Forest Resources

Flue gas emissions and particle size distribution were investigated during combustion experiments of wood, forest residue and mixtures of these two. The combustion experiments were carried out in a grate fired multi-fuel reactor with and without air staging at stable operation conditions and constant temperature of 850 °C. The overall excess air ratio was held at 1.6, and the primary excess air ratio was 0.8 during air staged experiments. NOx emissions are reduced by air staging. Fly ash particle concentration of forest residues in the flue gas is lower than wood. Aerosols number increased in the staged experiments for fuel blends.

Forest cover in hilly regions is essential to maintain environmental, economic and ecological balances. The production, conservation and sustainability of forest resources are constantly threatened by inappropriate anthropogenic intervention and exploitation. This study was conducted in 2019 to discover the sustainable management of forest resources and rural livelihoods in the Darjeeling Hills. The study results also indicate that little attention has been paid to the cultural, traditional and environmental value of forest resources in Darjeeling Hills. Even awareness programs on the use and conservation of forest resources by various government and non-governmental organizations are limited in the study area. Current forest management strategies suggest that forest resources are common resources, resulting in the lack of active participation of rural households in forest conservation practices.

Forest cover in hilly regions is essential to maintain environmental, economic and ecological balances. The production, conservation and sustainability of forest resources are constantly threatened by inappropriate anthropogenic intervention and exploitation. This study was conducted in 2019 to discover the sustainable management of forest resources and rural livelihoods in the Darjeeling Hills. The study results also indicate that little attention has been paid to the cultural, traditional and environmental value of forest resources in Darjeeling Hills. Even awareness programs on the use and conservation of forest resources by various government and non-governmental organizations are limited in the study area. Current forest management strategies suggest that forest resources are common resources, resulting in the lack of active participation of rural households in forest conservation practices.

The 'Tharu' tribe within and around the vicinity of Valmiki Tiger Reserve mainly depend on the vegetation around them
for their daily needs as well as for the treatment of different ailments and diseases. The ethnobotanical explorations of
Valmiki Tiger Reserve document here hitherto unreported ethnomedicinal uses of 58 plants species belonging to 53
genera and 41 families use by the 'Tharu'.

During dredging works in the Ribadeo estuary of north-west Spain, in 2011, a large and well-preserved shipwreck was discovered. Construction features suggested a date for the ship in the late 16th century, making this wreck a remarkable find for Spanish heritage, as it is one of the best-preserved shipwrecks from that time ever found in Spanish waters. Dendrochronological research on 29 samples retrieved in 2012 failed to produce dates for the timbers; consequently, the exact date of the ship and its possible construction location remained unknown. In 2015 additional archaeological survey works were planned for the site in order to document further exposed structures of the shipwreck, and to collect additional samples for dendrochronological research. Simultaneously, historical research was conducted in Spanish archives to search for documents referring to the wreckage of ships in the Ribadeo estuary in the 16th and early 17th centuries. The results of this multidisciplinary researc...

การศึกษาในครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ เพื่อศึกษาความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างทรัพยากรป่าไม้และวัฒนธรรมชาวชองรวมทั้งแนวทางการปรับตัวในการใช้ประโยชน์และการอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรป่าไม้ของชุมชนชอง การศึกษาในครั้งนี้เป็นการศึกษาโดยใช้วิธีการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ ชาวชองเป็นชนพื้นเมืองเดิมในดินแดนแถบตะวันออก ในจังหวัดจันทบุรี ชาวชองถิ่นตะวันออก ที่บ้านวังกระแพร ตำบลทับไทร อำเภอโป่งน้ำร้อน อยู่ติดกับเทือกเขาสอยดาวใต้ มีความผูกพันกับธรรมชาติ ด้วยสภาพพื้นที่ของชุมชนที่เข้าถึงยากกว่าชุมชนในที่ราบ ความเปลี่ยนแปลงของชุมชนจึงเป็นไปอย่างช้า ๆ สิ่งที่สำคัญต่อการดำรงชีพ คือ การปลูกข้าวไร่ และมีกระวานเป็นสินค้าหลัก ต่อมามีการตัดทางหลวง ส่งผลให้สภาพแวดล้อมเปลี่ยนแปลง บางส่วนสูญเสียที่ดินของตัวเอง ปัจจุบันยังคงมีการทำสวนกระวานบนเขาสอยดาว ปลูกกระวานตัดหน่อ และการปลูกลำไยเพิ่มมากขึ้น มีความเชื่อเกี่ยวกับ
เจ้าป่าเจ้าเขา การตั้งศาลพระภูมิเจ้าที่ มีความใกล้ชิดกับช้างป่า และมีการรักษาพยาบาลแบบพื้นบ้าน โดยได้รับอิทธิพลจากทางเขมร

ชาวชองถิ่นเหนือ มีการตั้งถิ่นฐานหนาแน่นที่บ้านตะเคียนทอง และบ้านคลองพลู อำเภอเขาคิชกูฏสภาพพื้นที่ของตะเคียนทองในอดีตที่เป็นป่าที่มีความสมบูรณ์ มีสัตว์ป่ามากมาย มีการเรียนรู้และปรับตัวในการใช้ประโยชน์จากป่าธรรมชาติ ซึ่งต้องอาศัยความคุ้นเคยและประสบการณ์ ของป่าที่เป็นสินค้า เช่น น้ำมันยาง ขี้ไต้ หวาย และกระวาน ส่วนการปลูกข้าวและควายเป็นสิ่งสำคัญของคนชอง หลังจากมีการทำไม้ จึงเริ่มปลูกพืชเศรษฐกิจ ต่อมาไม้ผลเป็นแหล่งรายได้ที่สำคัญของชุมชน คนชองได้นำคลุ้ม – คล้า มาใช้ประโยชน์ในงานจักสานและเป็นส่วนหนึ่งในการประกอบพิธีกรรมต่าง ๆ ที่ยังคงรักษาไว้จนถึงปัจจุบัน มีสวนผลไม้ดั้งเดิมและพื้นที่ส่วนบุคคลที่ปล่อยไว้ตามธรรมชาติ มีชาวชองเป็นแพทย์ประจำตำบล มีความเชื่อเกี่ยวกับผีบรรพบุรุษ ศาลเจ้าที่เจ้าทางในที่ทำกินและบ้าน และศาลเจ้าที่เป็นที่นับถือของชุมชน รวมทั้งความเชื่อเกี่ยวกับผีป่าและสัตว์ป่า

Nel 1570 Andrea Palladio dava alle stampe I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura in cui presentava il progetto di un ponte ligneo lungo circa 36 metri ad unica luce, una struttura essenziale, adatta alle esigenze del traffico fluviale del legname . Il saggio illustra le tecniche di fluitazione utilizzate nel XVI secolo nelle Alpi orientali per i collegamenti tra le Alpi e Venezia.

Nowadays, management and regulation of natural resources like agriculture, fisheries, forestry and wildlife is one of the popular topics in research. The evolution of humankind is largely dependent on the quality of the environment and the resources it provides; but numerous human-induced factors, and climate change may drastically change the conditions of human sustainability. A wide range of human activities on forestland contribute to climatic change, prominent among these are, deforestation, desertification, industrialization, urbanization and other socio-economic activities. In this paper, attempts have been made to trace the causes and consequences of these human activities on the depletion of forestry resources. A nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed. In modeling process, we assume that the growth rate of wildlife population wholly depend on forestry biomass. It is depleted by human activities. Local and global stability analysis of the mathematical model alo...

The study sought to find out the impact of Ankasa resource reserve on the livelihood of the residents of Old Ankasa community. A total of 30 heads of households (Abusuapanin) drawn from Old Ankasa community and one management member of the reserve were sampled for the study. These heads of households were purposely selected because they don't only serve as representative for their households, but are also regarded as opinion leaders in the community. The management member selected is the community Liaison Officer who understands both management role and the community concerns. Whiles the Officer was interviewed, a structured closed-ended questionnaire in a 4-point Likert scale were used to elicit responses from the heads of various households. The findings suggest that even though management

Background: Atakora mountains in Benin are a unique but fragile ecosystem, harboring many endemic plant species. The ecosystem is undergoing degradation, and the woody vegetation is dramatically declining due to high anthropogenic actions and recurrent drought. This study aimed to (i) assess the diversity of threatened woody species and (ii) identify their potential substitutes in the three regions of the Atakora mountains namely East Atakora, Central Atakora, and West Atakora. Methods: The data were collected during expeditions on surveyed localities through semi-structured individual interviews. Free-listing was used to record threatened woody species and which were important and why. Alpha-diversity indices were used to assess diversity of threatened and important threatened woody species. A correspondence analysis was used to determine the reason supporting their importance. Differences in species composition were assessed using analysis of similarities. A number of potential substitutes were compared among species using generalized linear models. Results: A total of 117 woody species (37 families and 92 genera) were identified. The most prominent families were Fabaceae (19.66%), Combretaceae (12.82%), and Moraceae (10.26%), and the richest genera were Ficus (10 species), Combretum (6), and Terminalia (5). Most threatened species differed across regions (East Atakora, Central Atakora, and West Atakora) and included Afzelia africana, Anogeissus leiocarpa, Borassus aethiopum, Diospyros mespiliformis, Khaya senegalensis, Milicia excelsa, and Pterocarpus erinaceus. Most socioeconomically important species (K. senegalensis, Parkia biglobosa, Vitellaria paradoxa, and V. doniana) were used mainly for food, timber, and fuelwood purposes. Old and adult people, and Dendi and Fulfulde sociolinguistic groups had greater knowledge of threatened woody plant species. High intercultural differentiations in species composition were detected between Bariba-Berba and Bariba-Natimba. Knowledge of substitutes also differed across regions with P. erinaceus, Isoberlinia spp., and A. africana being the most cited substitutes.

In southern Chile a coalition of environmental, labor, and municipal leaders is rolling out a novel approach to environmental regulation. The National Firewood Certification System provides a seal of approval to firewood that is produced and sold according to standards of sustainability, transparency, and quality. Firewood certification is distinct from Fair Trade, organic, or other market-based programs to the extent that it blurs the lines between nature conservation (preserving native forest) and public health (improving indoor air quality, controlling urban smog). Certification's advocates are explicit about leveraging the public health dimension of `good' (ie clean, dry) firewood to promote `good' (ie sustainable, conservationist) management of native forest; they are quite literally networking lungs to forests. I had come to Chile to study forest certification in a very different register: an international NGO certifying million-hectare plantations for the global pulp market. The local and provisional quality of the firewood program made for a striking contrast, but not as striking as the immediacy and physicality of the product: the firewood itself. As I hacked and wheezed in front of my woodstove, as I considered that I was perhaps exposing my family's lungs to carcinogens and acute respiratory infections, I came to see the consumer/producer networks of certification in a different light. This paper examines firewood certification as a market-based social movement and as a visceral experiment in creating environmental consciousness. My ethnographic perspective is informed by heat, smoke, and aching lungs.

Computational Ecology and Software
ISSN 2220-721X

Volume 11, Number 2, 1 June 2021
http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/ces/articles/2021-11(2)/2021-11(2).asp

Articles

Stability analysis of a mathematical model for the abatement of methane: Effect of mitigation options
Computational Ecology and Software, 2021, 11(2): 54-68
Ashish Kumar Mishra, Shyam Sundar, Ram Naresh, J. B. Shukla
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Time lag analysis of novel arithmetic modeling in breast cancer
Computational Ecology and Software, 2021, 11(2): 69-82
Kalyan Das, Ranjith Kumar, Pankaj Taneja, et al.
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Impact of human activities on forest resources and wildlife population
Computational Ecology and Software, 2021, 11(2): 83-99
Rachana Pathak, Vinay Verma, Manju Agarwal
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Liberia is one of the most forested countries in West Africa, with more than two thirds of its land surface covered by forest. The National Forest Inventory, conducted by the Liberia Forestry Development Authority in 2018 and 2019, estimates the forest cover in Liberia to be 6.69 million hectares which is approximately 69 percent of the total landmass. Liberia’s formal (measured) forest contribution to the national economy runs between nine and 10 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Forestry is the fourth largest contributor to economy, after services, agriculture and fisheries, and mining and panning. According to the 2020 Forest Resources Assessment produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), as of 2015, around 39,880 full time equivalent workers (of which about 35 percent women) were formally employed by the sector.2 However, the formal sector is just a small part of the story. Clearly, forest-related products and environmental services make significant contributions to the subsistence, incomes, employment and coping needs of poor rural households (HHs). Yet, in national income accounting, these contributions are often ignored, or are only partially measured.

Atakora mountains in Benin are a unique but fragile ecosystem, harboring many endemic plant species. The ecosystem is undergoing degradation, and the woody vegetation is dramatically declining due to high anthropogenic actions and recurrent drought. This study aimed to (i) assess the diversity of threatened woody species and (ii) identify their potential substitutes in the three regions of the Atakora mountains namely East Atakora, Central Atakora, and West Atakora. The data were collected during expeditions on surveyed localities through semi-structured individual interviews. Free-listing was used to record threatened woody species and which were important and why. Alpha-diversity indices were used to assess diversity of threatened and important threatened woody species. A correspondence analysis was used to determine the reason supporting their importance. Differences in species composition were assessed using analysis of similarities. A number of potential substitutes were compar...

This study analyzed the livelihoods of people living around two great ape reserves in Africa, the Luo Scientifi c Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda, based on quantitative assessments carried out for several years. The results show clear differences in food sources between the two sites. The forest is an important food source in Luo, whereas the market is central in Kalinzu. This difference should be acknowledged when adjusting management plans for the great ape reserves to fi t the actualities of local livelihoods. For example, in Kalinzu, restricted forest use can be compensated by an increase in cash income, which is more acceptable than in Luo, where the market economy is less developed and the forest provides most of the protein consumed by local people. This difference in degree of integration into the market economy presents different challenges for the long-term management of the reserves.

This study analyzed the livelihoods of people living around two great ape reserves in Africa, the Luo Scientific Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda, based on quantitative assessments carried out for several years. The results show clear differences in food sources between the two sites. The forest is an important food source in Luo, whereas the market is central in Kalinzu. This difference should be acknowledged when adjusting management plans for the great ape reserves to fit the actualities of local livelihoods. For example, in Kalinzu, restricted forest use can be compensated by an increase in cash income, which is more acceptable than in Luo, where the market economy is less developed and the forest provides most of the protein consumed by local people. This difference in degree of integration into the market economy presents different challenges for the long-term management of the reserves.

Redstone Arsenal (RA) is a large federal landholding (15,050 ha) managed by the US Department of the Army located on the Highland Rim of north Alabama.  This large landholding provided a unique opportunity to document forest vegetation and development patterns in a region with a paucity of quantitative information.  In this study, we quantified land cover types, delineated forest stands on the reserve using a GIS, and assessed forest composition and structural measures.  Stands were classed into Pinus, hardwood, mixed Pinus-hardwood, and forested wetland types.  The majority of land area in stands ≥ 2 ha was hardwood dominated, while the majority of the land area in stands < 2 ha was Pinus dominated.  We used a stratified random scheme to establish sampling points (n = 684) within forest stands through the RA.  Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Quercus phellos were the three most important tree species in the RA forest.  Biodiversity for the forest was relatively high with a tree species richness of 57 and diversity (H’) of 2.50.  Total forest evenness (J) was 0.62, but this value was lowered by the abundance of Pinus in plantation management.  Average stand age was 38 years with a range from 7 to 90 years.  Basal area was 22.6 m2 ha-1 and we expect this value to increase with forest age.  Significant differences were noted between tree age and height across the three surveyed forest types.  Our results provide information on forest conditions in an understudied region.

The extracts of petroleum ether, methanol, ethyl acetate and ether from Taxus chinensis var. mairei seeds were analyzed by GC-MS, and
relative contents were determined using a normalized method. 56 peaks were obtained from extracts of spermoderm and 79 peaks
from endosperm of T. chinensis var. mairei. Among these peaks, 37 chemical constituents were gained, and 24 compounds of which
were identified (64.86%). There were 35 chemical constituents with content more than 1%, accounting for 94.59% of the total of all
chemical constituents. 32 peaks were gained from petroleum ether extract, and 7 peaks were identified (21.88%) with content more
than 1%. 36 peaks were gained from methanol extracts, and 14 peaks were identified (38.89%), 13 of which with content more than
1%, accounting for 92.86% of the total of all chemical constituents. 34 peaks were gained from ethyl acetate extracts, while 10 peaks
were identified (29.41%) with content more than 1%. 33 peaks were gained from aether extracts, and 11 peaks were identified (33.33%).
T. chinensis var. mairei seeds have various bio-active ingredients and a higher value for development and utilization as a medicinal plant.
Keywords: Taxus chinensis var. mairei; seed; chemical components; GC-MS; composition analysis

Taxus, commonly known as yews, is a primary source of taxol used in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers. It is found in the world&#39;s temperate forests and in Asia it occurs from Afghanistan through Himala-yas to the Philippines. Owing to over exploitation, this species is disappearing rapidly. The present study in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, where maximum occurrences were reported, reveals that merciless and mass exploitation has converted the area into a &#39;death valley&#39; of Taxus trees. Out of the 145 total plants located, 105 were dead trees. Efforts from stakeholders are essential for conservation and regeneration. Taxus is a small to medium sized tree, with red &#39;berries&#39; (seed covered by arils), valuable for taxol or paclitaxel extrac-tion 1 used in the preparation of anti-cancer drugs, in addition to other medical uses in Ayurveda and Tibetian medicine 2 . It is a slow-growing evergreen tree found in the temperate forests at an altitude r...

Article history: Integrated timber and bioenergy production system is being widely adopted in South Africa as one of the cost effective &#39;carbon emission reduction mechanisms&#39;. However, this approach creates issues of concern between companies and local communities. This study therefore seeks to understand the issues of concern around forest bioenergy development in South Africa by investigating social concerns associated with the use of tree plantation residue for pellets and bioelectricity production from industrial tree plantations in Piet Retief and Iswepe communities of Mpumalanga province, South Africa. The study found that concerns raised by rural communities over use of residue for bioelectricity production in the area are mostly on; non-availability of sufficient residue for household use, difficulty in obtaining access right for residue collection and use, and use of residue from plantation sites close to rural residents for bioenergy production. The study therefore...