Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2018, 79–92 Searching for the battlefield – finding a silver hoard in Vanamõisa village, Viljandi County Marge Konsa Tartu Ülikool, ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut, arheoloogia osakond (University of Tartu, Institute of History and Archaeology), Jakobi 2, 51005 Tartu, Estonia; marge.konsa@ut.ee Ivar Leimus Eesti Ajaloomuuseum (Estonian History Museum), Pirita tee 56, 10123 Tallinn, Estonia Nele Kangert Muinsuskaitseamet (National Heritage Board), Pikk 2, 10123 Tallinn, Estonia Ain Mäesalu Tartu Ülikool, ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut, arheoloogia osakond (University of Tartu, Institute of History and Archaeology), Jakobi 2, 51005 Tartu, Estonia INTRODUCTION The battle of St Matthew’s Day (also called the battle of Paala, Sakala, or the battle near Fellin) on 21 September 1217 was the largest field battle in the crusade against the Estonians. In the battle, the united troops of Estonia’s six counties fought against German, Livonian and Latgalian forces. The course of the battle is well known from a description in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (HCL XXI, 2–3), but the exact location has remained a mystery. Based on a note in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (LR, lines 1384–1387) that 0 500 m the battle took place 1.5 miles from Viljandi, researchers have proposed Vanamõisa vil- Fig. 1. Areas investigated with metal detectors in 2018 lage, 11 km northwest of Viljandi, as one of and the location of the hoard in Vanamõisa village. Jn 1. 2018. aastal metallidetektoritega uuritud alad ja the most likely venues.¹ aarde leiukoht Vanamõisa külas. Vanamõisa village is located by the River Base map / Aluskaart: Estonian Land Board / Maa-amet; Lemmjõgi in the northern part of the Sakala additions / täiendused: Marge Konsa Upland. The best-known sites in the village are the ruins of a medieval chapel at Kirikumägi (Eng. ‘Church Hill’), Tammemägi (Eng. ‘Hill of Oaks’) sacred natural site and Madi cemetery, all of which were initially associated with the battle of St Matthew’s Day (Fig. 1). Archaeological fieldwork has not confirmed those ¹ The summary of the discussion on the possible venues for the battlefield of St Matthew’s Day is presented in Vassar 1968, Vahtre 1990 and lately Laas 2017. 80 Marge Konsa, Ivar Leimus, Nele Kangert and Ain Mäesalu assumptions. However, studies revealed that the Vanamõisa area was inhabited already in the Stone Age when settlement sites were set up in the area of the later Madi cemetery and Kirikumäe. During the Viking Age, the settlement of Rattama was established at the source of the River Lemmjõgi, near a spring. The nearby cemetery of Madi was the burial site of the inhabitants of Rattama from the 10th to the 13th century (Konsa 2003; 2013). In the last decade, searches for the battlefield of St Matthew’s Day have intensified because of the 800th anniversary of the battle. While earlier archaeological research had focused on the central part of Vanamõisa village, Jaan Laas (2015; 2017) has lately suggested that the battlefield was in the northeast or northwest part of the village. Fieldwork was carried out in collaboration with detectorists and archaeologists to check these assumptions. METAL DETECTOR SURVEYS IN 2013 AND 2018 On 21 September 2013, a metal detector survey was conducted in the northeastern and eastern fields of the Vanamõisa and Kookla villages. In addition to modern era metal accessories of the clothing, also two prehistoric or medieval horse crampons (TÜ 2730) were collected. No artefacts indicating an ancient battlefield were found, nor traces of archaeological sites. A new search for the battlefield was set out on 22 September 2018. More than 40 detectorists and archaeologists from the National Heritage Board and the University of Tartu participated. This time the focus was on the western and northwestern part of the Vanamõisa village. South of the River Lemmjõgi, the fields were inspected in Siimu and Kuusikupõllu cadastral units and north of the Lemmjõgi in Vanapõllu cadastral unit. Artefacts from different periods were found (TÜ 2738; TÜ 2739), all of which are attributable to the local settlement and not to the battle of St Matthew’s Day. The oldest finds were flint and quartz flakes and one quartz core. These can be associated with the Stone Age settlement alongside the River Lemmjõgi. Stray finds from later periods include, for example, a 13th-century finger-ring, medieval wheel-thrown pottery and a socketed iron crossbow bolt from the 15th–16th centuries. Several artefacts belonged to the Modern Period, as metal accessories of the clothing, jewellery and 17th–18th-century coins. The most remarkable, however, was the discovery of a Viking Age silver hoard (AI 8100) on the northern bank of the Lemmjõgi. VANAMÕISA SILVER HOARD Location and fieldwork The hoard was situated on the edge of former river floodplain, which is currently used as arable land. In the past, the River Lemmjõgi had more water and was wider. Now the fields are drained, and the river is dammed-up upstream at the Vanamõisa farms. The coins from the hoard were scattered over a ploughed field in an area of approximately 25 × 25 m. Because of the relatively large distribution area of coins, a shovel loader was used to peel the soil in 10 cm layers, which was then searched with metal detectors (Fig. 2). Most of the coins were collected on the day the hoard was discovered. In the following weeks the field was repeatedly inspected with metal detectors, but only a few additional coins were found. No traces of an occupation layer were discovered and the upper layer of the soil was entirely mixed with ploughing. The natural loam untouched by human activity started at the depth of 25–60 cm below the ground level. Most of the hoard had been spread by ploughing, yet in one place four coins were found together 60 cm below ground level directly on top the loam layer, which may indicate the original location of the hoard. There were no traces of a possible container. Based on the characteristics of the landscape and the soil, it can be concluded that Searching for the battlefield – finding a silver hoard in Vanamõisa village, Viljandi County 81 the hoard was not originally placed into water, but buried in a shallow bump beside a river floodplain. The nearest monument to the hoard site is a medieval village cemetery 260 metres south of the find spot. However, the hiding place of the hoard was at a distance from the contemporary settlement. The nearest Viking Age settlement sites at Rattama and Kobruvere are 1.7 km and 2 km respectively from the find location of the Vanamõisa hoard. Fig. 2. Excavations of the Vanamõisa hoard. Jn 2. Vanamõisa aarde kaevamine. Photo / Foto: Nele Kangert Composition and dating of the hoard The silver hoard of Vanamõisa consists of non-monetary silver and 157 whole and fragmented silver coins. The amount of non-monetary silver was small. In the same area as the coins only two pieces of a silver bar, a fragment of silver wire and two drops of silver were found. Based on their geographic origin the following coins are represented in the hoard: 72 (45.9%) German, 45 (28.7%) English, 28 (17.8%) Islamic, 8 (5%) Scandinavian (from them five Swedish), 3 (2%) Byzantine and one (0.6%) Irish coin (Table). The older part of the hoard consists of 28 Islamic dirhams, most of which (18 coins) bear the names of the emirs of Samanid origin. Even 10 coins out of 28 are minted by emir Mansūr ibn Nūh in the middle of the 10th century. Apparently, they form the most ancient part of the hoard that was acquired together, along with some older coins of the dynasty of Samanids. There are a few dirhams from the Hamdanids, Uqaylids and Marwanids dynasties in the areas of nowadays Iraq and Syria, and three Qarakhanids dirhams from Central Asia. Those are characteristic of Estonian’s hoards of the late 10th and early 11th centuries and reflect the 82 Marge Konsa, Ivar Leimus, Nele Kangert and Ain Mäesalu last trips of the inhabitants of the Baltic Sea countries to the Orient market (Leimus 2007a). A couple of Abbasids coins, one of them probably from the 9th century, could end up among others at an unknown time. It is noteworthy that although there are many cut or broken coins in the Vanamõisa hoard, their percentage is especially high among Islamic coins – there are only three whole dirhams. The Byzantine miliaresia from Constantinople are a rather typical denomination in the hoards of Estonia and other Baltic Sea countries, on the other hand, there are usually only a few of them per hoard. Northern merchants purchased the Byzantine coins probably in the markets of Syria-Iraq as they travelled home through Byzantine areas that reached up to the Black Sea (Leimus 2009). In this case, one Byzantine coin was minted by emperor John I Tzimisces, two by Basil II and Constantine VIII in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. According to Philip Grierson (1973), one quarter coin of the latter rulers belongs to class IV (Fig. 3). This is quite a rare coin in the Baltic Sea area – so far, six such coins have been found in Sweden and two in Estonia. Of the three miliaresia, one coin is half and one quarter. German coins (72 specimens) form the largest part of the Vanamõisa hoard. Most Fig. 3. Byzantium, Basil II & Constantine VIII (976–1025), of them (20 coins, nearly 28%) are so-called class IV. Otto and Adelheid pennies. There are seven Jn 3. Bütsants, Basileios II & Konstantinos VIII (976– coins of Cologne, but much less from oth1025), klass IV. er mints. One coin imitating the Otto and Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus Adelheid pennies has been struck somewhere in the West Slavic region (Fig. 4). The German deniers are from the reigns of Otto III and Heinrich II (983–1024), with no older coins among them. Probably the youngest German coin (Fig. 5) comes from Regensburg and was minted during the second reign of Duke Heinrich V of Bavaria (1018–1026). One Maastricht (Fig. 6) and one Erfurt (Fig. 7) Fig. 4. Imitation of Otto and Adelheid pennies. Jn 4. Otto ja Adelheidi penni järelmünt. denier should belong to approximately the Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus same time. Almost one-third of the German coins (23 specimens) were cut up or broken, meaning that they were considerably less fragmented than could be seen with Islamic coins. Seven German coins were either cut or broken in half. The English pennies (45 coins) are approximately from the same time as the Fig. 5. Regensburg, Duke Heinrich V, 2nd rule (1018–26). German coins, the types of coins representJn 5. Regensburg, hertsog Heinrich V, 2. periood ed in the hoard were minted between 991 (1018–1026). and 1023. Only three of them bear the name Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus Searching for the battlefield – finding a silver hoard in Vanamõisa village, Viljandi County of King Cnut (Fig. 8). The others are minted in the name of his predecessor Aethelred II. Although Cnut did rule in England already in 1016, his first coin type was probably introduced a year or two later. About one-third of the Anglo-Saxon pennies (14 coins) comes from London, where England’s most active mint was located. Of the rarer coins, the Last small cross type penny made by moneyer Thurcetel in Torksey should be highlighted (Fig. 9). One coin struck with the same pair of dies is in Stockholm (Hild. 3831), another with a different reverse in Copenhagen (SCBI 7, 1250). The hoard also contained two rare specimens of the Last small cross-type, with four smaller crosses around the central cross. One is minted at Colchester, the other at Thetford (Fig. 10). Apart from these two mints, only Ipswich, Stamford and Sudbury are known for the same subtype of coins. Sixteen English coins (35.5%) have been cut or broken, five of them cut in half. This figure, just over a third, quite closely coincides with the degree of fragmentation of the German coins. Besides the English pennies, it is important to mention the rare Irish coin, which was minted by King Sihtric (Sigtrygg) in Dublin (Fig. 11). This king of Norwegian-Irish mixed descent ruled Ireland with breaks between 989 and 1036. This particular coin dates back to the time of its Anglo-Saxon prototypes, ca. 1009–1017/8. The hoard also contains eight so-called Anglo-Scandinavian imitations, which have been minted somewhere in Scandinavia following the example of English coin types. Five of them are barbaric copies, probably from the ancient Swedish capital of Sigtuna. The reverse of one coin is already imitating King Cnut’s recent Quatrefoil coin type (Fig. 12). Only a few coins have readable inscriptions, one imitating Canterbury and the other a London coin (it even bears the name of Cnut). Those coins are made somewhere in southern Scandinavia, possibly in Lund. 83 Fig. 6. Maastricht, anonymous, ca. 1020–30. Jn 6. Maastricht, anonüümne, u 1020–1030. Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus Fig. 7. Erfurt, anonymous, ca. 1020. Jn 7. Erfurt, anonüümne, u 1020. Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus Fig. 8. Cnut, Quatrefoil (ca. 1017/8–1023), Lewes, moneyer Godefred. Jn 8. Knut, Quatrefoil-tüüp (u 1017/8–1023), Lewes, müntmeister Godefred. Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus Fig. 9. Aethelred II, Last small cross (ca. 1009–1017), Torksey, moneyer Thurcetel. Jn 9. Aethelred II, Last small cross tüüp (u 1009–1017), Torksey, müntmeister Thurcetel. Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus 84 Fig. 10. Aethelred II, Last small cross (ca. 1009–1017), Thetford, moneyer Eadric. Jn 10. Aethelred II, Last small cross tüüp (u 1009–1017), Thetford, müntmeister Eadric. Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus Marge Konsa, Ivar Leimus, Nele Kangert and Ain Mäesalu The youngest well-dated coins of the Vanamõisa hoard are the denier of the Duke Heinrich V of Bavaria (1018–1026), Quatrefoiltype pennies of the King Cnut (1017/8–1023) of England and an imitation of the latter. However, there are only three Quatrefoil pennies, but even 14 Last small cross-type coins from previous King Aethelred II. Therefore, it can be assumed that the hoard was collected shortly after 1018, probably around AD 1020. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The 1020s was a pivotal time for coin usage in Estonia. On the one hand, the inflow of eastern silver to southern Estonia continued for the time being, and the last trade trips were made to Baghdad (Leimus 2007a). For example, the Vaabina (tpq 1010/11) and Fig. 11. Ireland, Sihtric, Last small cross (ca. 1009–1017), Võõpsu (tpq 1013/14) hoards from Võru and Dublin, uncertain moneyer. Põlva County include 55% and 67% Islamic Jn 11. Iirimaa, Sihtric, Last small cross tüüp (u 1009– coins respectively, and the Immaküla hoard 1017), Dublin, teadmata müntmeister. Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus (tpq 1014) from northern Viljandi County has 47%. At the same time, the composition of the hoards in northern and western Estonia had already changed. There was a significant increase in European coins and a decline in Islamic coins. In Paljassaare hoard (tpq 1010/11) the amount of eastern coins is 8%, Fig. 12. Anglo-Scandinavian imitation, Long cross / Quatin Kunda (Kaliküla) hoard (tpq 1018) 18.5%, refoil, Sigtuna. and in Väike-Rõude hoard (tpq 1018) only 1% Jn 12. Anglo-Skandinaavia järelmünt, Long cross / Quat(Molvõgin 1994, 566, nos 13–16, 18–19). Also, refoil-tüüp, Sigtuna. Photo / Foto: Ivar Leimus the hoard of Alansi (tpq 1018) consists mostly of western European coins (Leimus 2007b, 66, no 41). Mäetaguse hoard II (tpq 1014) comes in the same line, where only 4% of the coins are dirhams (Leimus in print). On the other hand, the hoards of this decade have an extraordinarily high percentage of English pennies, often exceeding 50%. Thus, the composition of the Vanamõisa hoard is somewhat different from others – there are fewer English and Arabic coins than is common in southern Estonia, but these variations are not exceptional. In addition to Vanamõisa hoard (tpq 1018), a number of 11th-century coin deposits have been found in the northern part of present day Viljandi County: Immaküla (tpq 1014), Vahamulla (tpq 1054?), Olustvere (tpq 1080), Lõhavere hill fort (tpq 1083), Lõhavere village (tpq 1084) and Soomevere (tpq 1089) (Molvõgin 1994, nos 16, 35, 54, 59; Tamla & Kiudsoo 2017). All those hoards indicate the wealth and importance of the area in the 11th century. By contrast, earlier hoards from the 9th and 10th centuries are not known there. Searching for the battlefield – finding a silver hoard in Vanamõisa village, Viljandi County 85 On the other hand, almost all coins in Vanamõisa hoard are heavily deformed – bent and pecked, which was probably done to test the quality of silver. The find also has a surprisingly high number of fragmented coins. It should be noted that the high fragmentation of coins is only characteristic of the Estonian hoards of the late 10th and early 11th centuries (such as Räägi tpq 998 or Kloodi tpq 1002), but it is rare in later hoards (Molvõgin 1994, nos 6, 7). Cutting or breaking coins may indicate a shortage of silver, which was especially acute in the second half of the 10th century as evidenced by the extraordinarily high degree of fragmentation of Islamic dirhams in Vanamõisa hoard. It was probably not until the first decades of the 11th century that the economic and perhaps related political importance of the region began to rise. Finally, we return to the large-scale field survey aimed first and foremost to locate the battlefield of the early 13th century. Based on our experience, we can conclude that ancient battlefields are very difficult to find and so far, despite several extensive surveys, no prehistoric or medieval battlefields have been positively identified in Estonia. However, the searches have not been in vain, as in most cases they have brought to light important archaeological finds, this time the Vanamõisa silver hoard hidden in the early 11th century. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper has been supported by the National Heritage Board and institutional research funding (IUT 20-7, IUT 18-8) of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. We would like to thank Jaan Laas, who initiated the survey, Sten-Erik Unt for organising the fieldwork in 2018, Tõnis Arukask for spotting the first coin from the hoard, and everyone who participated in the fieldwork. Marge Konsa, Ivar Leimus, Nele Kangert and Ain Mäesalu 86 Table. List of coins. Tabel. Müntide loend. Compiler / Koostaja: Ivar Leimus Islamic coins No / nr Dynasty / Dünastia Ruler / valitseja Mint / müntla Year AH / hidžra aastal Weight Comments / (g) / kaal märkused 1 Abbasids Unknown ruler Unknown mint 9th century AD 1.68 Fragment 2 Abbasids ar-Radi billah Unknown mint 32x 0.91 Fragment 3 Abbasids al-Muttaqi billah Basra 332 3.16 Pierced 4 Samanids Isma`il ibn Ahmad aš-Šāš 286 1.59 Fragment 5 Samanids Nasr ibn Ahmad Balh 323 or 324 3.09 Riveted, rim broken 6 Samanids Nasr ibn Ahmad Samarqand 325 3.28 Rim broken 7 Samanids Nasr ibn Ahmad Samarqand 331 1.91 Rim broken 8 Samanids Nūh ibn Nasr Buhhara 341 1.51 Fragment 9 Samanids Nūh ibn Nasr Samarqand Xxx 0.48 Fragment 10 Samanids Nūh ibn Nasr Uncertain mint Xxx 1.52 Fragment 11 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh Samarqand 356 1.51 Fragment 12 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh aš-Šāš 358 1.93 Fragment 13 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh Uncertain mint 35x 0.56 Fragment 14 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh Uncertain mint 363 1.13 Fragment 15 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh Samarqand or aš-Šāš 357–366 1.40 Fragment 16 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh Uncertain mint Xxx 1.52 Fragment 17 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh Uncertain mint Xxx 1.29 Fragment 18 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh Uncertain mint Xxx 1.02 Fragment 19 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh Uncertain mint Xxx 0.36 Fragment 20 Samanids Mansūr ibn Nūh Uncertain mint Xxx 0.30 Fragment 21 Samanids Uncertain ruler Samarqand Xxx 0.23 Fragment 22 Hamdanids Nāsir ad-daula & Sayf ad-daula Uncertain mint Xxx 2.87 Pierced 23 Uqaylids Husām ad-daula al-Mawsil 390? 3.16 24 Uqaylids Janāh ad-daula? Uncertain mint Xxx 1.56 Circumcised 25 Marwanids Mumahhid ad-daula Mayyafariqin? 39x 1.53 Cut half 26 Qarakhanids Nasr ibn `Ali? Uncertain mint 395 0.84 Fragment 27 Qarakhanids Nasr ibn `Ali Ahsikat 396 2.18 28 Qarakhanids Uncertain ruler Uncertain mint 39x 0.34 No / nr Ruler / valitseja Reference / viide Year / aasta Weight Comments / (g) / kaal märkused Fragment Byzantine coins 29 John I Tzimisces Grierson 1973, class VII 969–976 1.40 30 Basil II & Constantine VIII Grierson 1973, class IIA 976–1025 2.50 31 Basil II & Constantine VIII Grierson 1973, class IV 976–1026 0.59 No / nr Mint / müntla Ruler / valitseja Reference / viide Year / aasta Weight Comments / (g) / kaal märkused 32 Huy Otto III Dbg. 223; Ilisch 2014, 33.7.2 983–1002 1.12 Broken half Quarter German coins Searching for the battlefield – finding a silver hoard in Vanamõisa village, Viljandi County No / nr Mint / müntla Ruler / valitseja Reference / viide Year / aasta 33 Maastricht Anonymous Dbg. 253, 1388; Ilisch 2014, c. 1020–1030 40.19-20 34 Western Low Lothringia, uncertain mint Otto III? 35– 40 Cologne Kg. Otto III 41 Cologne 42– 43 Imitation of Cologne, Andernach? 44 87 Weight Comments / (g) / kaal märkused 1.38 983–1002? 0.78 Häv. 34; Ilisch 1983–84 983–1002 1.56, 2 whole, 4 1.54, fragmented 0.92 (frg), 0.80 (frg), 0.59 (frg), 0.40 (frg) Emp. Heinrich II Häv. 189 1014–1024 1.68 Kg. Otto III Häv. 44; Ilisch 1983–84, S. 143 983–1002 1.32, 0.68 Second is cut halfpenny Deventer Kg. Otto III Dbg. 560, 1550; Ilisch 1997/8, 1.2-3 983–996 0.55 Broken halfpenny 45– 47 Deventer Kg. Heinrich II Dbg. 91b, var.; Ilisch 1997/8, 1.5 1002–1014 1.00, 0.84, 0.33 Last is a fragment 48– 49 Unknown mint around Nijmegen-Tiel ‘Kg. Otto I’ Häv. 32; Ilisch 1997/8, 8.4 Late 10th – early 11th c. 1.51, 1.31 50 Unknown mint around Nijmegen-Tiel Emp. Heinrich II Häv. 170a; Ilisch 1997/8, 8.14 1014–1024 1.34 51 Frisia, uncertain mint Anonymous Dbg. 1309; Ilisch 1997/8, 20.4 Late 10th c 0.59 52 Frisia, uncertain mint Anonymous Dbg. 1299b; Ilisch 1997/8, 20.6 c. 1002–1015 0.85 53– 54 Frisia, uncertain mint Anonymous Ilisch 1997/8, 20.8.1 c. 1002–1015 0.74, 0.23 55 Saxonia, uncertain mint (Lüneburg?) Duke Bernhard I Dbg. 585; Kilger 2000 973–1011 1.27 56 Saxonia, uncertain mint (Lüneburg?) Duke Bernhard I Dbg. 587; Kilger 2000 (Lüneburg?) 973–1011 1.35 57– 60 Soest Emp. Otto III Häv. 73, 850; Ilisch 1983–84 996–early 11th c 1.37, 1.33, 0.65, 0.64 61– 63 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, III6 Late 10th – early 11th 1.50, 1.46, 1.20 64 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, III Late 10th – early 11th c. 1.68 65 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV2 Late 10th – early 11th c 1.22 66 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV4d Late 10th – early 11th c 1.00 67 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV5g Late 10th – early 11th c 1.32 68 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV5 or 6 Late 10th – early 11th c 0.97 69 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV6 Late 10th – early 11th c 1.25 Very worn Worn, pierced Second is a fragment Last two are cut halfpennies Marge Konsa, Ivar Leimus, Nele Kangert and Ain Mäesalu 88 No / nr Mint / müntla Ruler / valitseja Reference / viide Year / aasta Weight Comments / (g) / kaal märkused 70 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV7g Late 10th – early 11th c 1.34 71 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV8c? Late 10th – early 11th c 1.46 72 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV10a Late 10th – early 11th c 1.09 73 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV10c var. Late 10th – early 11th c 1.43 74 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV10h Late 10th – early 11th c 0.97 75 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV11a Late 10th – early 11th c 1.36 76 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV15? Late 10th – early 11th c 0.95 77– 79 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, IV Late 10th – early 11th c 1.52, 1.42, 1.37 80 Goslar et al. Otto & Adelheid Hatz 1961, III–IV Late 10th – early 11th c 0.27 81 Imitation of OAP, West-Slavonic? Imitation of Otto & Adelheid Type Hatz 1961, III7 Late 10th – early 11th c. 1.51 82– 83 Magdeburg? Anonymous Dbg. 1330; Kilger 2000, 4.2.1 Late 10th – early 11th c. 1.28, 0.88 84 Magdeburg? Anonymous Dbg. 1332 var.; Kilger 2000, 4.2.2 Early 11th c 0.70 85 Erfurt Anonymous Dbg. 877–878; Stoess 1989, 11? c. 1020 0.60 Fragment 86– 87 Mainz Kg. Heinrich II Dbg. 785 1002–1014 1.11, 0.58 First has broken rim, second is a cut halfpenny Second is a fragment 88 Mainz Kg. Heinrich II Dbg. 788 1002–1014 1.34 89– 90 Worms Emp. Otto III Dbg. 844 996–1002 1.08, 0.48 Second is a cut halfpenny Fragment 91 Worms Heinrich II Dbg. 845 1002–1024 0.63 92 Speyer Emp. Otto III Dbg. 827? 996–1002 0.85 93– 94 Speyer or Mainz Emp. Otto III Cf. Dbg. 778/9, 825 996–1002 1.11, 1.06 95 Strasbourg Kg. Heinrich II Dbg. 918 1002–1014 1.29 Pierced 96 Strasbourg Emp. Heinrich II Dbg. 920 1014–1024 0.81 Cut halfpenny 97 Esslingen Kg. Otto III Dbg. 1271; Klein & Raff 1997, 2, Gruppe II 983–996 1.43 Pierced 98 Regensburg Kg. Heinrich II Hahn 1976, 29b2 var. 2nd period, 1009–1024 1.54 99 Regensburg Duke Heinrich V Hahn 1976, 31e8 2nd rule, 1018–1026 1.12 100 Salzburg Bp. Hartwig Hahn 1976, 98A? 1st period, 1009–1018 0.39 Quarter 101 Unidentified 1.33 Totally worn 102 Unidentified 0.18 Fragment, obol? 103 Unidentified 0.09 Fragment Searching for the battlefield – finding a silver hoard in Vanamõisa village, Viljandi County 89 English coins No / nr Ruler / valitseja Type/ münditüüp Mint / müntla Moneyer/ müntmeister Year / aasta Weight Comments / (g) / kaal märkused 104 Aethelred II Crux Canterbury 105 Aethelred II Crux London Duda c. 991–997 1.46 Godric c. 991–997 106 Aethelred II Crux 1.70 London Wulfgar c. 991–997 107 Aethelred II 1.63 Crux Uncertain mint Eadmund c. 991–997 108 1.24 Aethelred II Long cross Cambridge Leofstan c. 997–1003 1.55 109 Aethelred II Long cross Exeter Wynsige c. 997–1003 0.60 Broken halfpenny 110 Aethelred II Long cross Lewes Uncertain moneyer c. 997–1003 0.79 Broken halfpenny 111 Aethelred II Long cross Lincoln? Othbern or Othgrim c. 997–1003 0.67 Fragment 112 Aethelred II Long cross London Aelfric c. 997–1003 1.66 113 Aethelred II Long cross London Aelfwine c. 997–1003 1.63 114 Aethelred II Long cross London Godwine c. 997–1003 1.61 115 Aethelred II Long cross London Godwine c. 997–1003 1.32 116 Aethelred II Long cross London Leofwine c. 997–1003 1.35 117 Aethelred II Long cross London Wulfwine c. 997–1003 1.32 118 Aethelred II Long cross Thetford Osbern c. 997–1003 0.66 Broken halfpenny 119 Aethelred II Long cross Uncertain mint Uncertain moneyer c. 997–1003 0.48 Fragment 120 Aethelred II Long cross Uncertain mint Uncertain moneyer (Go.......) c. 997–1003 0.30 Fragment 121 Aethelred II Helmet Canterbury Godman c. 1003–1009 0.98 122 Aethelred II Helmet Canterbury Wulfsige c. 1003–1009 1.20 Pierced 123 Aethelred II Helmet Chichester Uncertain moneyer c. 1003–1009 0.60 Fragment 124 Aethelred II Helmet Exeter Aelfmaer c. 1003–1009 0.98 125 Aethelred II Helmet London Sigwine c. 1003–1009 1.64 126 Aethelred II Helmet London Uncertain moneyer c. 1003–1009 0.37 Fragment 127 Aethelred II Helmet Thetford? Uncertain moneyer c. 1003–1009 0.37 Fragment 128 Aethelred II Helmet Winchester Wulfnoth c. 1003–1009 1.27 129 Aethelred II Helmet Uncertain mint Uncertain moneyer (......e) c. 1003–1009 0.28 Fragment 130 Aethelred II Helmet Uncertain mint Uncertain moneyer (....ric) c. 1003–1009 0.85 Cut halfpenny 131 Aethelred II Last small cross Canterbury Godric c. 1009–1017/8 1.18 132 Aethelred II Last small cross Chester Gunleof c. 1009–1017/8 1.13 133 Aethelred II Last small cross Colchester, var. Hild Ac Elfwine c. 1009–1017/8 1.35 134 Aethelred II Last small cross Ilchester? Wulfnoth c. 1009–1017/8 0.85 135 Aethelred II Last small cross Lewes Leoffa c. 1009–1017/8 1.52 136 Aethelred II Last small cross Lincoln Aethelnoth c. 1009–1017/8 1.56 137 Aethelred II Last small cross London Leofred c. 1009–1017/8 1.41 138 Aethelred II Last small cross London Wulfred c. 1009–1017/8 1.30 139 Aethelred II Last small cross London or imitation Eadsige c. 1009–1017/8 0.57 140 Aethelred II Last small cross Thetford, Var. Hild Ac Eadric c. 1009–1017/8 1.44 141 Aethelred II Last small cross Thetford Leofric c. 1009–1017/8 1.07 142 Aethelred II Last small cross Torksey Thurcetel c. 1009–1017/8 1.00 Fragment Rim broken Rim broken Fragment Rim broken Marge Konsa, Ivar Leimus, Nele Kangert and Ain Mäesalu 90 No / nr Ruler / valitseja Type/ münditüüp Mint / müntla Moneyer/ müntmeister Year / aasta Weight Comments / (g) / kaal märkused 143 Aethelred II Last small cross Wareham Aelfgar c. 1009–1017/8 1.26 144 Aethelred II Last small cross York Thorstan c. 1009–1017/8 1.59 145 Cnut Quatrefoil Lewes Godefred c. 1017/8–1023 1.08 146 Cnut Quatrefoil London Uncertain moneyer c. 1017/8–1023 0.42 Broken halfpenny 147 Cnut Quatrefoil Uncertain mint Uncertain moneyer (…bern), annulets in angles c. 1017/8–1023 0.48 Fragment 148 Aethelred II or Cnut Uncertain type Uncertain mint Uncertain moneyer 0.13 Fragment No / nr Ruler / valitseja Type/ münditüüp Mint / müntla Moneyer / müntmeister Year / aasta 149 Sihtric Last small cross Dublin Uncertain moneyer c. 1009–1017/8 1.14 No / nr Ruler / valitseja Type/ münditüüp Mint / müntla Moneyer / müntmeister Reference / viide Weight Comments / (g) / kaal märkused 150 ‘Aethelred II’ Long cross ‘Canterbury’ ‘Leofric’ Malmer 1997, 166/1160 1.07 151 ‘Aethelred II’ Long cross Sigtuna Malmer 1989, 265/629 1.86 152 ‘Aethelred II’ Long cross Sigtuna Malmer 1997, 221/1278 2.08 153 ‘Aethelred II’ Long cross Sigtuna Malmer 1997, 226/1449 0.59 Cut halfpenny 154 ‘Aethelred II’ Long cross Malmer 1997, 248/1270 1.37 Rim broken 155 ‘Aethelred II’ Long cross Sigtuna Malmer 1997, 354/1515 1.76 156 ‘Aethelred II and Cnut’ Long cross / Quatrefoil Sigtuna Malmer 1997, 334/1968 1.46 157 ‘Cnut’ Last small cross ‘London’ Malmer 1997, 628/1730 0.51 Irish coin Weight Comments / (g) / kaal märkused Anglo-Scandinavian coins ‘Thorcl’ Cut halfpenny REFERENCES Dbg. = Dannenberg, H. 1876–1905. Die deutschen Münzen der sächsischen und fränkischen Kaiserzeit. 4 Bd., Tafeln. Berlin. Grierson, P. 1973. Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection and in the Whittemore collection. Vol 3: Leo III to Nicephorus III 717–1081. Part 2: Basil I to Nicephorus III (867–1081). Washington. Hahn, W. 1976. Moneta Radasponensis. Bayerns Münzprägung im 9., 10. und 11. Jahrhundert. Braunschweig. Hatz, V. 1961. Zur Frage der Otto-Adelheide-Pfennige. Versuch einer Systematisierung auf Grund des schwedischen Fundmaterials. – Commentationes de nummis saeculorum IX–XI in Suecia repertis 1. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademiens Handlingar. Antikvariska serien, 9. Stockholm, 107–151. HCL = The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. Translated and with a new introduction and notes by J. A. Brundage. New York, 2003. Hild. = Hildebrand, B. E. 1881. Anglosachsiska mynt i Svenska kongliga myntkabinettet funna i Sveriges jord. Stockholm. Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2018, 79–92 Häv. = Hävernick, W. 1935. Die Münzen von Köln. Die Münzen und Medaillen von Köln, 1. Köln. Ilisch 1983–84 = Ilisch, P. 1990. Zur Datierung der in nordischen Funden vorkommenden ottonischen Münzen von Köln. – Nordisk Numismatisk Årsskrift 1983/84, 123–144. Ilisch 1997/8 = Ilisch, P. 2000. Die Münzprägung im Herzogtum Niederlothringen I: Die Münzprägung in den Räumen Utrecht und Friesland im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert. – Jaarboek voor Munt- en Pennigkunde, 84–85. Ilisch, P. 2014. Die Münzprägung im Herzogtum Niederlothringen II: Die Münzprägung im südwestlichen Niederlothringen und in Flandern im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert. – Jaarboek voor Munt- en Pennigkunde, 100. Kilger, C. 2000. Pfennigmärkte und Währungslandschaften. Monetarisierungen im sächsische-slawischen Grenzland ca. 965–1120. Commentationes de nummis saeculorum IX-XI in Suecia repertis: Nova series, 15. Stockholm. Klein, U. & Raff, A. 1997. Die Münzen und Medaillen von Esslingen. Süddeutsche Münzkataloge, 7. Stuttgart. Konsa, M. 2003. Eesti hilisrauaaja matmiskommete ning ühiskonna kajastusi Madi kivivarekalmistus. – Arheoloogiga Läänemeremaades. Uurimusi Jüri Seliranna auks. Ed. by V. Lang & Ü. Tamla. MT, 13. Tallinn, 119–142. Konsa, M. 2013. Intrasite spatial analysis of the cemeteries with dispersed cremation burials. – Archaeology in the Digital Era, II: 40th Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Southampton, 26–30 March 2012. Ed. by G. Earl et al. Amsterdam, 570−574. http://arno.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=545855 Laas, J. 2015. Muistseid lahingupaiku otsimas. Tallinn. Laas, J. 2017. Sakala lahinguväli 1217. Tallinn. 91 Leimus, I. 2007a. Die letzte Welle des orientalischen Münzsilbers im Norden. – Magister Monetae. Studies in Honour of Jørgen Steen Jensen. Ed. by M. Andersen, H. W. Horsnaes & J. Chr. Moesgaard. Publications of the National Museum. Studies in Archaeology and History, 13. Copenhagen, 111–126. Leimus, I. 2007b. Sylloge of Islamic coins 710/1–1013/4 AD. Estonian Public Collections. Estonian History Museum. Thesaurus Historiae, II. Tallinn. Leimus, I. 2009. Die Funde der byzantinischen Münzen in Estland. – Byzantine Coins in Central Europe between the 5th and 10th century. Ed. by M. Wołoszyn. MORAVIA MAGNA, Seria Polona vol. III. Kraków, 635–651. Leimus, I. in print. Mäetaguse, Estland, ett depåfynd från tidigt 1000-tal. Samlad glädje. LR = The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle. Translated with an historical introduction, maps and appendices by J. C. Smith & W. L. Urban. Bloomington, 1977. Malmer, B. 1989. The Sigtuna Coinage c. 995-1005. Commentationes de nummis saeculorum IX-XI in Suecia repertis. Nova series, 4. Stockholm. Malmer, B. 1997. The Anglo-Scandinavian Coinage c. 995–1020. Commentationes de nummis saeculorum IX-XI in Suecia repertis. Nova series, 9. Stockholm-London. Molvõgin, A. 1994. Die Funde westeuropäischer Münzen des 10. bis 12. Jahrhunderts in Estland. Numismatische Studien, 10. Hamburg. SCBI 7 = Galster, G. 1966. Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles. Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, National Museum Copenhagen. Part II: Anglo-Saxon Coins, Aethelraed II. London. Stoess, C. 1989. Die frühesten Erfurter Münzen. – Festschrift für Peter Berghaus zum 70. Geburtstag. Münster, 1–10. Tamla, Ü. & Kiudsoo, M. 2017. Soomevere silver hoard. – AVE, 2016, 69–74. Vahtre, S. 1990. Muinasaja loojang Eestis. Vabadusvõitlus 1208–1227. Tallinn. Vassar, A. 1968. Madisepäeva lahing. – E. Tõnisson, J. Selirand & A. Vassar. Kui Lembitu kutsus.... Tallinn, 53–91. MADISEPÄEVA LAHINGUPAIGA OTSINGUTEST JA HÕBEAARDE LEIDMISEST VILJANDIMAAL VANAMÕISA KÜLAS Marge Konsa, Ivar Leimus, Nele Kangert ja Ain Mäesalu Välitööd Vanamõisa külas olid seotud 1217. aasta Madisepäeva lahingupaiga otsingutega. Kui varasematel arheoloogilistel uuringutel oli põhitähelepanu küla keskosas, Kirikumäe, Rattama ja Madi ümbruses, siis viimastel aastatel on keskendutud küla servaaladele. 2013. aastal kontrolliti koos detektoristidega põlde Vanamõisa küla kirde- ja idaosas ning Kookla külas. Lisaks uusaega kuuluvatele riietuse metallosadele, leiti ka kaks muinas- või keskaegset hobuse jäänaela. Muinasaegsele lahingule viitavaid leide ei saadud ning samuti puudusid mõnele muule arheoloogilisele muistisele viitavad jäljed. Uued otsingud korraldati 2018. aasta 22. septembril. Neil osales üle 40 detektoristi ning arheoloogid 92 Marge Konsa, Ivar Leimus, Nele Kangert ja Ain Mäesalu Muinsuskaitseametist ja Tartu Ülikoolist. Seekord keskenduti Vanamõisa küla lääne- ja loodeosale. Saadi eri perioodist pärit leide, mis kõik on seostatavad kohapealse asustuse, mitte aga Madisepäeva lahinguga. Kõige vanemateks leidudeks olid kiviaegsed tulekivi- ja kvartsikillud ning kvartsnukleus. Hilisematest perioodidest leiti juhuleiuna näiteks 13. saj sõrmus, keskaegset kedrakeraamikat, 15.–16. saj ammunooleots, uusaegseid ehteid ja 17.–18. saj münte. Kõige tähelepanuväärsemaks osutus aga viikingiaegse aarde leidmine Lemmjõe lähedalt. Aardest pärit mündid paiknesid küntud põllumaal u 25 × 25 m suurusel alal laiali. Kuna müntide esinemisala oli võrdlemisi suur, siis kasutati abivahendina kopplaadurit, millega kooriti 10 cm kaupa pinnast, mis metallidetektorite abil läbi otsiti. Selgus, et leiualal puudusid kultuurkihi tunnused ning valdavalt oli kogu münte sisaldav pinnas künniga segatud. Inimtegevusest puutumata looduslikuks pinnaseks oli liivsavi, mis algas maapinnast 25–60 cm sügavusel. Kui enamik aardest oli künniga laiali kandunud, siis ühes kohas olid vahetult liivsavikihi peal, maapinnast u 60 cm sügavuselt koos 4 münti, mis võivad osutada aarde algsele asukohale. Maastiku ja mullastiku iseloomust võib järeldada, et aaret ei pandud vette, vaid see oli maetud jõelammi ääres olevale madalale põndakule. Vanamõisa hõbeaarde moodustasid kaks toorhõbeda kangi, katke hõbetraadist, kaks hõbedatilka ja 157 hõbemünti. Kõige rohkem oli aardes Saksa (72 tk), Inglise (45 tk) ja islami (28 tk) münte. Vähemal määral olid esindatud ka Skandinaavia (8 tk), Bütsantsi (3 tk) ja Iiri mündid (1 tk). Aarde vanema, ilmselt omal ajal korraga omandatud osa moodustavad 10. saj keskpaiku vermitud Samaniidide dünastia dirhemid. Aarde noorimad kindlalt dateeritavad mündid on Baieri hertsogi Heinrich V (1018–1026) denaar, Inglismaa kuninga Knuti Quatrefoil-tüüpi (1017/8– 1023) pennid ja üks viimaste jäljendus. Nende põhjal võib oletada, et aare on kogutud varsti pärast 1018. aastat, tõenäoliselt 1020. aasta paiku. 11. saj teine aastakümme oli Eesti mündikasutuses murranguline aeg. Ühelt poolt jätkus esialgu veel ida hõbeda sissevool Lõuna-Eestisse ja tehti viimsed kaubasõidud Bagdadi. Lääne- ja Põhja-Eestis oli aga aarete koosseis juba muutunud ja neis oli märgatavalt suurenenud lääneeuroopa müntide osakaal ning islamimaade müntide arv vähenenud. Vanamõisa aarde koosseis erineb mõnevõrra teistest – siin on tavapärasest vähem Inglise ja Lõuna-Eesti jaoks ka araabia münte, kuid need kõikumised pole midagi erakordset. Lisaks Vanamõisa aardele on Põhja-Viljandimaalt leitud veel rida 11. saj aardeid, mis osutavad piirkonna jõukusele sellel ajal. Teisalt on peaaegu kõik Vanamõisa aarde mündid tugevasti deformeeritud – painutatud ja täkitud, mida tehti tõenäoliselt hõbeda kvaliteedi proovimiseks. Ühtlasi on leius üllatavalt palju münditükke. Müntide tükeldamine võib viidata hõbedapuudusele, mis oli eriti terav 10. saj teisel poolel, mida näitab Vanamõisa aardes olnud araabia dirhemite erakordselt kõrge fragmenteeritus. Tõenäoliselt saigi piirkonna majanduslik ja ehk ka sellega seotud poliitilise tähtsuse tõus alguse alles 11. saj esimestel kümnenditel.