Vanja Ivanova

Usually the issues connected with the official language politics in Tito’s Yugoslavia are a constituent part of a significant and multicomponent problem – the national question in a multi-linguistic and multicultural socialist federation. Constitutional articles in all Yugoslav constitutions (1946, 1963 and 1974) guaranteed the rights of every Yugoslav citizen to use freely his/her national language and the equality of the languages and characters of all officially recognized Yugoslav nations. The predominant part of the national minorities in FPRY/SFRY had officially acknowledged and sponsored textbooks and broadcasts in their own languages. The main contradictions in the field of linguistic matters (with long-lasting political and ‘bloody’ consequences) may be found in two main thematic areas. Firstly, the equal position of Slovenian and Macedonian (later Albanian and Hungarian) compared to Serbo-Croatian. And secondly the insurmountable contradictions in the Serbo-Croatian speaking district on the nature and possible ‘variants’ of the spoken language. In comparing the major components of the language policies with the political practices which are actually directed towards enhancing multilingualism in the EU, this paper suggests what lessons can be learned from the Yugoslav experience.

Независимо от редица успешни опити за разработване на различни по тип образователни музейни програми, обзорната беседа вероятно ще запази своето присъствие като основен начин за общуване с посетителите в музейното пространство. предвид разнопосочната тематична детерминираност на отделните музейни експозиции (постоянни и временни) в специализираната музеоложка литература се акцентира главно върху личностните качества и компетенции на осъществяващия "медиаторната комуникация" в музея. Приема се, че музейните екскурзоводи и педагози трябва да имат познания по конкретната тематика на експозицията и в областта на връзките с обществеността, протокола и дипломацията, както и да владеят основни педагогически методи. Често пъти обаче реалността се разминава с предварителните теоретични изисквания. Една от основните причини би могла да се открие в липсата на достатъчно споделен опит, касаещ основните методологически принципи изготвянето на обзорни тематични беседи.
Предметите в музея могат "да проговорят" и техният "език" да стане по-разбираем ако предлаганата беседа е съобазена с изчерпателни, научно обосновани отговори на ключови въпроси в съответните тематични полета. Възможните отговори, базирани върху данни, почерпени от специализирани изследвания, така и въз основа на лични наблюдения и опит, поставят друг проблем - за излишността на "единствената" екскурзоводска беседа и нейното "разслояване" в множество беседи, даващи възможност да бъде чут и "гласът" на посетителите в музея, общуващи пълноценно с музейния специалист в непринуден и/или насочващ разговор.

В статията е проследено мястото на чипровските килими в постоянните и временни експозиции на двата основни музея в региона (ИМ – Чипровци и РИМ – Монтана). Специално внимание е отделено на конкретни инициативи и практически действия на държавни и обществени институции на различни управленски нива за популяризиране на чипровското килимарство, включително и на кулминационното решение (взето от ресорния Междуправителствен комитет на ЮНЕСКО) за вписване на „традицията за изработване на килими в Чипровци” в Представителния списък на нематериалното културно наследство на човечеството.
С оглед на фактическото му присъствие в „обществото на спектакъла”, чипровският килим е представен като търговски продукт и обект на специализиран научен интерес. Накрая чипровското килимарство, като налични и потенциално възможни музейни практики с подчертано утилитарна насоченост, е съотнесено с идейни концепции на Новата музеология.

Usually the issues connected with the official language politics in Tito’s Yugoslavia are a constituent part of a significant and multicomponent problem – the national question in a multi-linguistic and multicultural socialist federation. Constitutional articles in all Yugoslav constitutions (1946, 1963 and 1974) guaranteed the rights of every Yugoslav citizen to use freely his/her national language and the equality of the languages and characters of all officially recognized Yugoslav nations. The predominant part of the national minorities in FPRY/SFRY had officially acknowledged and sponsored textbooks and broadcasts in their own languages. The main contradictions in the field of linguistic matters (with long-lasting political and ‘bloody’ consequences) may be found in two main thematic areas. Firstly, the equal position of Slovenian and Macedonian (later Albanian and Hungarian) compared to Serbo-Croatian. And secondly the insurmountable contradictions in the Serbo-Croatian speaking district on the nature and possible ‘variants’ of the spoken language. In comparing the major components of the language policies with the political practices which are actually directed towards enhancing multilingualism in the EU, this paper suggests what lessons can be learned from the Yugoslav experience.

This article is an attempt for a historiographical analysis of two anthropogeographical monographs published in 1938 and 1944 devoted to the village of Chiprovtsi (a town after 1968) and the town of Ferdinand (the town’s name after 1993 is Montana). Their authors, Y. Zahariev and S. Markov, had a university degree in geography. „Anthropogeography“ (or „cultural geography“) is a term commonly used as a definition of a scientific trend that examines „human society and its relations with the natural environment“ (facts, phenomena, processes) from the position of the so called „geographical determinism“ (geo- and biological systems as determine modules of existing social formations). Ideas – predecessors can be seen in the views of Hippocrates (460-370 BC), Ch. de Montesquieu (1689-1755), G. de Buffon (1707–1788), Alexander von Humboldt (1775–1859), C. Ritter (1779–1859) and others but as a generally accepted founder of anthropogeography is pointed F. Ratzel (1844–1904), thanks to his researches in two volumes of the same name (1882–1891).Not so long after its appearance as a scientifi c branch, anthropogeography has beenaccepted with open arms in Bulgaria thanks to prof. A. Ishirkov (1868–1937) – Ratzel’s student. Roused interest is premised by different factors – educational strategies of Bulgarian governments, „fashionable scientific c tendencies“, inherited traditions. Concrete texts and a table of contents of both analysed anthropogeographical researches prove the statement that their authors have fulfilled the advisable paradigms for making such a study. The monographs are divided in two main parts – physical geographical features and anthropogeographical characteristics. The fi rst part includes geographical location, geology, orography, hydrology and drinking water, climate, plant and animal world. The anthropogeographical part reveals basic historical and ethnological facts – settlement’s origin and name; planning and development; house’s interior and yard, other buildings economic relations; logistics; population – national origin(s), movements, age, sex, literacy;
anthropological type, mentality, clothes, dialect. Among the used sources are  scientific studies of different thematic fields, official statistic data and close personal observations.
Because of authors’ high level of professionalism, a predominant part of the anthropological
researches published in Bulgaria during the interwar period now-a-days can be used not only
as reliable scholarly sources but also as valuable methodological handbooks.