Compensation

It is imperative for corporations to be cognizance of all its stakeholders; within or without. Corporate governance has championed so many courses in terms of the management of these stakeholders by developing and reviewing codes in other to ensure their success. Balancing good stakeholders’ interest and embracing good corporate practices are the prerequisite for attracting the much-needed foreign investment inflows. This is the responsibility of the board. So many have argued about how the board should be composed or structured in terms of size, composition, shareholding, gender and so on. This study has successfully discussed and analyzed the impact of board composition and structure on corporate financial performance in Nigeria.

The collapse of the Rana Plaza garment factory building in Bangladesh, which resulted in the loss of at least 1134 lives and injuries to hundreds more, exposed the brutality of a global production system in which labour rights have become privatised, circumscribed, and deterritorialised. Unprecedented for an incident of its kind, affected families received $30 million in "compensation" from global apparel companies through the Rana Plaza Arrangement, a voluntary initiative overseen by the International Labour Organization (ILO). This article situates the Arrangement in debates over labour rights in global supply chains, presenting it as a hybrid mechanism that recognises workers' right to compensation for injury or death but relies on the voluntarism of corporate social responsibility for funding. Exploring the complex role of neoliberal regulation in reproducing geographies of uneven development, I show how a transnational initiative can restrict labour rights even as it attempts to expand such rights.

In recent years, a number of garment factory fires and building collapses have taken place in countries where the statutory provision of workers’ compensation for death and injury at work is weak or non-existent. In response to these disasters, industry stakeholders have developed innovative new schemes to award compensation to injured workers and the families of those killed, consistent with international standards for compensating occupational death or injury. This report compares three major compensation schemes of this kind: the Rana Plaza Arrangement, the Tazreen Claims Administration Trust, and the Ali Enterprises compensation arrangement. It draws out guiding principles, lessons learned, and best practices for workers’ compensation for death or injury in global supply chains in the absence of a reliable, rights-based national employment injury insurance system in the producer country. With the commitment and cooperation of industry, government, and civil society, survivors of...

A method is presented in this paper for the design of a high frequency CMOS operational amplifier (Op-Amp) which operates at 3V power supply using tsmc 0.18 micron CMOS technology. The OPAMP designed is a two-stage CMOS OPAMP followed by an output buffer. This Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) employs a Miller capacitor and is compensated with a current buffer compensation technique. The unique behaviour of the MOS transistors in saturation region not only allows a designer to work at a low voltage, but also at a high frequency. Designing of two-stage op-amps is a multi-dimensional-optimization problem where optimization of one or more parameters may easily result into degradation of others. The OPAMP is designed to exhibit a unity gain frequency of 2.02GHz and exhibits a gain of 49.02dB with a 60.5 0 phase margin. As compared to the conventional approach, the proposed compensation method results in a higher unity gain frequency under the same load condition. Design has been carried out in Tanner tools. Simulation results are verified using S-edit and W-edit.

The issue of employees ’ performance in furtherance of organisational objectives has occupied management attention for long. Differences in levels of performance have been attributed to differences in skills and abilities on the one hand, and to different theories of money on the other. This study examined the issue of performance-based pay as a motivational tool for achieving organisational performance, using the situation in a manufacturing company in Ghana as a case study. The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of performance-related pay on the motivation of employees and, subsequently, on the achievement of organisational goals. In all, one hundred and fifty respondents took part in the survey. The sample comprised 20 managerial staff and 60 non-managerial staff. The main research instrument was the questionnaire. A two-way ANOVA table was used to test the main hypotheses. The result of the study revealed that the effect of performance-based pay on employee per...

Pennsylvania State University is a public, state-related research university with a flagship or main campus as well as nineteen satellite campuses collectively referred to as the Commonwealth. Penn State has a policy of pay secrecy, meaning that it does not publicly disclose the wages and salaries of its thousands of employees, with the exception of its top-most earners. This action research project explores the reasons for and the consequences of this policy, especially as they affect employees at Penn State’s Commonwealth campuses. The researcher has conducted a survey of employees at the nineteen satellite campuses, sharing some standardized reasons for and against pay secrecy and asking a series of questions about how respondents think the policy affects them, Penn State’s organizational culture, its ability to retain top talent, transparency, ethics and pay equity. With the results, the researcher proposes a way in which Penn State might address the concerns of Commonwealth campus employees with the policy of pay secrecy  and create a more inclusive, transparent and ethical culture at Penn State.  The researcher’s recommended solution is to conduct an education/deliberation/outreach campaign at Penn State on pay secrecy and its ethical implications. Benefits and costs are assessed and a roadmap for the future is proposed.

Pay secrecy or the human resources practice of concealing compensation information from employees and the wider public has become increasingly common among private firms, as well as some state-related institutions. However, the practice has also been widely criticized. Besides demonstrating that it reduces employee motivation, productivity and organizational effectiveness, human resources scholars and organizational psychologists have also argued that pay secrecy is morally wrong. Applied ethicists and moral philosophers have been relatively silent on the ethical status of pay secrecy practices. This paper aims to correct this lacuna in the literature. In a previous paper I offered a philosophical analysis of whether pay secrecy constitutes lying and deception. In this paper the most commonly given reason for sustaining the practice is examined: namely, that pay is private, the personal business of the employee him- or herself.

Public expropriation of private property requires the injured parties to be appropriately compensated.  When there is an international component to such ‘takings’, arbitration panels rely on the relevant bilateral investment treaty (BIT) in order to determine the amount, or quantum, of compensation.  BIT arbitration and jurisprudence now ubiquitously rely on the Hull formulation for compensation which, in turn, has come to be interpreted as the ‘market value’ of the property taken.  Rarely, however, is this market value evident.  Takings arbitration has therefore come to rely on a ‘private buyer model’ which presupposes the validity of (sometimes controversial) economic theories to establish compensation paid by the State.  Yet, given the widespread support for State prerogatives in defining and executing domestic policy interventions (i.e., ‘embedded liberalism’), the circumscribed role of the State’s ability to manage its own property rights regime represents a concerning trend toward technocratic governance.
I argue that the recent observance that BITs' compensation clauses are loosening stems from governments' realisation that compensation at market value has little meaning in the context of government takings.  Indeed, the very idea of treating the government as just another market participant misinterprets free exchange and, more fundamentally, subtlety weakens the Grand Compromise of embedded liberalism - a compromise that no government wishes to destroy."

Two key issues in business-to-business (B2B) sales force management are (1) how much a given sales job should
be compensated (pay level) and (2) how much of the compensation should be fixed versus variable (pay structure).
The authors examine the paychecks drawn by people in more than 14,000 selling jobs and more than 4000 sales
management jobs in five B2B industry sectors in five European countries. They show that pay levels and structures
reflect an apparent balancing of two conflicting pressures: the economic imperative (to reward better performers by
heightening pay dispersion) and the compensation differential compression resulting from high tax regimes. In particular, B2B firms appear to use variable pay as a way to lessen the salary differential compression impact of high tax regimes on salesperson motivation. Furthermore, similar to chief executive officers, sales managers can have an important multiplier effect that justifies paying them at increasing rates as job challenge rises.

Epilepsy in children leads to disorders in their psychomotor development or the loss of their acquired skills. Successful pharmacological treatment of epilepsy provides grounds for effective therapeutic measures. The goal of this article is to present the dynamics of neurodevelopmen-tal disorders in the course of the severe symptomatic epilepsy with status epileptici which affected a 10-year-old girl. As a result of longitudinal studies, four stages were distinguished which determined the dynamics of development of the disease: 1) up to the age of 10, when the child's psycho-motor development proceeded correctly, 2) between the ages of 10 and 15, when, because of epilepsy , the disorders in the cognitive, linguistic, emotional, behavioural, motor, and vegetative spheres occurred, which assumed the form of profound dementia, 3) between the ages of 16 and 17, when the balance of the bioelectric activity of the brain was achieved owing to the optimisation of pharmacological treatment, 4) between the ages of 17 and 25, when, after the multi-specialist therapy, there was a significant improvement in the functioning of all the disordered spheres, which enabled the patient to finish junior and senior high school, apply to a university, obtain very good results in learning, and to achieve spectacular successes in sport.

Keefer’s recent article in the Journal of Sports Economics, ‘‘Compensation discrimination for defensive players: applying quantile regression to the National Football League market for linebackers,’ ’ finds wage discrimination in the National Football League market for linebackers. Following Keefer, we examine both ordinary least squares and quantile analysis, as well as Oaxaca and quantile treatment effects decomposi-tions though we explore the market not only for linebackers but also for offensive linemen and limit our study to rookie players. We would expect to find stronger evidence of discrimination, as rookies are captured sellers. However, we find no pattern of discrimination against Blacks.

Through its chronic pollution and recurrent explosions, the petrochemical industry is the source of constant damage for fenceline communities. Measures that might prevent or correct this damage are postponed with a local ow of money, a situation viewed through the prism of the di erent levels of damage, from chronic pollution to cancers and explosions. This article analyzes how a collective lawsuit launched against a petrochemical complex in Taiwan is challenging this economy. Formosa Plastics, the owner of the petrochemical complex, is one of the world's largest chemical companies. Its 'good neighbor' policy includes a mix of political corruption, patronage care services and regular cash payments. Based on a four-year observation and in-depth interviews with the plainti s and other local sources, this article draws on the sociology of money to examine the ambiguous role of compensation in disputes over environmental and public health damage. I show that the search for justice and compensation nourishes a range of expectations. This includes, in proportion to the scope of the damage, a moral condemnation of the polluters and the prevention of further harm, in addition to economic assistance.

The 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza factory building in Dhaka, Bangladesh was the most deadly disaster in garment manufacturing history, with at least 1,134 people killed and hundreds injured. In 2015, injured workers and the families of those killed received compensation from global apparel brands through a $30 million voluntary initiative known as the Rana Plaza Arrangement. Overseen by the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Rana Plaza Arrangement awarded payments to survivors using a pricing formula developed by a diverse team of 'stakeholders' that included labour groups, multinational apparel companies, representatives of the Bangladesh government and local employers, and ILO actuaries. This article draws from anthropological scholarship on the 'just price' to explore how a formula for pricing death and injury became both the means and form of a fragile political settlement in the wake of a shocking and widely publicised industrial disaster. By unpacking the complicated 'ethics of a formula' (Ballestero 2015), I demonstrate how the project of creating a just price involves not two sets of values (ethical and financial) but rather multiple, competing values. This article argues for recognition of the persistence and power of these competing values, showing how they variously strengthen and undermine the claim that justice was served by the Rana Plaza Arrangement. This analysis reveals the deficiencies of counterposing 'morality' and 'economy' in the study of price by reflecting upon all elements of price as situated within political economy and history.

This study aims to determine the effect of leadership, compensation and job satisfaction on employee performance simultaneously and partially. The study was conducted on the employees of the tax office Pratama Jakarta Menteng II. The sampling technique using random samples involving 85 employees. Analysis of data using path analysis. Based on the results showed that the variables of leadership, compensation and job satisfaction with employee performance simultaneously and partially.

Abstract. The Amhara National Regional State similar to other regional states of the country has faced enormous economic and social problems. The question of housing and other real estate construction for high population pressure, the development and investment questions, poor public utility facilities and other public interests are some of the problems that need the intervention of the Regional government. In order to facilitate these needs of the society, the city municipalities have been using “expropriation ” as a meaningful and useful management tool. However, different compensation standards among government institutions, inadequate compensation standards for loss of land use rights, shortage of professional and qualified valuers, lack of reliable data and poor expropriation, valuation and compensation procedures are some of the problems that impede the implementation of expropriation, valuation and compensation in the region in general and in the two big cities of the region ...

Judith Jarvis Thomson and others contend that rights are pro-tanto rather than absolute, that is, that rights may permissibly be infringed in some circumstances. Alan Gewirth maintains that there are some rights that are absolute because infringing them would amount to unspeakable evil. However, there seem to be possible circumstances in which it would be permissible to infringe even those rights. Specificationists, such as Gerald Gaus, Russ Shafer-Landau, Hillel Steiner and Kit Wellman, argue that all rights are absolute because they have implicit exceptions, the exceptions being either right-voiding or right-compatible. Specificationists have charged pro-tantoism with preventing rights from being action-guiding, and pro-tantoists have levelled the same charge against specificationism. I show that both charges are mistaken. Pro-tantoists claim that specificationists cannot account for the moral remainder that we recognise in some circumstances and which can be explained by reference to a permissible right-infringement. Specificationists retort that the moral remainder can be explained by invoking compensation-rights. I show that the pro-tantoist claim is true and that the specificationist retort is false on two counts: explanation in terms of compensation-rights is not applicable to all cases; and it fails to account for the moral dynamic in the cases to which it is applicable. The contention that rights are pro-tanto does not conflict with the substance of the contention that rights are trumps, despite claims of specificationists to the contrary.

The literature on climate justice has primarily focused on distributing the benefits and burdens of climate change, particularly those related to the costs of mitigation and adaptation. As such, less attention has been paid to emerging political issues surrounding loss and damage caused by the failure of mitigation and adaptation. This paper aims to fill this gap through discussions on reparative justice, which is correlated with the concept of liability. Since the concept of liability has controversial implications in climate politics and theory, investigating reparative justice for climate damage must clarify how the concept of liability can reconcile with the normative theory of political responsibility. This paper begins with the question of how the distributive justice scheme fails to discuss climate damage, by arguing that the scheme does not necessarily recognise a prior injustice and misses the need for reparation for the extensive scope of climate loss and damage. Then, it shows that the concept of reparation, which differs from compensation, holds more promise in giving the proper due for climate loss and damage. Finally, after comparing the liability model and the shared responsibility model proposed by Iris Young, this paper concludes by proposing that the hybrid model of liability and shared responsibility can be used to avoid limitations of the concept of liability.

What makes affirmative action morally (un)justified? That is this book’s core question. Its main contribution consists in a meticulous scrutiny of the strength of the six main arguments for—i.e., the compensation, the anti-discrimination, the equality of opportunity, the role model, the diversity, and the integration-based justifications—and the five main objections to affirmative action—i.e., the reverse discrimination, the stigma, the mismatch, the publicity, and the merit-based objections—and of how these arguments relate to one another. The book argues that all of the five main objections to affirmative action are either flawed or quite limited in terms of their implications. With regard to the arguments in favor of affirmative action, the book shows why the anti-discrimination and equality of opportunity-based arguments provide strong justifications for many affirmative action schemes. In light thereof and the fact that the five most influential arguments against affirmative action are all flawed or otherwise weak, the overall claim defended in the book is that many of the schemes that people have in mind when they discuss affirmative action (many of which are presently on the retreat) are justified. However, the book also emphasizes that any definitive answer to the question Is affirmative action morally (un)justified? must rest on a wide range of empirical results in the social sciences etc., e.g., about the likely effects of various affirmative action schemes; and that the question, when posed in such general form (unlike when it is asked about specific schemes of affirmative action), admits of no direct positive or negative answer.

SUMMARY The purpose of the article is to show the output of John Stuart Mill in the field of international trade theory. Economist, philosopher, great polyhistor who closed the traditions of the classical school with his works and introduced her into the neoclassical period in the history of economics. Mill's thoughts arose from the liberal and utilitarian principles of British classics. However, they are distinguished by the fact that they are the result of a confrontation of an abstract, model approach with observations of the results of their application in real conditions. This methodological approach allowed to obtain extremely interesting results that significantly enriched and developed the theory of international exchange. The work was based mainly on the analysis of direct sources and is an attempt to present Mill's original, most interesting thoughts in this area. They can be used as an instrument to explain current events in international relations, such as negotiations under the TTIP, WTO or justify the reorientation of economic policy after the collapse of the neoliberal paradigm. The subject of the thesis are: epistemological understanding and principles of international trade, theory of mutual demand - as a continuation and extension of the theory of A. Smith and D. Ricard, theory of fledgling industry protection - original correction of basic assumptions of classical school in the area of ​​free trade, principle of compensation in terms of theoretical and practical. KEYWORDS John Stuart Mill, international trade, liberalism, offsetting principle, fledgling industry, mutual demand theory, terms of trade

Günümüzde tüm hukuk sistemlerinde, zamana, hakları engelleyen bir etki tanınmaktadır. Hukukumuzda da bu paralelde, ne sebepten doğmuş olursa olsun her türlü alacak hakkının, kural olarak zamanaşımına tabi olacağı kabul edilmektedir. Zamanaşımı kurumu ile esasen, belirli bir zamanın geçmesi olgusuna, alacak hakkını zayıflatan bir etki tanınmıştır. Bu etki, tazminat alacakları bakımından değerlendirildiğinde, özellikle zarar verici olayın ya da fiilin zararlı etki ve sonuçlarının, bu olay ya da fiilin sona ermesinden uzun bir süre sonra gerçekleşmesi hallerinde bazı zamanaşımı sorunları ile karşılaşılacağı açıkça görülür. Bu kapsamda değerlendirilebilecek hallerde, zarar verici olay ya da fiil ile hak ihlalinin objektif olarak kavranması / kavranabilecek olması arasında önemli bir zaman dilimi bulunmaktadır. İşte zarar verici olay ya da fiil ile hak ihlalinin objektif olarak kavranması / kavranabilecek olması arasında önemli bir zaman dilimi bulunması hallerinde, belirtilen sürecin sonunda ortaya çıkan zararlar “geç ortaya çıkan zararlar”dır. Geç ortaya çıkan zararların tazmini talepleri bakımından temel sorun, söz konusu taleplerin hâlihazırda yürürlükte olan düzenlemeler çerçevesinde zamanaşımı savunması ile karşılaşabilecek olmalarıdır. Bir başka ifade ile geç ortaya çıkan zararlardan sorumlu olan kişilerin zamanaşımı def’ini ileri sürmesi,
zarar gören kimsenin alacak hakkını zayıflatabilecektir. Çalışmamızın ilerleyen
kısımlarında ele alacağımız güncel sorunlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda,
bu kapsamda değerlendirilebilecek hak kayıplarının azımsanmayacak düzeyde olduğu açıktır. Özellikle, sanayi ve teknoloji alanlarındaki gelişmelere paralel olarak, bunlar kaynaklı olay ve/veya olguların etkisiyle gerçekleşen bedensel zararlar geç ortaya çıkma eğilimindedir. Ölüm, vücut bütünlüğü, sağlık, kişiye sıkı biçimde bağlı hukuki varlıklar olup; korunmalarındaki önem tartışmasızdır. Bu sebeple, geç ortaya çıkan bedensel zarar mağdurlarının tazminat taleplerinin zamanaşımı savunması ile karşılaşma riskinin yüksekliği, sorunun özel olarak ele alınmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, geç ortaya çıkan zararların tazmini taleplerinde uygulanacak zamanaşımı rejimine ilişkin problemler, zamanaşımı kurumunun amacı ekseninde, yürürlükteki düzenlemeler, yargı uygulaması ve karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki yeni eğilimler göz önünde bulundurularak değerlendirilecektir. Türk özel hukuku zamanaşımı düzenlemelerinin bu muhtemel problemler karşısındaki tabiri caiz ise zayıf yönlerini belirlemek ve takiben modern gelişmelere paralel iyileştirmelere yönelik öneriler sunmak çalışmamızın temel amacıdır.

This chapter considers climate-induced migration and displacement following climate disasters. It focuses on disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation; relocation and resettlement in the event of displacement; and financing, compensation and risk transfer. It
also highlights three major new initiatives which are likely to better protect the rights of climate displaced persons including: the new synergies between the Paris Agreement, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, and the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals; the 2016 Task Force on Displacement under Warsaw International
Mechanism on Loss and Damage; and the proposed 2018 UN Global compact for safe and orderly and regular migration.

Effective employee recruitment strategies are critical to organizational success. When faced with recruitment challenges, a common response by firms is to increase pay level, an incentive that is somewhat easily competed away as other firms follow suit. The following instead examines the incentive effects of pay mix in motivated job choice decisions. Relevant research is reviewed to establish the conceptual foundation. Then through experimental design, we investigate whether job postings that are alike on all substantive qualities except pay mix policy distinguish job appeal in a systematic way. Our findings provide preliminary support for stronger incentive effects with a work–life balance pay mix policy, relative to market-match and performance driven pay mix policies. Job postings that conveyed a work–life pay mix were rated as significantly more appealing by both men and women. Further, this pattern of preference was distinctly larger for women relative to men, which speaks to the practical aspect of attracting a gender-diverse applicant pool. Findings will inform research and practice on the incentive qualities of total compensation (pay and benefits), often given short shrift in comparison to the monetary component of compensation alone.

"A three-volume encyclopedia, the first of its kind, including more than 300 entries on methods, debates, processes and concepts of transitional justice and country studies.

This huge encyclopedia, with more than 300 entries by distinguished experts from around the world on all relevant topics, is a superb resource for scholars, students, and others interested in questions of historical memory, transitional justice, and archival openness in former dictatorships. The editors, Lavinia Stan and Nadya Nedelsky, who are among the world's foremost authorities on these topics, deserve immense credit for compiling such a wide-ranging, fascinating set of volumes. It is a truly remarkable accomplishment and will be of enduring value. Mark Kramer, Director, Cold War Studies Program, Harvard University

The phenomenon described as ”the third wave of democratization” has posed for scores of societies and states the problem of crime, punishment and conciliation in the wake of the downfall of dictatorial regimes from the Philippines to Poland and Chile. The pursuit and trials of World War Two criminals together with their collaborators as well as those who in recent decades carried out ethnic purges in the Balkans and Africa are being continued. The conception of an Encyclopaedia of Transitional Justice has arrived, therefore, at a suitable moment and its realisation, achieved thanks to the initiative, energy and ingenuity of Lavinia Stan and Nadya Nedelsky, is an unquestionable success. More than 165 authors from the whole world present in over 300 entries the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of settling accounts in scores of countries on all continents. The publication predominantly recapitulates heretofore research while simultaneously assisting in the creation of a catalogue of still unresolved issues. An important, valuable and fascinating undertaking. Andrzej Paczkowski, Chairman of the Council, Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw"

A CEO is paid hundreds of times more than the ‘everyday workers’ in their own company. The market seems to allow it, but is it morally right?
This report proposes a biblical framework for exploring remuneration, which has three major components – justice, dignity and reward. Justice is concerned with the fair amount of pay, to ensure families are protected from destitution. Dignity is concerned with the right kind of work and protects the agency of workers. Finally, reward is about working for the right reasons, and leads to the common good. Together, they provide new insight into the ethics of remuneration.

In deze bachelor scriptie gaat het specifiek over Nederlandse oorlogsmisdaden die gepleegd zijn tijdens de Indonesische onafhankelijkheidsoorlog (1945-1949) en de manier waarop de Nederlandse politiek door de jaren heen daarmee om is gegaan.

Tot en met 1995 ging het vooral om de vraag of individuele militairen berecht moesten worden. Maar sinds Indonesische nabestaanden de Nederlandse Staat hebben aangeklaagd is de focus van het debat verschoven van het dader- naar het slachtofferperspectief. Het gaat inmiddels hoofdzakelijk om excuses en compensatie. Omdat dit beide gaat over de mate waarin verantwoordelijkheid wordt genomen, is gekozen voor de centrale vraag: waarom duurde het meer dan zestig jaar voordat de Nederlandse Staat verantwoordelijkheid nam voor Nederlandse oorlogsmisdaden begaan in Indonesië?

De meest voor de hand liggende verklaring is dat de rechtszaken die verantwoordelijkheid hebben afgedwongen. Zonder tussenkomst van een rechter waren compensaties waarschijnlijk nooit betaald. Toch is het zinvol om de kwestie breder te onderzoeken. Op welke manier heeft de regering erkent verantwoordelijkheid te dragen voor Nederlandse oorlogsmisdaden in Indonesië? In welk perspectief staan de afgedwongen excuses?

Als we spreken over strafrechtelijke vervolging als vorm van het nemen van verantwoordelijkheid, is het een gegeven dat Nederlandse militairen die destijds over de schreef gingen, zelden zijn vervolgd. Een andere vorm van het nemen van verantwoordelijkheid achteraf is het maken van excuses. Dit heeft de Nederlandse Staat tot op heden nooit volmondig gedaan. Wel heeft Ben Bot als toenmalig minister van Buitenlandse Zaken in 2005 voor het eerst een spijtbetuiging gemaakt en erkende hij tijdens de Indonesische Onafhankelijkheidsviering in Jakarta dat Nederland destijds “aan de verkeerde kant van de geschiedenis stond.” Voor de Nederlandse politiek wordt dit als voldoende geacht, maar voor de Indonesische actievoerder Jeffry Pondaag is het schoorvoetend. In 2008 speelt hij een bemiddelende rol in de aanklacht van een aantal Indonesische weduwen uit het West-Javaanse dorp Rawagedeh die excuses en compensatie eisen. De uitspraak van de rechter in 2011 dwingt de Staat tot het maken van excuses aan deze weduwen. Daarmee hebben de rechtszaken geschiedenis geschreven. Desondanks zijn de recente gebeurtenissen nog nauwelijks in historisch perspectief geplaatst van de eerder ingenomen politieke standpunten.

In Campbell v MGN Ltd, the House of Lords endorsed an expansive interpretation of the breach of confidence action to protect privacy interests. The scope and content of this transformed cause of action have already been subject to considerable judicial consideration and academic discussion. This paper focuses on the remedial consequences of privacy breaches. It undertakes an analysis of the principles which govern awards for pecuniary and non-pecuniary loss, the availability of gain-based relief, in particular an account of profits, and exemplary damages.Even in its traditional scope, the monetary remedies for breach of confidence raise complex issues, mainly resulting from the fact that this doctrine draws on multiple jurisdictional sources such as equity, contract and property law. The difficulties of determining the appropriate remedial principles are now compounded by the fact that English law also aims to integrate its obligation to protect the right to privacy under Art 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 into the conceptual framework of the breach of confidence action.The analysis provided in this paper supports the contention that not only the scope of the cause of action but also important remedial issues are likely to remain in doubt until the wrong of ‘misuse of private information’ is freed from the constraints of the traditional action for breach of confidence. A separate tort would be able to deal more coherently and comprehensively with all wrongs commonly regarded as privacy breaches.

To improve performance, organizational leaders employ a host of methods; merit pay and incentive pay are two such methods.  However, both terms are often used interchangeably, causing confusion. The purpose of this short paper is to compare and contrast each reward system in order to provide greater clarity.