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Context: Hyperthyroidism, Kasrat-e-Ifraz-e-Darqiyya in Unani medicine, is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Its clinical features are excessive sweating, heat... more
Context: Hyperthyroidism, Kasrat-e-Ifraz-e-Darqiyya in Unani medicine, is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Its clinical features are excessive sweating, heat intolerance, increased bowel movements, a voracious appetite, insomnia, tremors, palpitations, and a rapid pulse. Objective: This review intended to investigate the observations in ancient Unani literature, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and Ayurveda that correspond to the clinical presentation of hyperthyroidism as well as to identify probable treatments in Unani medicine. Design: The research team performed a narrative review to evaluate the concept of hyperthyroidism using classical Unani Medicine books, such as Firdaus-Ul-Hikmat (Wisdom of Paradise), Al-Havi Fit Tib (Liber Continence), Kamil- Us- Sana (Liber Regius), Al-Qanoon (The Canon of Medicine), and Zakheera Khvarazm Shahi (The Treasure of Medicine) to assess the perception of hyperthyroidism. The team also searched internet sources, such as Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Publons, and Google Scholar. using keywords such as Su-e-Mizaj Ha'ar Maddi, Ghair Tabayi Safra, Yang-Yin, Pitta, hyperthyroidism. The study was undertaken at National Institute of Unani medicine, Bengaluru, India. Results: In TCM, a dominant Yang Qi is considered as cause of hyperthyroidism; in Ayurveda, excessive Pitta production is considered as its cause, and in Unani Medicine it is due to an excess of abnormal bile (Ghair Tabayi Safra). Thus, the traditional systems all view the disease as a manifestation of excessive energy production. Conclusions: The clinical symptoms of the hot temperament of bile (Su-e-Mizaj Ha'ar Maddi) and hyperthyroidism are similar in the literature. The resemblance may help medical practitioners to recommend a better approach for preventing, treating, and reducing the condition's devastating complications using the treatment approach of Unani medicine. It approaches hyperthyroidism with recommendations for reducing excessive energy production, with the help of restoration of the imbalance in temperament (Mizaj).
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The rearing of Aedes mosquitoes is complex and demanding for several reasons. Aedes larvae are affected by temperature, density and available nutrition, mating is not necessarily accomplished naturally and females need a blood meal to... more
The rearing of Aedes mosquitoes is complex and demanding for several reasons. Aedes larvae are affected by temperature, density and available nutrition, mating is not necessarily accomplished naturally and females need a blood meal to develop eggs. The climate chambers where the mosquitoes are kept are warm and sweaty. Due to these tropical conditions the larvae develop fast and need to be cared for daily. The Laboratory of Entomology in National Institute of Malaria Research Bangalore has cultured different colonies of different vectors successfully. In this paper, we discuss different aspects off the rearing process which affect mosquito fitness and are of importance for the quality of fundamental and applied research.
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Biology, Malaria, Medicine, Aedes aegypti, Dengue fever, and 4 moreMating, Tropical parasitology, Larva, and Aedes
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Homeopathy and Siddha
Murakkab drugs of Unani medicine have remained an important aspect of disease treatment since antiquity. Physicians prepared different formulations for various diseases. The formulations thus prepared have always been of two categories.... more
Murakkab drugs of Unani medicine have remained an important aspect of disease treatment since antiquity. Physicians prepared different formulations for various diseases. The formulations thus prepared have always been of two categories. One category of Murakkab drugs was those which were formulated empirically and remained in use without conceptual framework behind these formulations. These formulations were categorized as Mujarrab (tested) formulations. The other category of formulations was prepared in consideration with theoretical framework of Mizaj (temperament) and Usoole ilaj (treatment strategy) and then tested by physicians. This category forms a large chunk of formulations in the formulary sections of the literature of Unani medicine. Present paper explores various approaches for formulating Murakkab drugs of the second category keeping in view the actions of the ingredients of the drug formulation, and treatment strategy of the disease for which the formulation was prepared. It elucidates the approaches of formulating compound drug formulations with the logic of including various individual ingredients. The study exemplifies two compound formulations to illustrate the approaches used to formulate compound formulations of Unani medicine.
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The objective of the study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Gumma (Leucas cephalotes Spreng.) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatic damage was induced by the administration of CCl(4) in... more
The objective of the study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Gumma (Leucas cephalotes Spreng.) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatic damage was induced by the administration of CCl(4) in wistar rats. Hydro alcoholic (1:1) extract of Gumma (583mg/kg orally) was used to screen the extent of hepatoprotection in the rats subjected to hepatotoxicity. The protective effect was compared against the plain control and negative control groups treated with distilled water (p.o.) and CCl(4) in the dose of 0.7ml/kg, i.p. daily. The liver function test and histopathological examination of liver tissue was conducted to assess the hepatoprotective effect. The comparison among different treatments was carried out using one way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's multiple comparison test. The mean serum markers of liver function in plain control for Bilirubin, AST, ALT and ALKP were 0.69 ± 0.04, 34.85 ± 4.45, 16.84 ± 4.64 and 33.85 ± 3.20 whereas in CCl(4) treated group, the values were found to be 4.42 ± 0.71, 99.33 ± 13.89, 127.83 ± 6.55 and 70.83 ± 11.26, respectively. In pre-treated group, Bilirubin, AST, ALT and ALKP were observed to be 0.67 ± 0.03, 32.97 ± 7.77, 42.57 ± 2.03 and 42.42 ± 4.41 while in post-treated 6.68 ± 0.90, 145.66 ± 33.37, 44.16 ± 5.16 and 56.83 ± 10.44, and in concurrent group 0.24 ± 0.07, 21 ± 3.66, 37.48 ± 4.38 and 40.4 ± 7.03, respectively.Histologically, no significant pathology was observed in the liver of Plain control group, while extensive hepatocellular damage was seen in CCl(4) treated group. Pre-treated group showed no significant damage, while liver of Concurrent group showed moderate hepatocellular damage, whereas Post-treated group showed moderate to severe hepatocellular damage. The extract of Gumma (Leucas cephalotes Spreng.) caused significant lowering of serum markers of liver function to near normal in chemically challenged animals (p<0.01). It also reversed the liver tissue damage caused by CCl(4). Prophylactic effect has been more marked than the curative effect. Thus, the findings suggest that Gumma possesses hepatoprotective effect.
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Pityr ias is vers icolor (P .V) i s a common superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur and is characterized by hypopigmented or hyperpigmented plaques generally on the back, trunk, scalp and upper... more
Pityr ias is vers icolor (P .V) i s a common superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur and is characterized by hypopigmented or hyperpigmented plaques generally on the back, trunk, scalp and upper arms 1, 2. It is frequently seen in tropical regions with a prevalence rate as high as 40%. The commonest affected age group is 25-30 years in males and 20-25 years in females. Despite the effective therapeutic regimes currently available for PV in contemporary medicine, it often poses a therapeutic challenge 3. In the Unani system of medicine, many herbal drugs are used empirically for its treatment since antiquity. Therefore, a randomized, single-blind, standard controlled trial was designed with the objective of evaluating the safety and efficacy of a topical Polyherbal formulation in PV using standardized outcome measures. The ingredients of formulation were Plumbugo zeylanicum, Brassica nigra, Dregea volubis, Rubia cordifolia, Raphanus sativus 6 g...
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exhibited statistically significant improvement in cough (p<0.004), sputum production (p<0.001), and breathlessness (p<0.0146) in subjective parameters in comparison to control group. A significant improvement was also observed... more
exhibited statistically significant improvement in cough (p<0.004), sputum production (p<0.001), and breathlessness (p<0.0146) in subjective parameters in comparison to control group. A significant improvement was also observed in wheezes (p<0.004), chest X- Ray findings (p<0.0477), and spirometric measures consisting of FEV 1 % predicted (p<0.01), FEV 1/FVC % (p<0.019), and PEF (p<0.03).
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Introduction: Mizaj-e-Advia (Temperament of drug) is the central concept for drug action in traditional Unani medicine. Mizaj-e- Advia is determined by different methods, of them Qiyas (Analogy) and Tajriba (Experimentation) are the... more
Introduction: Mizaj-e-Advia (Temperament of drug) is the central concept for drug action in traditional Unani medicine. Mizaj-e- Advia is determined by different methods, of them Qiyas (Analogy) and Tajriba (Experimentation) are the conventional one. Tajriba is applied to confirm the Mizaj-e-Advia of drugs and Qiyas is undertaken by comparison of different physico-chemical properties of drug substances with a known comparator drug. Organoleptic characters i.e.colour, taste, smell, weight, texture, etc., are the most important determinants to predict Mizaj-e- Advia in humans. Taste is considered as one of the strongest determinant in assessment of Mizaj-e- Advia. Since, they are very subjective indicators, so there is a need to assess them with an objective technique. The present study attempted to evaluate the relative saltiness of drugs with salty taste. Methodology: The taste of different salty drugs in relation to standard as prescribed in Unani system of Medicine i.e., Namak Ta’...
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Non-healing ulcers are defined as ulcers that do not heal in 6-9 weeks. Non-healing ulcers are a serious health issue that impacts people all over the world. They have a significant influence on people's lives on a personal,... more
Non-healing ulcers are defined as ulcers that do not heal in 6-9 weeks. Non-healing ulcers are a serious health issue that impacts people all over the world. They have a significant influence on people's lives on a personal, professional, and social level. They come at a high cost in terms of human and material resources. There is a direct impact on quality of life and individual impacts too (poor work capacity and lack of morale), physical (restricted activity and disability due to amputation), psychological (depression or anxiety), social (disconnection from family and associates), and economic effects (costly treatment). In view of the common prevalence and non-availability of affordable treatment of non-healing ulcers, Unani pharmacopeial formulation (Marham-e-Khal), with easy affordability and availability, was used on the non-healing ulcer to find out its effect in two patients.
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Background Drug addiction, or substance abuse disorder, has a long history. The use of a drug that causes dependence has been used in various religious and tribal initiation ceremonies. Currently, recreational use or peer modelling leads... more
Background Drug addiction, or substance abuse disorder, has a long history. The use of a drug that causes dependence has been used in various religious and tribal initiation ceremonies. Currently, recreational use or peer modelling leads an individual to substance abuse. The magnitude of the problem of addiction increases multifold in the presence of stressors like broken families, joblessness, occupational stress, etc. Objectives The de-addiction process is used to relieve an individual's craving for the drug. It is a painful process, as several effects of withdrawal compel a person to return to the drugs again and again. Our aim is to explore the available literature on the use of Unani medicine for de-addiction. Methodology We surveyed various classical books from the available literature for drug de-addiction in Unani medicine. Indexed journals were also surveyed for the available related material using various keywords like "opium addiction" and "Unani medici...
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Background: Unani System of Medicine (USM) possesses very effective and safe nephroprotective drugs which are useful in renal disorders for a long time by renowned Unani Physicicians. Beekh Kasni (roots of Cichorium intybus) belongs to... more
Background: Unani System of Medicine (USM) possesses very effective and safe nephroprotective drugs which are useful in renal disorders for a long time by renowned Unani Physicicians. Beekh Kasni (roots of Cichorium intybus) belongs to the family of asteraceae, which is one such type of drug widely used as a diuretic, nephroprotective and tonic to kidneys. It is also used in kidney diseases of diverse etiology, having different pathological (su-e-mizaj, su-e-tarkeeb or tafarruq-e-ittesal) and symptomatic presentations. The drug Beekh Kasni has not been scientifically studied; therefore it is important to evaluate this clinically important drug scientifically. In the present study, an effort has been made to evaluate the effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of Beekh Kasni on Gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The test drug was studied for nephroprotective activity. Material Methods: Nephroprotective activity of the test drug was evaluated in wistar rats. Animals were a...
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Mankind has faced many hardships like natural disaster, drought and epidemics. Study focuses on epidemics caused by microbes.Unani medicine has a long experience in treating epidemic diseases because its history is as old as the history... more
Mankind has faced many hardships like natural disaster, drought and epidemics. Study focuses on epidemics caused by microbes.Unani medicine has a long experience in treating epidemic diseases because its history is as old as the history of human being itself. More or less entire of the civilisations throughout the history became the basis for evolution of Unani medicine. Hippocrates (460-380BC) regarded it asbothart and science, discussed the epidemics and wrote a book on Epidemics. Body is assumed healthy when the humours are balanced. So, Unani scholars have rightly said Fa’il (Active agent) is not able to produce any change (Actions & Reactions) in the body without the prior presence of Munfa’il(Pertinent) having the capacity to accept it like in Waba(epidemic). The aim is to explore the fundamental concept of Waba from the Unani literature and understand COVID-19 in reference to existing literature of Unani medicine. The literature of Unani medicine was surveyed for concept of W...
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Hippocratic doctrine of four humors and qualities is implicated to be a pioneer of modern endocrinology because of the concept of dyscrasia. Imbalance in humors causes disease. Unani scholars were aware of endocrinological disorders like... more
Hippocratic doctrine of four humors and qualities is implicated to be a pioneer of modern endocrinology because of the concept of dyscrasia. Imbalance in humors causes disease. Unani scholars were aware of endocrinological disorders like endocrinologic syndrome (i.e., association of amenorrhea and galactorrhoea in a non-pregnant woman), castration, contraceptives techniques, infertility, obesity, diabetes etc., and also their mode of remedy, albeit with a phenomenological approach. Their understanding of the symptoms and signs related to endocrinologic syndromes, which were explained in detail in the recent account of the endocrine system, is presented here with historical chronology. The survey was carried out from the literature of the Unani system of medicine, and the same was analyzed from the observations reported in various indexed journals and reputed books. The paper details the account of endocrinologic syndrome from the Greek era to the end of the medieval ages. - Descript...
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Nymphaea alba (L.) commonly known as white water lily is an aquatic herb with perennial rhizomes or rootstocks anchored within the mud. It is rich in tannic acid, gallic acid, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, glycosides, hydrolyzable... more
Nymphaea alba (L.) commonly known as white water lily is an aquatic herb with perennial rhizomes or rootstocks anchored within the mud. It is rich in tannic acid, gallic acid, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, glycosides, hydrolyzable tannins and high molecular weight polyphenolic compounds (Eliana et al., 2008). All the parts of the plant have medicinal uses in traditional system of medicine. An infusion of the flower and fruit is given in diarrhoea and as a diuretic (Kang et al., 2006). Alcoholic extract of rhizome containing alkaloids has a mild sedative and spasmolytic action and do not significantly depress the heart in large doses but are reported to have a paralyzing action on medulla (Irvine et al., 1945). The present review will provide comprehensive information on phytochemical and therapeutic uses with special reference to Unani medicine which will help to knock its unexplored prospective with more scientific approach.
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Sammul far (Arsenic trioxide) is a poison but its use in Unani medicine as a therapeutic agent is common, of course, after subjecting it to various processes of detoxification. Two forms of processed Arsenic, i.e. simply processed by... more
Sammul far (Arsenic trioxide) is a poison but its use in Unani medicine as a therapeutic agent is common, of course, after subjecting it to various processes of detoxification. Two forms of processed Arsenic, i.e. simply processed by grinding it along with certain other drugs (Mudabbar/detoxified form), and by burning it at a very high temperature and getting its oxide (Kushta/calcined form) are widely used by Unani physicians. However, these two forms have not been studied scientifically for their toxic potential or pharmacological and therapeutic profile. Therefore, a study was designed to evaluate acute and sub acute toxicity of Sammul far processed by different methods in albino mice with an aim to prepare their toxicity/safety profile and find the safest dosage form through their inter comparison. The data obtained from the study were analyzed by using Kruskal Wallis with Dunn’s multiple pair comparison test, and ANOVA nonrepeated measure. A thermogram was also prepared by reco...
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Aim of the study: The drugs of complementary alternative systems of medicine have been used since centuries. The Unani system of medicine (USM) is one among the complementary alternative systems of medicine and the physicians of this... more
Aim of the study: The drugs of complementary alternative systems of medicine have been used since centuries. The Unani system of medicine (USM) is one among the complementary alternative systems of medicine and the physicians of this system prescribed drugs and other therapeutic measures to the patient. Now, the evidence based medicine limits the role of the healthcare personnel with a sense of responsibility about what they prescribe, administer and follow any procedure. The present study is an effort to evaluate the status of documentation of Arq-e-Mako, a commonly used pharmacopoeia drug formulations in Unani System of Medicine. Methods: The data was collected from the all possible Unani literature through an extensive search to record the information related to Arq-e-Mako. The Interpretive phenomenological analysis was carried out with the recorded data. The aim of analysis was to generate various themes and presented in different tables. It included the status of documentation ...
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Dyslipidaemia is a common metabolic disorder which is a major cause of coronary heart disease. It affects both genders, but is more common among males. In India 25-30% of urban and 15-20% rural subjects are suffering from... more
Dyslipidaemia is a common metabolic disorder which is a major cause of coronary heart disease. It affects both genders, but is more common among males. In India 25-30% of urban and 15-20% rural subjects are suffering from dyslipidaemia.Currently, various synthetic lipid lowering agents are being used, however, Long term use of these medicine may leads to various adverse effects like hepatotoxicity, dyspepsia, myopathy, bloating, constipation, renal dysfunction etc. present study indertakes the concept of dyslipidemia as understtod in Unani mdicinee.
The concept of Mizaj-e-advia (temperament of drugs) in Unani medicine is not only unique in its own way of describing the properties of drug substances but also stands the test of time by proving extremely valuable in predicting the... more
The concept of Mizaj-e-advia (temperament of drugs) in Unani medicine is not only unique in its own way of describing the properties of drug substances but also stands the test of time by proving extremely valuable in predicting the behavior of drugs on administration or topical application to humans. Mizaj-e-advia is a broad concept, which describes the pharmacological properties of crude drugs derived from plant, animal and mineral sources. This classical way of drug development may show promising results as an alternative to the extremely cumbersome and costly experimental phase of the conventional drug development process. However, it needs extensive research to unravel its yet obscure pharmacological correlations and scientific interpretations. This work reviews the concept of Mizaj-e-advia and assesses its role in drug developmental process in Unani Medicine. It also includes a review of some important research works so far undertaken in this field, lays emphasis, and highligh...
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Kaahu – Lactuca sativa L. is a large genus of annual or perennial herbs, chiefly of north temperate regions. About 25 species occur in India. All the species contain milky latex and the dried latex from some of them furnishes the drug... more
Kaahu – Lactuca sativa L. is a large genus of annual or perennial herbs, chiefly of north temperate regions. About 25 species occur in India. All the species contain milky latex and the dried latex from some of them furnishes the drug lactucarium. Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) is considered as the most important vegetable in the group of leafy vegetables. It is also extensively used as a fresh vegetable, but some forms are also cooked. It has been used for salads at a very early period. According to Herodotus, they were served at the tables of the Persian Kings more than 400 years before the Christian era. The garden lettuce is considered to have originated in the warmer temperate parts of western Asia, including eastern Mediterranean and descended from L. Serriola Linn, prickley lettuce, found wild in the Himalayas and north temperate regions of the Old World. The present review will provide comprehensive information on phytochemical and curative uses with exceptional mention to U...
The holistic Unani medicine is fundamentally different from the reductionist conventional medicine. It asserts the self-integration amongst its basic disciplines, without considering them underlying principles of Unani system of medicine... more
The holistic Unani medicine is fundamentally different from the reductionist conventional medicine. It asserts the self-integration amongst its basic disciplines, without considering them underlying principles of Unani system of medicine cannot be understood. The diagnosis, selection of drugs, and plan of treatment is also overlooked. Unani scholars attribute health to the functions or actions of the body in a normal way. The constitution is considered as the result of need based on the amalgamation of Arkan (primordial essence). Umoor Tabiya (basic principles) interact at many levels and manifest into Kaifiyyat (Mizaj), Akhlat (Humour), Arwaah (Pneuma), Quwa (faculties), and Tabiyat (Physis) which need to be understood properly for effective management and diagnosis of disease in Unani medicine as well as its treatment. Ilmul Asbab is applied in the prevention of disease as well as in disease causation. In Unani medicine, there should be conformity in between, Asbab (causes), Alama...
Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome caused by thyroid hormone deficiency due to reduced production, deranged distribution, or lack of effects of thyroid hormone. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in developed countries is around 4–5%,... more
Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome caused by thyroid hormone deficiency due to reduced production, deranged distribution, or lack of effects of thyroid hormone. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in developed countries is around 4–5%, whereas it is about 11% in India, only 2% in the UK, and 4·6% in the USA. It is more common in women than in men. Hypothyroidism has multiple etiologies and manifestations. The most common clinical manifestations are weight gain, loss of hair, cold intolerance, lethargy, constipation, dry skin, and change in voice. The signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism differ with age, gender, severity of condition, and some other factors. The diagnosis is based on clinical history, physical examination and serum level of FT3, FT4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, imaging studies, procedures, and histological findings. The treatment of choice for hypothyroidism is levothyroxine, however; in this review article, we have discussed the epidemiology, etiology, clinical...
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A randomized placebo controlled study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of massage with Roghan Seer (a polyherbal Unani formulation), in motor recovery in Hemiplegia secondary to ischaemic stroke. Forty patients of ischaemic stroke... more
A randomized placebo controlled study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of massage with Roghan Seer (a polyherbal Unani formulation), in motor recovery in Hemiplegia secondary to ischaemic stroke. Forty patients of ischaemic stroke diagnosed radiologically, presenting with hemiplegia (Falije Nisfi) were randomly allocated to Group A (test) and Group B (control); comprising 20 patients each. Patients in Group A were massaged with Roghan Seer whereas patients in Group B were massaged with white petroleum jelly. The study reveals that there was significant improvement in voluntary movements of lower limb (p 0.05).
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Catalepsy (Jamood / Shakhoos) is a disorder of central nervous system particularly brain due to the domination of Sauda (black bile) or some quantitative/ qualitative changes in its composition like other related disorders such as Sudda... more
Catalepsy (Jamood / Shakhoos) is a disorder of central nervous system particularly brain due to the domination of Sauda (black bile) or some quantitative/ qualitative changes in its composition like other related disorders such as Sudda (headache), Shaqeeqa (migraine), Sarsaam (meningitis), Sider (giddiness), Malikholia (melancholia), Sara (epilepsy) and Sakta (comma), and characterized by muscle rigidity of the extremities, fixidity of posture and decreased sensitivity to pain. During the attack of catalepsy the psychomotor disturbances are very much prominent as seen by posturing, negativism, rigidity or common automatism. Catalepsy, a behavioral immobility associated with varying degrees of enhanced muscular rigidity, serves as an experimental animal model of Parkinsonism.
Oxy+ is a natural source of arthrospira found in nature, used as a dietary supplement and manufactured in Aruba for lifefactors. Arthrospira contains good quality of proteins, sulfated polysaccharides, γ-linoleic acid, along with an array... more
Oxy+ is a natural source of arthrospira found in nature, used as a dietary supplement and manufactured in Aruba for lifefactors. Arthrospira contains good quality of proteins, sulfated polysaccharides, γ-linoleic acid, along with an array of carotene and phytopigments, vitamins, and minerals which are reported to be antioxidant, immunomodulator, antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anticancerous, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective and renoprotective activities. Several studies have shown arthrospira, and active ingredients of it revealed various pharmacological activities. It can be used for the management of various ailments such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, cancer, arthritis, osteoarthritis, autoimmune disorders, etc. This review attempts to explore the hidden benefits of Oxy+ (arthrospira).
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Background: Though a number of studies has been carried out in terms of safety of Kushta but concerns have been raised about the presence of heavy metals in Unani formulations. Classical method of preparation of KKH and other Kushta... more
Background: Though a number of studies has been carried out in terms of safety of Kushta but concerns have been raised about the presence of heavy metals in Unani formulations. Classical method of preparation of KKH and other Kushta preparation in Unani system of medicine has been found to eliminate all such issues from the end product. Hence; the present study was designed to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity study of KKH prepared by Classical and Muffle furnace methods. Objective: To ascertain the safety profile of Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKH) prepared by classical and muffle furnace methods. Materials and methods: Both of the samples of KKH i.e. Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKHCM) and Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKHMFM) prepared by Classical and Muffle Furnace Methods respectively were evaluated for acute and sub-acute toxicity by OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. The starting dose in the acute test was 50 mg/kg and in sub-acute test, it was 134mg, 200 mg and 400 mg/kg b...
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ABSTRACT The popular recipe &quot;Shangri-kahwa&quot; is an age old home remedy for respiratory and various other problems in almost whole of Kashmir. It is prepared from important spices like liquorice, clove, cinnamon, and... more
ABSTRACT The popular recipe &quot;Shangri-kahwa&quot; is an age old home remedy for respiratory and various other problems in almost whole of Kashmir. It is prepared from important spices like liquorice, clove, cinnamon, and cardamom, which have documented health benefits. Information about its use and method of preparation was obtained from group discussions held in some villages of Baramullah district of Jammu and Kashmir. People in these villages believe that Shangri-kahwa is cost effective, delicious, made from easily available ingredients and can be prepared easily at home. Being residents of this area, the authors are aware of the popularity of this magical drink used as a first line of treatment for various ailments at home, particularly during cold days. This recipe is extremely famous in these villages both as a refreshing and stimulant drink, as well as believed to be highly efficacious in respiratory illnesses. It is cost effective and highly palatable. The ingredients of Shangri-kahwa are being used extensively in Unani system of medicine and Ayurveda for almost same indications as the recipe is used. This study was carried out to highlight the effectiveness and focus the attention of the researchers towards this attractive and effective dosage form used as home remedy in Kashmir.
In Unani System of Medicine, humours (Akhlat) play a vital role in maintenance of health; imbalance of their proportion either qualitative or quantitative can cause disease. Akhlat refers to the body fluids under a wider perspective in... more
In Unani System of Medicine, humours (Akhlat) play a vital role in maintenance of health; imbalance of their proportion either qualitative or quantitative can cause disease. Akhlat refers to the body fluids under a wider perspective in the Unani Medicine, which also encompasses fluids designated as hormones by the Modern Medicine. Akhlat (humours) are those moist and fluid parts of the body which are produced after transformation and metabolism of the nutrition; they serve the function of growth, repair, produce energy, preservation of individual and the species. It is concerned with growth, multiplication, differentiation, and metabolic activities of different tissues and systems, and thereby maintains a correct physiological balance between them. Present paper is a review on the concept of Akhlat and an attempt to understand hormones.