Copernicus

Regions of temperate oceanic climate have historically represented a challenge for the application of satellite-based multi-temporal SAR interferometry. The landscapes of such regions are commonly characterized by extensive, seasonally-variable vegetation coverage that can cause low temporal coherence and limit the detection capabilities of SAR imagery as acquired, for instance, by previous ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT missions. In this work, we exploited the enhanced resolution in space and time of the recently deployed Sentinel-1A/B SAR satellites to detect and monitor ground motions occurring in two study areas in the Republic of Ireland. The first, is a ~1800 km2 area spanning the upland karst of the Clare Burren and the adjacent mantled lowland karst of east Galway. The second, is an area of 100 km2 in Co. Meath spanning an active mine site. The available datasets, consisting of more than 100 images acquired in both ascending and descending orbits from April 2015 to March 2018, were pro...

Exactly 500 years ago, Nicolaus Copernicus drew a lattice of lines on a panel above the doorway to his rooms at Olsztyn Castle, then in the Bishopric of Warmia. Although its design has long been regarded as some kind of reflecting vertical sundial, the exact astronomical designation of the lines and related measuring techniques remained unknown. Surprisingly, Copernicus did not refer to his new observational methods in his principal work, De Revolutionibus. A data analysis of a 3D model of the panel has, at last, solved the mystery: Copernicus created a new type of measuring device – a heliograph with a non-local reference meridian – to precisely measure ecliptic longitudes of the Sun around the time of the equinoxes. The data, 3D model and modeling results of our analysis are open access and available in the form of digital (Jupyter) notebooks. Copernicus | heliograph | scientific revolution | astronomical measurement |

In the light of the "Biological Diversity" concept, habitats are cardinal pieces for biodiversity quantitative estimation at a local and global scale. In Europe EUNIS (European Nature Information System) is a system tool for habitat identification and assessment. Earth Observation (EO) data, which are acquired by satellite sensors, offer new opportunities for environmental sciences and they are revolutionizing the methodologies applied. These are providing unprecedented insights for habitat monitoring and for evaluating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicators. This paper shows the results of a novel approach for a spatially explicit habitat mapping in Italy at a national scale, using a supervised machine learning model (SMLM), through the combination of vegetation plot database (as response variable), and both spectral and environmental pre-dictors. The procedure integrates forest habitat data in Italy from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA), with Sentinel-2...

This short essay analyses the discussion over the topic to decide the nature of Mathematics as an art or a science. Unlike as it is perceived today as “Mother of Sciences”, Mathematics historically had not always been look upon as one. Eminent mathematicians like Bertrand Russel and Hagel contested the portrayal of Math as a pure science.

Traditionally, gravitas denotes the inner source of movement towards the centre of the universe. In the mediaeval Latin tradition, the chief problem was to fit this notion within a coherent Aristotelian framework. As philosophers in the Renaissance begin to breach the constraints of Aristotelian natural philosophy, we see diverse attempts to conceive gravitas as a force also responsible for natural phenomena such as tides and free fall acceleration. The coexistence in the Renaissance of different Aristotelian and non-Aristotelian concepts of gravitas makes the latter a polysemic scientific term, whose meaning can be determined only after careful examination of the context in which it was employed.

Evros Crisis: The Comprehensive Approach and Challenges for Integrated Action.Hellenic Foundation for European & Foreign Policy . Το κείμενο αυτό αναφέρεται στην διαχείριση της Κρίσης στον Έβρο και την πολιτική εργαλειοποίησης μεταναστών και προσφύγων ως πολιορκητικό κριό από την Τουρκία. Καταγράφει την νέα αντίληψη της «ολιστικής προσέγγισης» που ακολουθήθηκε από την Ελλάδα με την χρήση όλων των πολιτικών, μέσων και εργαλείων που είχε στην διάθεσή της. Επικεντρώνεται στην πολιτικοστρατιωτική επιχειρησιακή συνεργασία των Σωμάτων Ασφαλείας με τις Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις της χώρας, που ανήκουν σε διαφορετικά Υπουργεία και έχουν όχι μόνο ξεχωριστά αυτόνομα μέσα, αλλά και διαφορετική κουλτούρα. Καταγράφει ότι η μετάβαση από την «ολιστική προσέγγιση» προς την «ολοκληρωμένη αντίδραση» παρουσιάζει διεθνώς προκλήσεις. Η κύρια πρόκληση σχετίζεται την διαλειτουργικότητα, την ικανότητα διαφορετικών οργανισμών και συστημάτων να ανταλλάσσουν και να συνεκμεταλλεύονται πληροφορίες. Αυτή απαιτεί την δημιουργία κατάλληλης αρχιτεκτονικής στον τομέα στρατηγικών και τακτικών πληροφοριών, που θα παρέχει τόσο σε αυτούς που λαμβάνουν τις αποφάσεις όσο και σε εκείνους που τις εκτελούν, την σωστή πληροφορία, σε επαρκή λεπτομέρεια και σε έγκαιρο χρόνο προκειμένου να λάβουν τις σωστές αποφάσεις σε όλα τα επίπεδα της διοίκησης.  Εκτιμάται ότι η ολιστική προσέγγιση θα επεκταθεί και πέραν του Έβρου, ώστε να υλοποιηθεί ένα ολοκληρωμένο σχέδιο δράσης που θα επιτρέπει την ανταλλαγή πληροφοριών που θα παράσχουν έγκαιρη προειδοποίηση σε ενδεχόμενη εχθρική ενέργεια και συνακόλουθα αποτελεσματική αντίδραση σε όλη την επικράτεια.

Shakespeare lived at the dawn of modern science, as skepticism was becoming an accepted way of thinking and perceptions of the cosmos were changing rapidly. The Bard adopted the standard geocentric cosmology for the mundane affairs of his plays. Yet a few passages suggest he was aware of the emerging concepts of heliocentricism and the infinite universe.

In this paper we propose a series of hypothesis on Martin Waldseemüller’s enigmatic cartographic representations of 1507, highlighting the connections between his cosmography and Copernican cosmology. The beginning of the conceptualization process regarding a “fourth part” of the world, which Waldseemüller called “America”, implied a thorough review of the philosophical speculations on the tradition related to the characteristics of the Earth. By covering 360° degrees, Waldseemüller world map doubled the Ptolemaic representation and encouraged the re-examination of the measurements of both the Earth and the universe. In turn, this strengthened the widespread idea of earth movement; two key issues in the development of Modern science. Furthermore, exploring the intersections between the work of Waldseemüller and Copernicus, will allow us to consider the typical achievements and contradictions of Renaissance science, to argue their peculiar way of understanding the discovery of new lands, and to determine the consequences of how information was processed.

Το βιβλίο κάνει ένα βήμα για τη γεφύρωση του χάσματος μεταξύ των επιχειρησιακών χρηστών και των ληπτών αποφάσεων στους χώρους της εσωτερικής ασφάλειας και των μελών της Ακαδημαϊκής Κοινότητας, των ειδικών σε θέματα Διαστήματος, αλλά και του ενδιαφερόμενου κοινού, προκειμένου να γίνει σαφής η χρησιμότητα της δορυφορικής παρατήρησης της Γης στη θεματική «Ασφάλεια».
Παρουσιάζοντας το δυναμικό και πολύπλοκο πολιτικό και κανονιστικό πλαίσιο εντός της Κοινής Πολιτικής Ασφάλειας και Άμυνας της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, έμφαση δίνεται στην επιτήρηση των εξωτερικών συνόρων ως ένα κομβικό στοιχείο της ευρωπαϊκής ασφάλειας. Ο αποτελεσματικός έλεγχος των εξωτερικών συνόρων της E.E. και των κρατών-μελών της είναι θεμελιώδους σημασίας για τη διαχείριση των μεταναστευτικών ροών προς το εσωτερικό της, προκειμένου να παραμείνει «ζωντανή» η ελεύθερη κυκλοφορία των προσώπων, σε μια Ε.Ε. χωρίς εσωτερικά σύνορα.
Η δορυφορική παρατήρηση συμβάλλει στην επιτήρηση των εξωτερικών συνόρων και έχει ήδη υιοθετηθεί πολιτικά ως ένα από τα κοινά εργαλεία από την Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή μέσω Συμφωνίας με τον Οργανισμό Ευρωπαϊκής Συνοριοφυλακής και Ακτοφυλακής, γνωστό ως FRONTEX, που θα ξεκινήσει να υλοποιείται από το 2017.
Το θέμα αυτό αφορά και την Ελλάδα, που έχει υποστεί ιδιαίτερα έντονα τις συνέπειες των ροών αυτών. Με μια προσέγγιση προσανατολισμένη στον χρήστη, η συλλογή πληροφοριών (μέσω των υπηρεσιών ασφαλείας του ευρωπαϊκού δορυφορικού συστήματος παρατήρησης γης Copernicus) και η ανταλλαγή τους (μέσω του συστήματος EUROSUR), είναι ήδη επιχειρησιακά διαθέσιμη για να συμβάλλει στην επίγνωση κατάστασης και στην ικανότητα αντίδρασης των αρχών συνοριακού ελέγχου.
Το βιβλίο αποτιμά κριτικά τις δωρεάν παρεχόμενες υπηρεσίες επιτήρησης γης και θάλασσας, εντοπίζει τα πλεονεκτήματα από την χρήση των και καταλήγει ότι παρουσιάζεται μια ευκαιρία για τη χώρα μας. Για την εκμετάλλευσή της απαιτείται ανάλογη δράση από τους εθνικούς χρήστες της εσωτερικής ασφάλειας και προς τούτο περιέχονται προτάσεις πολιτικής.
ISBN: 978-960-08-0745-5
Satellites at Security's Service: The Case of European Union's External Borders Surveillance.
This book aspires to take a first step towards bridging the information gap, between operational users and decision-makers in the areas of internal security, on the one hand, and on the other hand, Academics, space experts along the public concerned in order to make clear the usefulness of Earth's satellite observation in the thematic "security".
Presenting the dynamic and complex political and regulatory framework within the European Union's Common Security and Defence Policy, emphasis is placed on the surveillance of the E.U.’s external borders as a focal point of European security.
Effective control of the external borders of E.U. and its member States is of fundamental importance for the management of migration flows internally in order to keep the free movement of persons without internal frontiers in the E.U. alive.
Satellite observation contributes to the surveillance of external borders and has already been politically adopted as one of the common tools by the European Commission through an agreement with the European border and Coast Guard organisation, known as FRONTEX, which will Start to be implemented from 2017 and on.
This issue also concerns Greece, which has suffered particularly strongly the consequences of these migration flows. With a user-oriented approach, the collection of information (through the security services of the European Copernicus Earth Observation Satellite system), exchange (via FRONTEX’s EUROSUR system), and analysis (from both EMSA and Satellite Center) is already operational and thus contributes to situational awareness and the ability for border control authorities to react.
The book critically assesses the free provision of Copernicus security services for land and sea surveillance, identifies the advantages of its uses and concludes that this presents an opportunity for Greece to be further exploited. Its exploitation requires similar action by national users of internal security and as such this book includes policy proposals.

Exposición sobre cómo es que las paradojas de los círculos influenciaron en la teoría heliocéntrica propuesta por Nicolás Copérnico. Desde las paradojas clásicas en Platón y Aristóteles, pasando por el místico bizantino Pseudo-Dionisio y por último, el divino cusano. Haciendo entrever que los principios de la modernidad tienen una basta influencia de los clásicos como de los filósofos medievales.

Aristotelians, British
Case, John
Cavendish, Charles
Digby, Kenelm
Twisse, William
Wilson, Thomas
Montaigne, Michel de
Lascari, Costantino
Novella in Renaissance Literature
Translation in the Renaissance
Vernacular languages
Appetite, Renaissance Idea of
Baldi, Bernardino
Botanics, Renaissance Concept of
Causality, Renaissance
Copernicus, Nicolaus
Diophantus in the early modern period
Engineer in Renaissance Science
Fascinatio
Flow and Ebb in Renaissance Science
Human Senses in Renaissance Science
Intensio and Remissio
Pacioli, Luca
Psychology, Renaissance
Humanism, Civic
Academy, of Fame
Persio, Antonio
Censorship in the Renaissance
Birgivi
Renaissance Avicennism
Angels in the Renaissance
Immortality of the Soul, Renaissance Problem of
Dissection of Animals
Emotion in Renaissance Psychology

This is the story of Shaykh Ahmed Raza Khan, the Genius of the East who had been badly misrepresented by his opponent. This book takes a journey in his intellectual world and the empire of knowledge he has built. This is the first time that such a modern analysis has been made along with the available list of work he has authored.

Попытка понять Коперника и его отношение к хронологии Вступительная часть работы с постановкой задачи Постановка задачи. Она выражена одном из постов форума проекта «Цивилизация» [] http://edgeway.ru/forum11/read.php?1,827875,828457#msg-828457 и звучит примерно так: «Ты давно уже обещал объяснить, каким образом Коперник получил датировку Антонина Пия, в точности совпадающую со Скалигеровской, за полвека до появления "скалигеровской хронологии". И ровно теми же самым методами (через двойные датировки в эре Антонина Пия и эре Набонассара у Птолемея, и через привязку эры Набонассара к эре РХ в Альфонсовых таблицах)». И в подтверждение тезиса идет ссылка на другое место этого форума, http:// edgeway.ru/forum11/read.php?1,777245,778255#msg-778255 [], где идет уже сама цитата из Коперника. Там, в свою очередь, идет ссылка на он-лайн версию самой книги Коперника «О вращении небесных сфер» [], http://www.astro-cabinet.ru/library/Copernic/Index.htm С автором этого изречения по нику Ordusofob этих строк в весьма приятельских отношениях: одна alma mater, один проект, связанный с применением методов естественных наук к междисциплинарным и гуманитарным вопросам, и у нас идет вполне дружеское общение на «ты». Тем не менее, сама постановка вопроса не может не смутить: «Ты давно уже обещал объяснить, каким образом Коперник получил датировку Антонина Пия»… Может быть, более корректно было бы поставить вопрос «Откуда у Коперника сложились представления о датировке Антонина Пия»? Увы, слово «получил» предполагает проведение самим Коперником собственных расчетов датировок, в данном случае, датировки Антонина Пия, чем, в рамках представлений автора этих строк, Коперник не занимался. Сама вышеупомянутая цитата из Коперника была взята из его письма сотоварищу по Краковскому университету Бернарду Ваповскому. Он был ученый, каноник и секретарем короля Польши. Само письмо назвалось «Послание Коперника против Вернера», как оно фигурирует в русскоязычном издании «О вращении небесных сфер» []. Там он делится своими впечатлениями от ознакомления с сочинением Вернера из Нюрнберга под названием «О движении восьмой сферы» ("De motu octavae sphaerae"). Как ясно следует из примечаний в конце книги на стр.642, вопрос о движении т.н. восьмой сферы, т.е. неподвижных звезд, был тесно связан со всеми вопросами, связанными с с наблюдением, описанием и теоретическими объяснениями прецессии, имевшими место в тогдашней астрономической науке. В то время существовали две конкурировавшие между собой теории: в одной прецессионное движение считалось происходящим все время в одном и том же направлении, в другой это движение считалось имеющим характер колебания как по долготе, так и по широте. При этом первые признаки теории колебательного движения по долготе, или, как она тогда называлась, теории наступания и отступания (theoria accessus et recessus) прослеживались уже в произведениях, приписываемых ТИ IV в. н.э.

Copernicus managed to provide an astronomical model consistent with the apparent motions of the celestial bodies and to establish the exact necessary order and inner coherence of the universe by following the distance–period relationship as well as the postulate for the uniform circular motion. There is an increasing academic concern over the properties, the usefulness, and the very existence of celestial spheres in Copernican astronomy. A controversy over celestial spheres lies in the fact that nowhere in his book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Copernicus argued explicitly for or against their existence. Putting Copernicus’ silence into perspective and despite the fact that Copernicus was a realist concerning his astronomical system, his rejection, on the one hand, of the principle of plenitude, which is inextricably linked with the traditional view of celestial spheres, and the introduction of an inconceivably large empty space in his model resulting from the distance–period relationship, on the other, effortlessly leads to a skeptical attitude concerning their acceptance by the Polish astronomer.

In 1637, a cosmographer named Noel Durret published Novae motuum caelestium ephemerides Richelianae in Paris. The book includes astronomical tables and deals with astrology, hermeticism, and mysticism, and merely in passing mentions the heliocentric Copernican system. It reworked an earlier short work of Durret composed in French and titled Novvelle theorie des planetes in which one can find the same tables that were calculated according to the observations of Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho and Lansbergen.  In 1660 an Ottoman scholar named Ibrāhīm Efendi al-Zigetvari Tezkerci translated the two books into one Arabic manuscript. For more than three centuries his manuscript was buried in an Ottoman archive in Constantinople until it resurfaced at the beginning of the 1990s. In order to capture a local reading of Durret’s book by this unknown translator, we use philological and cultural clues — the translator’s name, and the book’s title and introduction. Why, how, and for what purposes did Ibrāhīm Efendi embrace Durret’s book?

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) – astronomer, mathematician, physician, and Catholic clergyman – was one of the most important contributors of the Scientific Revolution due to the formulation of the heliocentric model of the universe, according to which the earth revolved around the stationary mean sun. He managed to provide an astronomical system consistent with the apparent motions of the celestial bodies and also explain the exact necessary order and the inner coherence of the universe by following the Aristotelian distance–period relationship and the postulate for the uniform circular motion. Although the system presented in his book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) was as complex as that of Ptolemy, the harmonious order of his geokinetic model led to the foundation of modern [astro]physics. His scholarly interests included economics, politics, and translation of ancient Greek texts.

We give an overview of the role of the mechanical clock in the development of scientific astronomy up to the end of the sixteenth century. Specific attention is paid to indication accuracy of clocks for this purpose. We present the earliest currently known watch with a minute hand and with reading accuracy up to 10 seconds as well as the earliest and often overlooked archival note on a timepiece with a seconds hand. Furthermore we calculate and discuss the impact of indication accuracy on observation accuracy. We focus mostly on indication accuracy  first, movement accuracy of the clocks is discussed at the end.

Nicholas Copernicus' De revolutionibus (1543) is a frequent starting point for histories of the Scientific Revolution on account of his dramatic reversal of the cosmic order handed down from antiquity. Nevertheless, Copernicus also mounted a surprisingly sharp attack on one of his contemporaries who tried to correct ancient astronomers. This uneasy balance between respecting and criticizing ancient works was part of broader contemporaneous attempts to grapple with the fragmentary legacies of past generations. Debates over stone ruins as well as manuscript texts shaped the evolution of early printed books, and artists, printers, and instrument makers joined natural philosophers in pursuing novelties even while emulating tradition.

Özet
Nicolaus Copernicus’un Göksel Kürelerin Devinimleri Üzerine adlı devrimci yapıtının (1543) dışında astronomi konulu olan iki metni daha vardır, bunlardan biri Commentariolus başlıklı risalesi (1510’lar), diğeri ise John Werner’in Sekizinci Kürenin Hareketi’yle ilgili eserine (1522) dair yazdığı eleştiri mektubudur (1524). Burada çevirisini sunduğumuz bu mektup dönemin önemli din ve bilim adamlarından biri olan Bernhard Wapowski’nin Copernicus’un fikrini sorması üzerine ona yanıt olarak yazılmıştır. Çeviri için temel aldığımız Latince metnin künyesi şudur: Mittheilungen des Coppernicus-Vereins für Wissenschaft und Kunst zu Thorn 1. ed. M. Curtze (Leipzig, 1878) 1, 23-33. Ayrıca çeviriden önce mektubu tarihsel arka planı, oluşumu, elyazmaları, basımı ve içeriğiyle ilgili tanıtıcı nitelikte bilgi aktarıyoruz.

Anahtar Sözcükler
Astronomi, Copernicus, Göksel Kürelerin Devinimleri Üzerine, John Werner, mektup, Sekizinci Kürenin Hareketi

Abstract
Nicolaus Copernicus has two astronomical works besides the revolutionary On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, one of them is Commentariolus (1510’s) that’s a little book and the other one is the critical letter (1524) on John Werner’s Motion of Eighth Sphere (1522). This letter, whose translation we present, was written to Bernhard Wapowski who had requested Copernicus’ judgment on Werner’s contentions. We used this Latin text as source for our translation: Mittheilungen des Coppernicus-Vereins für Wissenschaft und Kunst zu Thorn 1. ed. M. Curtze (Leipzig, 1878) 1, 23-33. Besides, before the translation, we introduce the Letter about its historical background, formation, manuscripts, edition and content.

This document presents the state of the art of the space sector organisation in Italy. The main objective is to give a comprehensive overview of the Italian governance of the space economy. Focusing on the Lazio Region, the report analyses the concrete possibilities and opportunities to further develop projects and services based on space technologies.

Starting from the identification of the involved institutions at national level, the primary aim is to evaluate their interaction and cooperation. The key elements to support and coordinate the entry of Regions and SMEs into the space technologies and satellite based services market are also examined. The report introduces some good practices of Italian public and private organisations to describe their motivations to use satellite-based services. It allows evaluating the efforts needed to their adoption and to assessing the benefits and challenges faced by these organisations.

With the launch of Sentinel-1 in 2014, a new era of openly accessible spaceborne radar imagery was begun, and its potential has been demonstrated throughout all fields of applications. However, while interferometric approaches to detect surface deformations are continuously being published, only a few studies address the derivation
of digital elevation models (DEMs) from Sentinel-1 data. This is mainly because of the narrow orbital tube, which was primarily designed for subsidence measurements using differential interferometry. Nonetheless, the technical conditions are provided for successful applications involving DEM generation. These are outlined in the
first part of this article with a focus on potential error sources and the impact of the most important constraints, namely, temporal and perpendicular baselines. The second part evaluates 21 studies on this topic, their aims, and how they dealt with error sources and the necessity of validation. These studies are then discussed based on the main challenges and potentials including how these can be tackled in the future to lay a solid foundation for scientific discourse.

It is a commonplace about the Renaissance that it broadened the horizon of Medieval Europeans in more than one direction. It rediscovered the cultural and intellectual heritage of the classical Antiquity, discovered the true structure of the skies, found new geographical horizons, discovered new lands, and forged the birth of the natural sciences. There was a special intellectual group in the hub of all these changes: the humanists. Some of them were primarily scientists, others educators, or artists, but common in them was that their enthusiasm toward the classical heritage often connected with an interest in the new, the unknown, and the futuristic. The paper reflects on the long debate concerning the definition of humanism and the humanists and revisits several case studies which show the combination of philology, historical interest, and the proposition of new ideas-often inspired by a widening horizon resulting from travel.

Durante los últimos años ha habido un aumento creciente en las necesidades de los principales usuarios de los
datos SIOSE. Concretamente los usuarios demandan un mayor detalle geométrico, temático y temporal. Esto es debido a
la mayor cantidad de información de referencia disponible hoy día procedente de fuentes digitales oficiales, como pueden
ser imágenes de satélite Sentinel, datos LIDAR o geometrías catastrales. Todo esto desemboca en el planteamiento de una
nueva estrategia en lo que se refiere a la producción del SIOSE, la cual deberá tener en consideración estas necesidades
y plasmarlas como nuevos puntos a satisfacer. El nuevo SIOSE de Alta Resolución se define mediante los siguientes
puntos clave: Continuación de la filosofía de orientación a objetos en su modelo de datos para dar continuidad a los
datos anteriores y adecuarse a los del modelo de datos europeo EAGLE Copernicus; formarse por integración de datos
de referencia ajustándose a líneas de referencia del Catastro junto con otras fuentes oficiales temáticas; mejora de la
resolución geométrica y temática de acuerdo a las fuentes de referencia utilizadas; y fundamentarse en un alto nivel de
automatización que garantice el mantenimiento de una objetividad en la integración de los datos, reducción de costes y
mayores frecuencias de actualización

“THE GALAXY DISTRIBUTION IS IN CONCENTRIC CIRCLES AROUND THE EARTH.  A SITUATION THAT DOES NOT OCCUR AROUND ANY OTHER POINT IN THE UNIVERSE.”  IS RATHER OBVIOUS.  ALSO THE ONLY TWO ANOMALIES IN THE UNIFORM BACKGROUND RADIATION FORM AN X MARKS THE SPOT RIGHT ON EARTH!!!!  THUS, WE ARE THE CENTER OF THIS UNIVERSE & THUS, THE MULTIVERSE.