restriction of competition to Amateurs 53 Ineligibility for International Competition 54 Guarantee by National Governing Body

DIVISION III - TECHNICAL RULES Section I - Officials I11 Officials of the Meeting 66 67 112 The Manager 67 113 The Secretary 114 The Technical Manager 68 115 Jury of Appeal 68 68 116 Referees 69 117 Judges 118 Umpires (Track Events) 70 71 119 Timekeepers 120 Photo Finish Judges 72 73 121 Starter and Recallers 122 Starters' Assistants 74 75 123 Lap Scorers 75 124 The Recorder 125 The Marshal 75 75 126 The Announcer 127 The Official Surveyor 76 128 The Wind Gauge Operator 76 Section III - General Rules 138 Entries )39 Clothing, Shoes and Numbers 140 The Competition - General 141 The Competiton - Running Events 142 The Competition - Field Events 143 Assistance to Athletes 144 Doping 145 Measurements and Weights 146 Ties 147 Protests 148 World Records 149 Wind Measurements 150 Official Implements DIVISION IV -

Page 54 56 56 57 57 59 59 63 63 64 65

Pages 66-76 Section ID - Running Events 161 Track and Lanes 162 The Start and the Finish 163 Hurdle Races 164 Steeplechase 165 Marathon Race 166 Relay Races 167 Team Races 168 Cross Country Races

97 101 105 109 111 112 114 115

Section IV - Jumping Events 171 High Jump 172 Pole Vault 173 Long Jump 174 Triple Jump

119 122 128 134

Section V - Throwing Events 181 Putting the Shot 182 Throwing the Discus 183 Discus Cage 184 Throwing the Hammer 185 Hammer Cage 186 Throwing the Javelin

135 139 144 146 152 155

7" f

78 80

Section IV - Walking Events 191 Walking 192 The "Lugano Trophy" and "Eschborn Cup"

80 83 84 85 88 89

162 164

Section VII - Combined Competitions 165 195 Pentathlon and Decathlon

90 91 95 96

WORLD & OLYMPIC RECORDS -

178

Pages 167-176

179

NOTES

Printed in England by Marshallarts Print Services, Unit 32, Huffwood Trading Estate, Partridge Green, West Sussex, England.

180