The Renal Microcirculation
Supplement 9. Handbook of Physiology, The Cardiovascular System, Microcirculation
L Gabriel Navar,
William J Arendshorst,
Thomas L Pallone,
Edward W Inscho,
John D Imig,
P Darwin Bell,
L Gabriel Navar
Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam J Arendshorst
Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorThomas L Pallone
Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorEdward W Inscho
Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJohn D Imig
Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, USA
Search for more papers by this authorP Darwin Bell
Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Search for more papers by this author
L Gabriel Navar,
William J Arendshorst,
Thomas L Pallone,
Edward W Inscho,
John D Imig,
P Darwin Bell,
L Gabriel Navar
Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam J Arendshorst
Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorThomas L Pallone
Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorEdward W Inscho
Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJohn D Imig
Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, USA
Search for more papers by this authorP Darwin Bell
Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The sections in this article are:
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Structural-Functional Aspects Unique to the Renal Microcirculation
- 2.1 Microvasculature of the renal cortex
- 2.2 Glomerular and peritubular capillary networks
- 2.2.1 Glomerular capillaries
- 2.2.2 Peritubular capillaries
- 2.3 Renal interstitium and lymphatics
- 2.4 Microvasculature of the renal medulla
- 2.5 Juxtaglomerular complex and macula densa
- 2.6 Innervation of the renal vascular structures
- 3 Fluid and Solute Transcapillary Exchange in Renal Microcirculation
- 3.1 Glomerular ultrafiltration
- 3.2 Restricted permeability to macromolecules in glomerular capillaries
- 3.3 Peritubular capillaries and uptake of tubular reabsorbate
- 3.4 Regulation of the filtration coefficient
- 3.5 Transport of solutes and water in medullary microvasculature
- 3.5.1 Transport of water across the DVR wall
- 3.5.2 Transport of NaCl and urea in DVR and RBC
- 3.5.3 Transport of solutes and water across the AVR wall
- 3.5.4 AQPl and the enhancement of exchanger efficiency
- 3.5.5 Transport of macromolecules in medulla
- 4 Vascular Activating Mechanisms and Intrinsic Control of Renal Microcirculation
- 4.1 Membrane activating mechanisms
- 4.1.1 Voltage-dependent calcium channels
- 4.1.2 Voltage-independent, non-selective cation channels, store-operated channels (SOC), ROC, and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels
- 4.1.3 Chloride channels
- 4.1.4 Potassium channels
- 4.1.5 Connexins
- 4.2 Mechanosensitive responses and renal autoregulation
- 4.3 TGF mechanism
- 4.1 Membrane activating mechanisms
- 5 Endothelial Interactions with Renal Vasculature
- 5.1 Endothelial-derived vasoactive factors
- 5.2 Nitric oxide
- 5.2.1 Intrarenal formation of NO
- 5.2.2 Renal cellular actions of NO
- 5.2.3 NO mediated responses of the renal vasculature
- 5.2.4 Inhibition of NO Synthesis
- 5.2.5 Effects of NO substrate and donors
- 5.2.6 Renal microcirculatory responses to NOS inhibition
- 5.2.7 Role of NO in renal autoregulation
- 5.2.8 Interactions of NO with other vasoactive factors
- 5.3 Endothelin and renal hemodynamics
- 5.3.1 Endothelin and ET receptors
- 5.3.2 Endothelin effects on renal hemodynamics
- 5.4 Endothelin effects on renal microcirculation
- 5.4.1 Cellular mechanisms of action of ET
- 5.5 Heme oxygenase and CO
- 5.6 Reactive oxygen species
- 6 Renin-Angiotensin System
- 6.1 Intrarenal formation of Ang II
- 6.2 Intrarenal angiotensin receptors
- 6.3 Actions of Ang II on renal microvasculature and renal hemodynamics
- 6.4 Differential activation and signal transduction mechanisms on afferent and efferent arterioles
- 6.4.1 Ang II activation of membrane channels
- 6.4.2 Differential activation mechanisms in afferent and efferent arterioles
- 6.5 Responses to ACE inhibitors and Ang II receptor blockers
- 6.6 Actions of intrarenally formed Ang II and renal interstitial Ang II
- 6.7 Modulation of TGF responsiveness by Ang II
- 6.8 Synergistic interactions between renal vascular and tubular effects of Ang II
- 7 Arachidonic Acid Related Paracrine Factors: Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase, Cytochrome P450 Pathways
- 7.1 Enzymes that metabolize eicosanoids
- 7.2 Renal microcirculatory actions of COX metabolites
- 7.3 Renal microcirculatory actions of CYP metabolites
- 7.4 Renal microcirculatory actions of LOX metabolites
- 7.5 Renal microvascular interactions between hormonal and paracrine factors and eicosanoids
- 7.6 Role of eicosanoids in renal autoregulation
- 7.7 Conclusions
- 8 Purinergic Factors Regulating the Renal Microcirculation
- 8.1 Overview of purinoceptors
- 8.2 Purinoceptors and their expression in the kidney
- 8.3 Purinoceptors and renal hemodynamics
- 8.4 Purinoceptors and the renal microcirculation: single vessel studies
- 8.5 Purinoceptors and renal autoregulation and TGF
- 8.5.1 Purinoceptors in hypertension
- 9 Mechanisms Regulating Medullary Microcirculation
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Reduction of intramedullary hematocrit
- 9.3 The unique requirements of renal medullary perfusion
- 9.4 Autoregulation and pressure natriuresis
- 9.5 Diuresis and vasopressin
- 9.6 Angiotensin and medullary perfusion
- 9.7 Nitric oxide
- 9.8 Reactive oxygen species
- 9.9 Carbon monoxide
- 9.10 Endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor
- 9.11 Arachadonic acid metabolite
- 9.11.1 Prostaglandins
- 9.11.2 Cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid
- 9.12 Kinins
- 9.13 Adenosine
- 9.14 Endothelins
- 10 Neural Factors and Catecholamines
- 10.1 Innervation of the renal vascular structures
- 10.2 Neural effects on renal hemodynamics and microcirculation
- 10.3 Segmental vascular resistance and glomerular hemodynamics
- 10.4 Effects of renal nerves on autoregulation
- 10.5 Neural interactions with paracrine factors
- 10.6 Co-neurotransmitters
- 10.7 Afferent renal nerves
- 11 Concluding Comments
- 12 Acknowledgments
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