Economic Impact Analysis

• Işık Üniversitesi’nin Şile ekonomisine yaptığı ekonomik etki 21,999,059.78 TL olarak hesaplanmıştır. Toplam harcamalar yoluyla yapılan yıllık doğrudan ekonomik etki 15,986,852.27 TL’dir.  Bu rakam yerel harcama çarpanı ile birlikte toplam ekonomik etkiyi 21,999,059.78 TL’ye çıkarmaktadır.
• Öğrenci harcamaları en büyük yerel ekonomik etkiyi yaratmıştır, 16 milyon TL
• Yerel harcama çarpanı 1.38 olarak hesaplanmış olup Şile’nin dış dünyaya olan yüksek ekonomik bağımlılığını göstermektedir.  Işık Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin 11,688,413 TL büyüklüğündeki harcamaları yerel ekonomide katlanarak 16,084,099 TL büyüklüğünde bir ekonomik etki yaratmıştır.
• Maaşlarını Işık Üniversitesi’nden alan 259 akademik, idari ve destek personeli çeşitli harcamaları yoluyla yerel ekonomide 1,625,951 TL’lik ekonomik etki yaratmışlardır.
• 2007-2008 döneminde Işık Üniveristesi öğrenci ve çalışanlarının Şile’nin yerel ekonomisi üzerindeki (12 aylık)  toplam ekonomik etkisi 17,710,050 TL olarak hesaplanmıştır.
• Hizmet alımları, kampüs bakım ve işletme harcamalarından kaynaklanan yerel ekonomik etki 2,655,700.75 TL büyüklüğündedir.  Hizmet satın alınan 5 firma tarafından kampüste istihdam edilen 171 kişinin 114’ü Şile merkez ve çevresindeki köylerden gelmektedir.  Hizmet imtiyazı verilen 8 diğer firmanın çalışanlarıyla birlikte bu rakam toplam 225 kişiye ulaşmakta ve bunlardan 145 kişi Şile ve çevresinde yaşamakta ve üniversite nedeniyle bu firmalar tarafından istihdam edilmektedirler.
• Üniversitenin kendi bünyesinde ve hizmet firmaları tarafından Şile kampüs’te tam ve yarı zamanlı olarak istihdam edilen 484 kişiden 190’ı (% 39) Şile ve çevresinde oturmaktadır.
• Çeşitli amaçlarla gelen ziyaretçilerin yaptıkları harcamaların Şile ekonomisine olan etkisi  1,633,308.49 TL olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Űniversitelerin yerel ekonomiye etkileri değisik yönlerden incelenebilir. Bu çalışmada sadece ekonomik etkisi incelenmiştir.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop in India popularly known as "Surajmukhi.". Total 450 Sunflower growers were selected were selected randomly. The per cent contributed by low adopters was 10.30, medium adopters 73.33 and high adopters 16.36. The average annual employment of sunflower sample family was found to be 475.27 days at the overall level. The crop production alone provided employment to the tune of 28.55 per cent. The average annual gross income of the sunflower sample families at the overall level was`5was`was`5, 06,984. The income received from crop production was 63 per cent. The per cent gap in seed use was 14.60. The use of chemical fertilizers shows that 'P' component in sunflower were used at higher levels. The per hectare yield has increased from 5.8 to 11.88 quintal per hectare over the different level of adoption. The added yield was 2.12 Q/ha and 3.96 Q/ha over the low and medium level of adoption. Thus, for producing this extra yield per hectare costs were also increased from Rs.5,347.20 to Rs.7,140.84 and accordingly, the added returns were also increased from Rs. 9,584.11 to Rs.14,361.92 The yield gap I and II was ranged between 3.12 to 9.20 and 0.12 to 6.2 per cent, respectively. The nine independent variables have jointly explained the 61 per cent variation in output for sunflower. Human labour (X1), Phosphorus (X5) and Technology adoption index (X9) for sunflower were highly significant at 1 per cent level of significance. The sample cultivators reported the problems viz: non awareness of improved technology, costly plant Protection, non-availability of human/ bullock labor for interculturing etc.

Purpose: Recognising the swift and negative impact of COVID-19 on innovation, entrepreneurial behaviour, and small and medium enterprises’ (SME) performance, the authors examine the situation and prospects of Hungarian companies and evaluate entrepreneurial resilience and firm performance, with a specific focus on subsidised firms.
Design/methodology/approach: Data from two surveys are used. This is a combined dataset of the database of Hungarian companies required to use the double entry bookkeeping system, and the integrated monitoring database, established by the MIT to cover financial assistance from
both the European Union and national budgets. The analyses use the propensity score matching method. The ultimate goal of the study is to show the micro-level effects of the COVID-19 crisis on entrepreneurs, with special focus on previously received financial assistance by a firm, its geographical location (based on NUTS1 level 2 regions and urban
development zones2), industry (level 2 NACE3 codes), and size.
Findings: The result provides evidence that subsidies have a positive impact on SMEs’ resilience, employment, sales, and productivity.

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

Internet has become an important part of our everyday life. We use services like Netflix, Skype, online banking and Scopus etc. daily. We even use Internet for filing our tax returns and communicating with municipalities. This dependency on network-based technologies provides an opportunity to malicious actors in our society to remotely attack IT infrastructure. One type of cyberattack that may lead to unavailability of network resources is known as distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. A DDoS attack leverages many computers to launch a coordinated Denial of Service attack against one or more targets.

These attacks cause damages to victim businesses. According to reports published by several consultancies and security companies these attacks lead to millions of dollars in losses every year. One might ponder: are the damages caused by temporary unavailability of network services really this large? One of the points of criticism for these reports has been that they often base their findings on victim surveys and expert opinions. Now, as cost accounting/book keeping methods are not focused on measuring the impact of cyber security incidents, it is highly likely that surveys are unable to capture the true impact of an attack. A troubling fact is that most C-level managers make budgetary decisions for security based on the losses reported in these surveys. Several inputs for security investment decision models such as return on security investment (ROSI) also depend on these figures. This makes the situation very similar to the parable of the blind men and the elephant, in which several blind men try to conceptualise how the elephant looks like by touching it. Hence, it is important to develop methodologies that capture the true impact of DDoS attacks. In this thesis, we study the economic impact of DDoS attacks on public/private organisations by using an empirical approach.

In Chapter 1 we explain the motivation for our work and illustrate the problems associated with measuring the economic impacts of DDoS attacks. We then formulate our main research question and break it down into sub-questions that we investigate in later chapters. We state our main research question as follows:

What are the economic impacts of DDoS attacks on public/private organisations?

Our first contribution is identifying the main stakeholders in a DDoS attack. In Chapter 2, we discuss the evolution of DDoS attacks in the last decade and briefly describe the strategies adopted by attackers and defenders. By studying the business model of a botnet, we also analyse how DDoS attacks can be used by attackers for monetary gains.

Our second contribution is to develop methodologies to capture the direct impact of DDoS attacks. In Chapters 3 and 4 we measure the direct consequences of DDoS attacks on large managed domain name service (DNS) providers and a cryptocurrency exchange respectively. We find that a successful DDoS attack on a managed DNS service provider, changes the security behaviour of its customers. In the case of cryptocurrency exchange we find that the losses are recovered very quickly, on most instances even within a single day. We show how longitudinal datasets can be used to asses the impacts.

The third contribution of this thesis is to develop methodologies to measure the indirect consequences of DDoS attacks. In Chapter 5, we propose a more robust event study approach and use it to analyse the impact of DDoS attack announcements on victims' stock prices. We find that in most cases this impact is short lived (5-10 days). In Chapter 6, we introduce a dataset based on web articles on DDoS attacks which captures the social context of an attack. We show how machine learning algorithms can be used to filter news articles that are reporting a DDoS attack from the dataset.

We recognise that it is not possible to measure the true impact of DDoS attacks on the victim without learning about the aims of attackers. In Chapter 7, we propose a model based on Routine Activity Theory (RAT) to study attacker's aims by using the information about the attack reported in the news articles. Later in Chapter 8, we show how postulates of RAT may be used to explain DDoS attack trends on educational institutions.

Our results show that DDoS attacks are not a random phenomenon and attackers are instigated by the circumstances surrounding them. We observe that measuring the true economic impact of these attacks is complex and requires us to consider the context of an attack. Some of the consequences of short duration IT unavailability are temporary and they are recovered rather quickly. Hence, to take this work forward we propose to give economic meaning to the empirical data that is presently available and collect more data at employee level to measure the resilience of firms towards IT unavailability.

Sequel to the paradigm of terrorism activities prevalent in many troubled economies, this study takes a look at the key implications of Boko Haram insurgency on the Nigerian economy and the numerous sectors that have been affected largely by the insurgency. In the recent Global Terrorism Index, GTI 2018 reports, Nigeria still maintains the top five countries mostly infested by terrorism, a position which it has maintained from year 2014. The study uses data from Nigerian GDP contributors in evaluating the effect of the terrorism on the macroeconomy of the nation. It takes each GDP indicators into cognizance looking at their contributions to various economic sectors relatively to growth rate (real GDP), in the years of the terror. Therefore, the methodology used to pinpoint and highlight the adverse effect of terrorism on the generality of the Nigerian economy cum sectors are facts, figures and data with use of images and graphical illustrations from existing secondary data and sources.
      The evaluation is basically using secondary data gathered from various sources and particularly from TheGlobalEconomy.com under the section of Nigerian domain as https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Nigeria/. More so, data from the Central Bank of Nigeria, with figures and illustrations from the detailed 2015 and 2018 reports of Global Terrorism Index, GTI published by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) are employed.
      Additionally, this work evaluated the core effects of the Boko Haram terror of 2014 on the economy, importantly, its impact which is more profound following its declaration as terror group, aftermath its 2014 activities using data, figures and illustration to juxtapose the standpoint. More importantly, this work justifies and shows that Boko Haram was one of the root causes of the economic recession witnessed in the Nigerian economy through 2016 to second quarter of 2017. Justifications used are GDP components, economic indicators, key sector contributors; their percentage contribution to GDP, value added as share of GDP, with the values mostly in US billion dollars and percentage change in the indicators, for effective evaluation of the impacts and implications of terrorism on the macro-economy of Nigeria. Actually, figures used in all the graphical illustrations are made available for record purpose, comparison and verification. The target year of focus for this work is the effect after 2014, it also evaluates the effect from 2009-2010 the start of the terror as an insurgency, but more focus is on the impact after 2014. Hence, data for economic sectors and contributors are from 1960-2017 while for GDP indicators and contributors span 1980-2017.
      The study concluded that terrorism has adversely affected the macro-economy of Nigeria, and recommended that apart from the government increasing security and defense, there is need to focus on economic indicators and growth, thereby stipulating that service industry should be enhanced as it can help the economy even in the face of terrorism, also is the need for devaluation of the currency as these can drive the economy to a state of stable growth in the presence of insurgency and attendant terrorism.

Agriculture is Zambia’s mainstay and farmers have for long practiced monoculture crop farming in which maize is the most widely grown. Other alternative and more adverse weather tolerant food crops such as sweet potatoes, cassava, sorghum and millet have not been grown much. There is very little known about the technical efficiency of the more adverse weather tolerant food crops and nothing known about the technical efficiency of sweet potato farming in Zambia. Despite government efforts to increase productivity among the smallholder farmers, sweet potato productivity still remains low and this negatively contributes to the agriculture sector’s potential to reduce poverty, increase incomes and improve food security and nutrition. This study uses Post Harvest Survey data of farming season 2011/12 collected by Zambia’s Central Statistical Office on 1483 smallholder sweet potato farmers and a Stochastic Frontier Cobb – Douglas model to determine the technical efficiency of smallholder sweet potato farmers in Zambia.
The results indicate that the smallholder sweet potato farmers are generally technically inefficient with mean technical efficiency of 59 percent and a technical efficiency range of 2 percent to 93 percent. The results also suggest that technical efficiency of the smallholder sweet potato farmers in Zambia is directly correlated with the use of hybrid seed, monocropping and the use of manure. Based on the results, the study recommended that the Government of the Republic of Zambia encourages the use of hybrid seed, the practice of monocropping alongside taking into account comparative and absolute advantage, and the use of manure among the smallholder sweet potato farmers in Zambia. Lastly, the study recommended that the allocation of more land to sweet potato production by the farmers be coupled with a unanimous increase in other vital inputs required in sweet potato production.

Different economic methods are being used to estimate the economic benefits generated by nature (wildlife) tourism. The most prominent of these are economic valuation analysis and economic impact analysis. These methods often provide divergent and conflicting estimates of the economic benefits obtained from wildlife tourism, as is demonstrated in this article by the use of a microeconomic model. Tourism Research Australia has estimated the economic benefits to Australia of nature tourism based on levels of first round expenditure generated by nature tourists in Australia. This is a form of economic impact analysis. These estimates are summarised and it is argued that they exaggerate the level of economic benefits generated by nature tourism. The economic impact of nature tourism can be important at the local or regional level. A way is suggested of measuring these impacts accurately. The conservation consequences of the economic benefits from wildlife tourism are discussed taking into account both their direct and indirect economic impacts. Whether or not increased economic benefits from wildlife tourism contribute to nature conservation depends on several specified circumstances. In conclusion, it is emphasised that organisations and enterprises in the wildlife tourism industry are diverse. Sources of their diversity are identified and the types of economic challenges facing those within the wildlife tourism industry are outlined.

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : Throughout history, nothing has killed more human beings than infectious diseases. Although, death rates from pandemics dropped globally by about 0.8 % per year, all the way through the 20th century, the number of new infectious diseases like Sars, HIV and Covid-19 increased by nearly fourfold over the past century. In Africa, there were reported a total of 4,522,489 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 119,816 death, as of 23 April 2021. The pandemic impacted seriously on the economic and social sectors in almost all African countries. It is threatening to push up to 58 m people into extreme poverty. However, apart from the African poor, the Covid pandemic also affects the growing African middle class, i.e. about 170 million out of Africa’s 1.3 billion people currently classified as middle class. Nearly eight million of may be thrust into poverty because of the coronavirus and its economic aftermath. This setback will be felt for decades to come. Moreover, in recent African History also other infectouse diseases like the 1896–1906 Congo Basin Trypanosomiasis with a death-toll of over 500.000 as well as the 1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic with 200,000–300,000 death had tremendous negative impact on Africa’s societies and economies. Actually, other pandemics, like Yellow Fever, Cholera, Meningitis and Measles – not to mention Malaria - contributed to long-lasting economic downturns and seriously affect the social wellbeing for decades. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RÉSUMÉ : Au cours de l’histoire, rien n’a tué plus d’êtres humains que les maladies infectieuses et la fièvre hémorragique. Bien que les taux de mortalité dus aux pandémies aient chuté de près de 1% par an dans le monde, environ 0,8% par an, tout au long du XXe siècle, le nombre de nouvelles maladies infectieuses comme le Sars, le VIH et le Covid-19 a presque quadruplé par rapport au passé. En Afrique, on a signalé un total de 4 522 489 cas confirmés de COVID-19 et 119 816 décès, au 23 avril 2021. La pandémie a eu de graves répercussions sur les secteurs économique et social dans presque tous les pays africains. Il menace de pousser jusqu'à 58 millions de personnes dans l'extrême pauvreté. Cependant, outre les Africains pauvres, la pandémie de Covid affecte également la classe moyenne africaine en pleine croissance, c'est-à-dire environ 170 millions sur les 1,3 milliard d'africains actuellement classés dans la classe moyenne. Près de huit millions d'entre eux pourraient être plongés dans la pauvreté à cause du coronavirus et de ses conséquences économiques. Ce revers se fera sentir pendant des décennies. En outre, dans l'histoire récente de l'Afrique, d'autres maladies infectieuses comme la trypanosomiase du bassin du Congo de 1896 à 1906 avec un nombre des morts de plus de 500 000 ainsi que l'épidémie de trypanosomose africaine en Ouganda de 1900 à 1920 avec 200 000 à 300 000 décès ont eu un impact négatif considérable sur les sociétés et économies africaines. En fait, d'autres pandémies, comme la fièvre jaune, le choléra, la méningite et la rougeole - sans parler du paludisme - ont contribué à des ralentissements économiques durables et affectent gravement le bien-être social pendant des décennies. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : Im Laufe der Geschichte hat nichts mehr Menschen getötet als Infektionskrankheiten. Obwohl die Sterblichkeitsrate durch Pandemien im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts weltweit um etwa 0,8% pro Jahr gesunken ist, hat sich die Zahl der neuen Infektionskrankheiten wie Sars, HIV und Covid-19 im vergangenen Jahrhundert fast vervierfacht. In Afrika wurden zum 23. April 2021 insgesamt 4.522.489 bestätigte COVID-19-Fälle und 119.816 Todesfälle gemeldet. Die Pandemie hatte schwerwiegende Auswirkungen auf den wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Sektor in fast allen afrikanischen Ländern. Sie droht, bis zu 58 Millionen Menschen in extreme Armut zu treiben. Abgesehen von den afrikanischen Armen betrifft die Covid-Pandemie jedoch auch die wachsende afrikanische Mittelschicht, d. h. etwa 170 Millionen der 1,3 Milliarden Menschen in Afrika, die derzeit als Mittelschicht eingestuft sind. Fast acht Millionen von ihnen könnten aufgrund des Coronavirus und seiner wirtschaftlichen Folgen in Armut geraten. Dieser Rückschlag wird noch Jahrzehnte zu spüren sein. Darüber hinaus hatten in der jüngeren afrikanischen Geschichte auch andere Infektionskrankheiten wie die Trypanosomiasis (Schlafkrankheit) im Kongobecken von 1896–1906 mit einer Zahl von über 500.000 Todesopfern sowie die Trypanosomiasis-Epidemie in Uganda von 1900–1920 mit 200.000–300.000 Todesfällen enorme negative Auswirkungen auf die afrikanischen Gesellschaften und Volkswirtschaften. Tatsächlich haben andere Pandemien wie Gelbfieber, Cholera, Meningitis und Masern - ganz zu schweigen von Malaria - zu lang anhaltenden wirtschaftlichen Abschwüngen beigetragen und das soziale Wohlbefinden über Jahrzehnte hinweg ernsthaft beeinträchtigt.

Abstract: Aimed Contribution—Fuel economy via car window film implementation will also reduce vehicle-sourced emissions,
health and welfare impacts associated with those emissions; thus, contribute to the economy. Focused Problem—During summer, solar
irradiation heats up the car and Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) usage becomes essential. Moreover, MAC usage raises the fuel
consumption and vehicle emissions. Eventually, imported energy sources for MAC and vehicle emissions lead global economic and
health impacts. Proposed Solution—For a parked car under blazing sun in summer, car window film application limits the entrapped
radiation in car cabin and reduces peak cabin temperature. Hence, MAC energy consumption will be reduced. Under consideration of
film implementation costs, it is seen that MAC energy savings for diesel, gasoline and hybrid cars still contribute to the economy.
Research Perspective—The physical and economic effects of several car window film and tinting applications are researched. Clear
and tinted rear and side windows covered with three unique film types separately and analyzed for a parked passenger car with clear and
20 % shaded windshield. The overall impact in WA, NY, NC, USA and Istanbul, Turkey is also examined. Results—Regarding USA
and Istanbul, the widespread deployment of the best possibility has potential to decrease the sum of diesel and gasoline fuel
consumption by 1.7 and 0.06 billion liters, reduce the passenger car sourced total vehicle emissions by 10.5 and 0.4 billion kg and
contribute to the economy by 5-year net savings of 21.3 and 1.4 billion $, respectively.

This exploration of cross-border shopping by Mexican national shoppers at a regional discount outlet mall studies the: (1) economic impacts of their expenditures on the local and regional economies, and (2) activities they engage in while at the outlet malls and benefits received from shopping there.
Spending by cross-border shoppers varied by accommodation type; hotels or motels/friends and family spent approximately $800 (U.S.) on clothing daily and condominiums/day visitors between $400 and $475 (U.S.). The multiplier for cross-border spending at the local level ranged from 1.27 to 1.45. Top cross-border shopper activities were shopping and buying, followed by eating, and visiting.

This article is primarily concerned with the economic consequences of World Heritage listing for the valuation of natural properties and the economic impacts of this listing. Australian data is used to throw light on this subject. Conceptual problems that arise in valuation are explored and several neglected limitations of the travel cost method for estimating the demand for visits to natural sites are mentioned. The importance of economic impact analysis in this context (especially its political ramifications) is given attention. The use of World Heritage listing for political purposes is discussed. It is argued that World Heritage listing favours the long-term conservation of natural properties.

The economic impact research spearheaded by İKSV is the first study conducted in this field in Turkey. The research aims to present in a concrete manner the economic impact of the activities İKSV organized in 2011 and offer basic policy recommendations with regards to the necessary public support to reveal the economic return aspects of cultural activities in Turkey.

C’est au plan social que les effets/impacts du projet sont le plus palpables. Le projet a contribué à l'amélioration des services d'assainissement dans les zones sous desservies. Egalement, SANCAM a contribué positivement à la protection de la nature et de l’environnement. Ces impacts sont le fruit du Cadre de Gestion Environnemental et Social du projet. Le screening environnemental a précédé le choix des sites bénéficiaires des latrines publiques et ménagères afin d’assurer la protection de la nappe phréatique. La promotion de l'accès à l'assainissement a généré des gains directs de santé liés à la prévention des maladies et des avantages économiques et sociaux.
Au vue de ces réponses, l’impact du projet peut être jugé comme satisfaisant.

L'objectif principal de la politique économique au Cameroun reste la hausse de la croissance et l’emploi décent. Entre 1993 et 2009, la consommation a été l’élément le plus contributif à la croissance au Cameroun. Elle s’est modifiée sur cette période en niveau comme en structure, et ces évolutions correspondent à des transformations profondes des modes de vie des camerounais.
Cependant, les modèles utilisés pour le cadrage macro économique et budgétaire du Cameroun occultent la dynamique de la consommation ; ce qui ne permet pas  de mesurer l’effet quantitatif des chocs endogène ou exogènes sur cet important agrégat.
Cette étude vise à proposer des équations de comportement des dépenses de consommation finale des ménages, pour les 44 produits de l’économie Camerounaise, nécessaires à la construction et le finalisation du modèle MADIBA.
L’analyse s’est effectuée à partir du modèle H.  Houthakker  et L. D. Taylor (1970). Le comportement de consommation observée dans une période pour un bien ou service  particulier est fonction du revenu de la période, de  comportement  passé  des  ménages et du prix relatif du bien ou service considéré. Les résultats principaux, c’est  à dire le fichier des coefficients des équations de comportement nécessaire pour la construction du modèle MADIBA est synthétisé dans les tableaux 5 et 6 du présent rapport.

The present report is part of an SSTA that seeks to provide the MOF with the design and implementation of quantitative tools to carry out industry-level assessments of tariff and subsidy reforms that will both support Viet Nam’s current WTO accession negotiations and provide needed capacity for analyzing alternative policy reforms. To this end, the present study elaborates modeling tools for production shift analysis and the calculations of trade tax revenue effects associated with tariff reform policies. It builds on the recent ADB-assisted study on the structure of protection for various industries, which provided estimates of tariff-related costs of inputs for industries and prices of outputs for import-substituting industries, as well as calculations of their effective rates of protection (ERP). In the present study we use the ERP estimates to examine industry-level output and employment adjustments likely to take place under a variety of tariff reforms. We also address subsidy issues and their incidence in different industries. The results of the present study provide detailed product and industry-specific information on the effects of implementing changes in the structure of protection and, as such, the emphasis is on a practical, action-oriented plan, rather than an academic study.

Throughout the last decades, the scientific community as well as the international institutions, have made a great deal of effort in the development of an agreed definition of the Social Economy and of the entities that comprise the same, as well as to measure its impact on employment and the economic inequalities of the society in which it participates.
This study contributes to existing literature with the development of a methodology focused on the identification, assessment and monetary valuation of the effects associated with Social Economy enterprises and linked to the generation of "social utility" using the case of Spain as a practical application of the methodology developed. The basic premise of the analysis conducted specifies that the values shared by Social Economy entities generate a differentiated behaviour in relation to their staff composition, the work conditions, their productive specialisation and their geographical location in comparison with other type of firms, and that “social value” added requires a specific assessment. These aspects are deeply related to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which objective eight is to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

Economic impact analyses are utilized to assess the impacts of a specific business, program, industry, project, organization, policy, activity, or other economic approach on an area's economy. The locale of enthusiasm for Economic impact investigations can be a city, district, state, and a gathering of states, nation, or the entire globe. Economic impact examinations are frequently used to assess the future impacts of any proposal and approvals, yet they can likewise be utilized to gauge present or documented impacts. Economic impact analyses give valuable data to nearby policymakers on employments, income, population, gross local product, and yield. These investigations can supplement money saving advantage and expense viability examinations to reveal insight into the nearby impacts of regulations.

Purpose: Recognising the swift and negative impact of COVID-19 on innovation, entrepreneurial behaviour, and small and medium enterprises’ (SME) performance, the authors examine the situation and prospects of Hungarian companies and evaluate entrepreneurial resilience and firm performance, with a specific focus on subsidised firms. Design/methodology/approach: Data from two surveys are used. This is a combined dataset of the database of Hungarian companies required to use the double entry bookkeeping system, and the integrated monitoring database, established by the MIT to cover financial assistance from both the European Union and national budgets. The analyses use the propensity score matching method. The ultimate goal of the study is to show the micro-level effects oft he COVID-19 crisis on entrepreneurs, with special focus on previously received financial assistance by a firm, its geographical location(based on NUTS1 level 2 regions and urban development zones2), industry (level...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain how the elements of a tourism policy class (historical, structural, economic, social, and technological) are employed in the discussion and analysis of space tourism. Design/methodology/approach The material serves as revision class of methods and concepts. The topics and methods covered depend in part on previous class content making use of space tourism materials available on the web and in the literature. Findings The sources cited cover a remarkable and growing range of space tourism endeavors worldwide. Whilst it is definitively not a forecast, the paper does appraise future directions in space tourism. Practical implications Further research is required in order to properly evaluate the value of space tourism to future human societies, and strategize accordingly. Originality/value As a source‐based review, the paper has limited originality, but shows the possibilities and limitations of tourism planning methods for space tourism.

Japan is the second largest trading partner of the country. With the aim to increase the trade and investment opportunities between the economies of Japan and the Philippines, Japan-Philippine Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA) was implemented on the 11th of December 2008. Based on the provisions of JPEPA, classified as the “new age” free trade agreement, JPEPA provides an immediate lifting of tariff to the 10 percent of Japan’s imports from the Philippines – including mostly agricultural products such as mango. This may result in an increase in the total volume of fresh mango exports to Japan.

In recent decades, fishing sustainability has been subject to intense international debate. Overfishing and contamination of the marine environment are elements that contribute to a reduction in fish stock and catches, often leading to declining income and employment, especially in rural areas. We present a sustainable fisheries model that promotes artisanal fishing while incorporating replacement rates of fish stock and actions that benefit the fishing industry. First, the sustainable fisheries model defines the guidelines and actions that may apply either together or independently, sequentially, or simultaneously, according to a defined budget. These concrete actions are quantified and incorporated into an environmentally extended input-output model to evaluate the economic impact on the Spanish fishing industry. The impact is complemented with an assessment of social impact (employment) and environmental impact (estimated reduction of CO2 emissions).

In recent decades, fishing sustainability has been subject to intense international debate. Overfishing and contamination of the marine environment are elements that contribute to a reduction in fish stock and catches, often leading to declining income and employment, especially in rural areas. We present a sustainable fisheries model that promotes artisanal fishing while incorporating replacement rates of fish stock and actions that benefit the fishing industry. First, the sustainable fisheries model defines the guidelines and actions that may apply either together or independently, sequentially, or simultaneously, according to a defined budget. These concrete actions are quantified and incorporated into an environmentally extended input-output model to evaluate the economic impact on the Spanish fishing industry. The impact is complemented with an assessment of social impact (employment) and environmental impact (estimated reduction of CO 2 emissions).

Twenty years ago, a catastrophic earthquake hit the second largest economy in Japan, causing damages to a considerable number of houses, buildings, lifelines, and infrastructure. The total damage was estimated to be around 2% of the Japanese GDP at that time. Reconstruction plans were set and had progressed since then. The progress of recovery and reconstruction has been studied from various angles. With regard to economic recovery, a series of studies pointed out that after a short period of reconstruction-boom, the Hyogo Prefecture and the City of Kobe have been showing a declining trend. Under the 10-year reconstruction plans, the damaged region went through a recovery and rebuilding process; nevertheless, these plans could not bring back the damaged economy to the pre-event growth trend. The reconstruction plans were intended not to restore the pre-event conditions but to maintain the long-range development plans initiated before the event. Further, this decision might have contributed to the downturns in economic recovery in the middle-run; however, it is expected that it would lead the economy toward sustained growth in the long-run.

It is widely known that the achievement of World Heritage Status of a cultural or natural site by a participating State Party has a direct effect on tourism growth, investment and economic development, and long-term site management and preservation. However, the influence of World Heritage Status is not limited to these factors; but rather, it can also be used as the key instrument to generate educational and ethical initiatives, as well as create an environment for inclusive growth and community development. If the information is collected, analyzed, and procured properly, the results may be applied to numerous development areas: youth education, ethical business practice, social sustainability, artisanal training programs, etc.  Specifically, this paper will examine the existing data of World Heritage Sites in Central Asia, namely Uzbekistan, along the famous Silk Road Corridor. The information found illustrates that many developing nations, like Uzbekistan, lack existing thematic data tied to their World Heritage Sites or access to impact analysis tool kits aimed specifically at World Heritage influence on educational, ethical, and community building factors.  Such instruments have been developed by organizations, like the IMF, to analyze the effects of World Heritage Status, but with emphasis on subjects such as tourism and economic development. While these are important in the creation of overall sustainable development, a gap still remains in connecting these influences to those of successful grass root community development. If the overall objective is to achieve sustainable communities, existing tool kits must be adapted to provide a platform by which World Heritage Site managers and the participating State Parties might tailor impact analyses to their own communities’ needs, creating an avenue by which thematic data might be utilized effectively.

Purpose: Recognising the swift and negative impact of COVID-19 on innovation, entrepreneurial behaviour, and small and medium enterprises' (SME) performance, the authors examine the situation and prospects of Hungarian companies and evaluate entrepreneurial resilience and firm performance, with a specific focus on subsidised firms. Design/methodology/approach: Data from two surveys are used. This is a combined dataset of the database of Hungarian companies required to use the double entry bookkeeping system, and the integrated monitoring database, established by the MIT to cover financial assistance from both the European Union and national budgets. The analyses use the propensity score matching method. The ultimate goal of the study is to show the micro-level effects of the COVID-19 crisis on entrepreneurs, with special focus on previously received financial assistance by a firm, its geographical location (based on NUTS1 level 2 regions and urban development zones2), industry (...

comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Special thanks also to two anonymous referees who provided substantial and constructive comments. Finally, the author would like to acknowledge the Manpower Employment Organisation in Athens, Greece for helping fund this research. Any remaining errors or omissions are the author’s alone. As the Summer Olympics are growing with larger media coverage and sponsorship, host cities have started to attach great importance to the tourism and other likely economic effects occurred by staging such a special event. As a result, a number of studies have been conducted to consider the various economic implications on the hosts. This paper examines and evaluates methods and assumptions employed by the economic studies. It also compares ex-ante models and forecasts with the ex-post approach. The aim is to improve the information available to policy makers and potential future hosts of Summer Olympics and other mega-events.