Marine Aquaculture

The experiment was conducted to assess the performance of two commercial feeds oAbstract The experiment was conducted to assess the performance of two commercial feeds on growth of the Dutch strain of African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings for 56 days under hatchery condition in July and August, 2019 with the aim of comparing the growth response in terms of Specific Growth Rate (SGR), total weight, total length and survival rates. Sixty (60) fingerlings of C. gariepinus with average weight of 1.20±0.00g and two commercial feeds (Coppens and Skretting) with varying crude proteins were used for the study. Some water parameters analyzed indicated Temperature range of 27.35±0.03 and 27.14±0.07 for T1 and T2 respectively, pH of 7.41±0.07 and 7.41±0.03, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) of 65.38±1.07ppm and 73.75±0.45ppm, Electrical Conductivity (EC) of 130.75±2.14µS and 147.50±0.90µS and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of 4.44±0.04mg/L and 4.51±0.03mg/L respectively. The treatments had no significant difference in terms of Mean Weight, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Feed Conversion Efficiency and Survival Rate (P< 0.05). In terms of mean weight, Coppens gave 4.02g while Skretting gave 4.44g. SGR showed in Coppens 2.63 and 2.64 in Skretting. Although fish fed with Coppens and Skretting both demonstrated good growth performance. n growth of the

Urban vegetation, particularly trees provides a wide spectrum of ecosystem services which include upgradation of air quality, stabilizing
temperature, reduction in ultraviolet radiation, oxygen generation, carbon sequestration, habitat of several flora and fauna (enhancement of
biodiversity) aesthetic beauty etc. Oxygen production is one of the most commonly cited benefits of urban trees. The purpose of this article is
to estimate the oxygen production by the dominant trees in the urban area of Konnagar, compare it with the estimated oxygen consumption by
the population of the area and illustrate why oxygen production by urban trees is an important ecosystem service

Offshore aquaculture industry is considered among the fastest growing industries worldwide. However, further expansion of this industry requires larger breeding installations positioned even further from shore. These installations inevitably would require substantial automation powered by appropriate energy sources. Thus, this paper investigates appropriate sustainable renewable energy generation solutions to meet anticipated needs. Firstly, an account of energy requirements of a typical offshore aquaculture installation is presented to realise the scale of energy required.  Subsequently, current status of solar, wind, wave and current renewable energy technologies is given and their applicability for Eastern Mediterranean offshore aquaculture is investigated. Finally, further challenges and research milestones to overcome are discussed.

The potential Indonesian marine fisheries resources 52% consisted of small pelagic fish groups. The results of the small pelagic fisheries in the Java Sea with purse seine benchmarks indicate that the estimated potential eternal 132,240 tons / year. The total catch in 1991 had reached 2.54 million tons / year, which comprised 52% of small pelagic fish, the amount of the 6.16% is fish tembang. This study aims to determine the level of exploitation of fish tembang, knowing reproductive performance and see the relationship between the level of exploitation of the fish tembang reproductive performance. A study was conducted in May until July 2009. Fishing locations on the sample of fish landing sites (TPI), one on the north coast of Java, Mina Fajar Sidik TPI (Subang), one in the waters of the Sunda Strait TPI Labuan (Pandeglang) and one on the south coast of Java Palabuhan Ratu TPI (Sukabumi). Length distribution of fish tembang (Sardinella gibbosa) in the Palabuhan Ratu ranging from 109-193 mm, the Blanakan between 141-191 mm and in the Labuan between 109-169 mm.Tembang fish growth patterns of male and female are isometric (P <0.05). Sex ratio of male-female fish during the observation unbalanced 1:1,7 (Palabuhan Ratu), 1:1,6 (Blanakan and Labuan). Based on the maturity level of the gonad and gonadal maturation index, allegedly began spawn fish in Palabuhan Ratu in the long interval 131-140 mm, in spawn on Blanakan began a long interval 141-150 mm, and Labuan in the interval 111-120 mm long. Tembang fish in Fekunditas ranged from Palabuhan Ratu 10872-123606 eggs, in areas ranging from Blanakan fekunditas eggs 28319-149853, and in areas ranging from Labuan 18552-78754 eggs. Based on the diameter distribution of eggs, fish populations have the type of spawning tembang fish partial spawner. Value of egg protein content overall ranged between 11.43%-32.68%. Seen from trend egg proteins found in the larger Palabuhan Ratu of 24.88% and lower in Labuan which is 20.79%. From the trend rate of exploitation can be seen the rate of exploitation in the three study sites have exceeded 50% with a greater rate seen in the area of Labuan and 63.7% lower rate seen in the area of Palabuhan Ratu namely 53.2%. Affect the rate of exploitation of some reproductive parameters. This can be seen from the trend rate of exploitation in the egg diameter size and protein content, although the difference is not too large. So is the size of the first fish smaller gonads mature at the rate of exploitation of the area which is also greater in areas of Labuan. Abstract Potensi sumberdaya perikanan laut Indonesia 52% terdiri dari kelompok ikan pelagis kecil. Hasil penangkapan ikan pelagis kecil di Laut Jawa dengan tolak ukur purse seine menunjukkan bahwa perkiraan potensi lestarinya 132.240 ton/tahun. Sedangkan total tangkapan pada tahun 1991 sudah mencapai 2,54 juta ton/tahun, yang terdiri dari 52% ikan pelagis kecil, dari besaran tersebut 6,16% adalah ikan tembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat eksploitasi ikan tembang, mengetahui keragaan reproduktif serta melihat keterkaitan antara tingkat eksploitasi dengan keragaan reproduktif ikan tembang. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan bulan Juli 2009. Lokasi pengambilan ikan contoh di tempat pendaratan ikan (TPI), satu di pantai utara Jawa yaitu TPI Mina Fajar Sidik (Subang), satu di perairan Selat Sunda yaitu TPI Labuan (Pandeglang) dan satu di pantai selatan Jawa yaitu TPI Palabuhan Ratu (Sukabumi). Sebaran panjang ikan tembang (Sardinella gibbosa) di Palabuhan Ratu berkisar antara 109-193 mm, di Blanakan berkisar antara 141-191 mm dan di daerah Labuan berkisar antara 109-169 mm. Pola pertumbuhan ikan tembang jantan dan betina adalah isometrik (P<0,05). Nisbah kelamin ikan jantan-betina selama pengamatan tidak seimbang 1:1,7 (Palabuhan Ratu), 1:1,6 (Blanakan dan Labuan). Berdasarkan tingkat kematangan gonad dan indeks kematangan gonad, diduga ikan mulai memijah di Palabuhan Ratu pada selang panjang 131-140 mm, di Blanakan mulai memijah pada selang panjang 141-150 mm, dan Labuan pada selang panjang 111-120 mm. Fekunditas ikan tembang di Palabuhan Ratu berkisar antara 10872-123606 butir telur, di daerah Blanakan fekunditas berkisar antara 28319-149853 butir telur, dan di daerah Labuan berkisar antara 18552-78754 butir telur. Berdasarkan sebaran diameter telur, populasi ikan tembang mempunyai tipe pemijahan partial spawner. Nilai kandungan protein telur secara keseluruhan berkisar antara 11,43%-32,68%. Dilihat dari trennya kandungan protein telur lebih besar ditemukan di Palabuhan Ratu yaitu 24,88% dan lebih rendah di Labuan yaitu 20,79%. Dari tren laju eksploitasi dapat dilihat laju eksploitasi di tiga lokasi penelitian sudah melebihi 50% dengan laju lebih besar terlihat pada daerah Labuan yaitu 63,7% dan laju yang lebih rendah terlihat pada daerah Palabuhan Ratu yaitu 53,2%. Laju eksploitasi berpengaruh terhadap sebagian parameter reproduksi. Hal ini terlihat dari tren laju eksploitasi dengan ukuran diameter telur dan kandungan protein, walaupun perbedaannya tidak terlalu besar. Begitu juga dengan ukuran ikan pertama kali matang gonad lebih kecil pada daerah dengan laju eksploitasi yang juga lebih besar yaitu pada daerah Labuan.

Costa-Pierce and Chopin (2021) covered much of the hype in some proposals for aquaculture development today. Many aquaculture veterans chimed in to us after the article was published and said "so what else is new"? There are more important additional orthodoxies that affect aquaculture policies and development options that are uncomfortable truths: 1) Does the world need more food? 2) Does aquaculture contribute in an outsized way to nutritional wellness? and 3) Do the new geographies for aquaculture, such as the USA and the EU, import 90 percent or more of their seafoods? First, world food production has outpaced population growth by a large margin, including for animal proteins (Hazell and Wood 2008, Pingale 2012, FAO 2017). Seafood supply has also outpaced population growth (FAO 2018). The real reason for human suffering is not supply but the dysfunctions in access, distribution networks, income distribution (the yawning gap between rich and poor) and its consequences for increasing poverty, protracted wars and violence and climate-related disasters (FAO et al. 2018). Second, there is evidence from aquaculture scientists that the enhanced protein and micronutrient contributions from seafood to consumers and households in comparisons to intake from lower-cost plants and terrestrial animals has been overstated (Kawarazuka and Bene 2011, Bene et al. 2016). Third, large countries with great potential for aquaculture development advocate the need for it in comparison to other alternatives. The US does not import 90 percent of its seafood. It has long been said that "America exports everything it produces and imports everything it eats." I once ate cod at a restaurant in Gloucester, Massachusetts, next to the fish auction. The fisherman I was out to dinner with pointed to my plate and said, "that fish was caught here, exported to be processed in Thailand, now is on your plate." The US and the EU are among the world's largest seafood exporters. Gephart et al. (2019) estimate that China imports about one-third of US seafood, processes them, then about 57 percent of that is shipped back to the US where it is counted as imports. As a result, they estimate domestic production accounts for 35-38 percent of America's seafood and that 62-65 percent of seafood is imported. Seafood data are poor everywhere for decision-making and are used to make political points to advocate for aquaculture. Aquaculture is political, of course, but doesn't need poor data to justify its solid merits.

''Red tide'' has become a familiar shorthand for unusual changes in the color of ocean waters. It is intimately related both to blooms of creatures like dinoflagellates and to the devastating effects they pose to coastal fisheries. This essay tracks the early twentieth century emergence of discolored water as an aquacultural problem, known in Japan as akashio, and its trans-oceanic transformation into the terms and practices of ''red tide'' in the post-World War II United States. For Japan's ''Pearl King'' Mikimoto Kokichi and his contacts in diverse marine scientific communities, the years-long cycle of guarding and cultivating a pearl oyster went together with the ascription of moral qualities to tiny creatures that posed a threat to farmed bayscapes of pearl monoculture. As akashio, discolored water went from curiosity to marine livestock pest, one that at times left dead pearl oysters in its wake. Red tide arose from the sustained study of the mechanisms by which changes in the biological and chemical composition of seawater might become deadly to exclusively-claimed shellfish along Japanese coastlines, but came to be seen as a way to understand aquatic manifestations of harm in other parts of the littoral world.

Resumen.-La contaminación biológica afecta a la acuicultura mundial con importantes impactos de productividad y rentabilidad, especialmente en el cultivo de moluscos, donde tanto la especie de cultivo objetivo como la infraestructura están expuestas a una diversidad de organismos contaminantes. En el cultivo de ostras, el impacto clave es la adherencia directa de organismos causando daño físico, interferencia mecánica, competencia biológica y modificación ambiental, mientras que también se efectúa la infraestructura. El presente estudio describe la composición de la bioincrustación en la superficie de la ostra de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae, cultivada en un estuario Amazónico, ubicado en el estado de Pará, norte de Brasil. En total, 6.124 macroinvertebrados fueron muestreados en julio, agosto, octubre y diciembre de 2013. La epifauna recolectada estuvo representada por 5 grupos principales (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta, Crustacea y Anthozoa), 20 familias y 37 especies. Bivalvia fue la clase más abundante, presentando 5.183 mejillones de la especie Mytella charruana. El conocimiento sobre la composición de la incrustación biológica, así como la identificación de las principales especies que causan impactos directos, permite opciones de gestión más personalizadas y estratégicas, minimizando los costos, a menudo significativos, asociados con el control de la bioincrustación (antifouling). Abstract.-Biofouling affects global aquaculture with significant impacts on productivity and profitability, especially in marine shellfish culture, where both the target culture species and/or infrastructure are exposed to a diverse array of fouling organisms. In oyster culture, fouling of stock causes physical damage, mechanical interference, biological competition and environmental modification, with infrastructure also colonized. The present study describes the composition of the biofouling community inhabiting the surface of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae, cultivated in an Amazon estuary, in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. In total, 6,124 macroinvertebrates were collected during July, August, October and December 2013. Collected epifauna was represented by 5 groups (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta, Crustacea and Anthozoa), 20 families and 37 species. Bivalvia was the most abundant class, with the mussel Mytella charruana by far the most dominant species with 5,183 individuals. Knowledge about the composition of biofouling as well as identifying the main species that cause direct impacts allows more tailored and strategic management options, minimizing the often-significant costs associated with biofouling control (antifouling).

Concentrations of a number of heavy metals, including Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in samples of water and muscle tissue of tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) from two farms. One farm was located in Tuaran (farm-A) and the other in Likas (farm-B) near Kota Kinabalu. While Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pb and Zn concentrations were higher in the water from farm-A, other metal concentrations (Cd, Mn and Ni) were higher in farm-B. Tiger prawns raised in farm-A had comparatively higher concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb. Those grown in farm-B had higher levels of Cd, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn. No general correlation between metal levels was discernible in the prawn tissue. The data suggested complexities in uptake and retention of metals in tiger prawn. This animal seemed to resist the build-up of certain metals whereas it allowed the entry of others to the extent of exceeding the proportion that occurred in the environment. Some of the controlling factors include the nature of the metals, environmental factors, the body’s reaction, physiological tolerance, tissue thresholds and regulatory mechanisms.

The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, is a valuable and commonly exported European decapod crustacean, which experiences stress from point of capture and onward transport. Stressors such as air exposure duration (i.e. emersion period) and air temperature have been studied previously. We investigated whether mortality could be reduced by decreasing road vibrations during transport, and how physiological stress measurements were influenced in a transport simulation experiment , reflecting a typical short road journey along a supply chain. Baseline haemo-lymph samples were taken from lobsters sampled immediately after commercial capture using static traps (lobster pots). Individuals were emersed for one hour, either immobile or with continuous shaking; the latter to simulate conditions occurring during transport. Both treatments significantly increased Total Haemocyte Counts (THC) and serum glucose, lactate and ammonium concentrations compared to baseline animals. Individuals subjected to continuous shaking showed higher glucose and ammo-nium concentrations compared to individuals maintained immobile. We conclude that shaking appears to influence the physiological responses of N. norvegicus in addition to the effects of emersion alone, and the reduction of road vibrations (e.g. via simple cushioning) can reduce post-transport mortality.

This report presents the results of a study on necessary demands of fishing communities in the territorial waters of Somaliland carried out in Somaliland at the month of November 2018. At 674 km, Somaliland has enough coastline. The fisheries law establishes that the territorial sea of Somaliland is 12 nautical miles, the country’s declared 100 m EEZ, The Somaliland Coastline extends from just east of Loyade (at 43° 15’ 45” E) on the Djibouti border to just east of Elayo (at 48° 53’ E) on the border with Somalia (which mostly runs at 49° E). and the main islands off the coast are Mait Island in the east and the Sadadin and Aibat Islands in the west. The relative abundant potential of Somaliland’s EEZ comes with a challenge. It makes patrolling and surveillance for fisheries enforcement difficult. Nevertheless, Somaliland has enormous potential to develop marine fisheries. Given political stability, these resources could have a positive economic impact on the country.

This Memo was prepared on the suggestion of Mr. Abdirahman M. A. Hashi, Minister, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR), Government of Somalia. I was asked to present initial thoughts on how to manage Somalia’s coastal zone and marine resources.

By far the most important factors affecting the total carrageenans content of cultivated Chondrus crispus are the availability of nitrogen and carbon and the interrelationship between them. Plants growing under optimum availability of both these nutrients can simultaneously grow rapidly and contain a high percentage of extract. However, under commercial cultivation regimes plants are always under suboptimal conditions with respect to carbon availability and (providing no other factor is limiting growth) will contain less carrageenans. In conditions of nitrogen starvation carrageenans yield increases but overall growth rate is reduced.

Other factors that reduce growth rates, for example high innoculum density, also permit the plants to produce a high yield of extract under sub-optimal availability of carbon.

Although carrageenans are structural polysaccharides, there is no evidence that mechanical forces (tank agitation) affect yields.

Extract quality is a complex matter that is difficult to define because it depends upon the specific end-use of the product. It is also a commercially sensitive topic and data on Chondrus extracts are not released by the industry.

Protocol on Best Practice Guide on Holding and Conditioning
Mussels is an overview of the existing knowledge of the trade chains of mussels produced in Scotland, Ireland and Norway and provides a detailed description of best practice for handling,
conditioning and storing of blue mussels. This protocol was tailored to participating SME AGs and SMEs.

Controversies have been the focus of considerable attention in the STS literature. As past studies have shown, the processes of closure are closely related to the production of technoscientific knowledges and artifacts. In this STS dissertation, I build on these studies by opening the black box that is the Cohen Report, thereby illuminating the various forms taken by, and contestations associated with, controversial salmon in the Cohen Commission, 2009-2012, a federal inquiry into the decline of sockeye salmon in the Fraser River of British Columbia, Canada.

In this empirical study, I ask: (i) What are the primary sources of controversy in the Fraser River fishery? (ii) What salmon controversies are revealed through the social-life of sockeye, and how do they compare to those depicted in the Cohen Report’s overview of the life-cycle of sockeye? (iii) What factors contributed to the (de)legitimation of particular understandings of controversial salmon during the Cohen Commission?

To address these questions, I employed a three-phase, multi-method approach which involved (I) collecting qualitative data in the field; (II) creating a map from these data; and (III) using this map to analyze the ‘social lives’ of various human and non-human actors.

My primary research findings (1-9) shed new light on various salmon controversies, including those arising from (1) Indigenous responses to the ongoing experience of colonial violence and dispossession, (2) an ethic of exploitation oriented towards establishing and maintaining dominion over nature, (3) the prevailing view that fish (and fishing) are principally vehicles for economic growth and financial profit, and (4) the local effects of anthropogenic climate change. I also found that (5) these controversies are largely minimized by the Cohen Report’s life-cycle overview, which reduces the sockeye life-cycle to a series of physiological transformations loosely connected to the particulars of place. During the Cohen Commission, salmon controversies were (de)legitimated through (6) the boundary work of expertise, (7) the Commission’s emphasis on efficiently neutralizing contention, and (8) differing assessments concerning the importance of place. This resulted in the production of a controversial blueprint for closure—i.e., the Cohen Report—which (9) called for the production of knowledge and ignorance in relation to the impacts of salmon farming, accentuating the importance of attending to generative symmetry, this dissertation’s foremost contribution to the STS controversy studies literature.

The traditional terminology of &#39;scythe&#39; or &#39;sickle&#39; shaped is observed to be flawed as an effective descriptor for pectoral fin shape in pachycormids. The diversity of pachycormid pectoral fin shapes is assessed across the 14 recognised genera that preserve complete pectoral fins, and improved terms are defined to more effectively describe their form, supported by anatomical observation and aspect ratio analysis of individual fins, and corroborated by landmark analysis. Three clear and distinct pectoral fin structural morphotypes emerge (falceform, gladiform, falcataform), reflecting a diversity of pachycormid lifestyles throughout the Mesozoic, from agile pursuit predator to slow-cruising suspension feeder.

The tour of offshore cage farms in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Philippines was undertaken in July 2018. The data was collected on the technologies and company structure differences and similarities. The opportunities for offshore cage aquaculture development and constraints for each country were explored based from the viewpoint of the investor, farmer and governance by the Line agencies for aquaculture.
The findings and recommendations was that Indonesia and Philippines have the greatest suitable areas for offshore cage culture development but there are still bottlenecks for development. There is therefore a need for the following activities; Governance - strengthening government planning and management of large scale cage culture · Develop Offshore cage Zone and site selection criteria · Undertake a case study using GIS at provincial scale to identify suitable aquaculture zones for o Small scale fish cage farms o Large scale commercial fish cage farms · Undertake a short training of trainers course (5 days) aimed at proving training to Govt. staff training in carrying capacity model estimation o Box model for zone carrying capacity o Depositional model for farm sizing and zone production optimization Private sector - facilitating investors to develop fish hatchery and nursery production Prepare generic design plans, list of equipment, costs and business plans for • Conversion of shrimp hatcheries to marine fish hatcheries • construction of nursery tank facilities using recirculated water systems to grow fish to 25 - 50g size. • Feasibility study and business plan for 500t and 2,500t fish cage farm that can be adapted for bank or investor funding.

Molokaʻi Fishpond Master CDUA Project. 1993.  Joe Farber, Heather Keevill, Marie Lafaele, Lixia Qu, David Takeyama, Jon Valera, and Jon Wallenstrom. Luciano Minerbi, faculty participant, co-editor, and PI. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu.

This report was commissioned by the State of Hawaii Department of Lands and Natural Resources (DLNR) to help complete a draft Master Conservation District Use Application to obtain a single permit for restoring several ancient fishponds on the island of Molokaʻi in Hawaiʻi. The task included conducting a survey of the landowners and obtaining their consent for field survey to describe each fishpond and to establish priorities and their feasibility for restoration.  As such the report had to comply with requirements to obtain a conservation district use application from DLNR that entails considerations similar to an environmental assessment (EA) and an environmental impact statement (EIS).  It had to address concerns of federal, state and county agencies that have jurisdiction in the coastal zone. It had to obtain input from the Molokai community regarding desirability and priority for fishpond restoration.  The fishponds are of world’s heritage value for their cultural, historical, archeological, ecological, engineering, religious, and subsistence significance.  They are a marvel of aquaculture accomplishment that utilizes the ocean currents, tides, sun, moon, waves and brackish water to capture, retain, grow and  harvests fresh fish. They include fishpond and fishtrap types.  This project received the Outstanding Class Project Award by the American Planning Association, Hawaii Chapter 1994.

To develop an approach to the sustainable production of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in Europe, the EU and the private sector have started funding research stations and commercial enterprises around the Mediterranean region to close the life cycle of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ABT), in the hopes of eventually producing commercial quantities of hatchery-bred fingerlings for farming purposes. To date, hatchery projects are operational or underway in Spain, Malta, Italy, Greece, Egypt, and Turkey. Several of these projects have had major breakthroughs and have successfully started producing small quantities of ABT fingerlings.

Despite these successes, the majority of these projects face a number of challenges that continue to limit the production of fingerlings in commercial quantities. These challenges include a shortage of eggs, early floating and sinking deaths in larvae, cannibalism, wall collisions, and transfer mortality. Each of these challenges is discussed in this literature review and a number of solutions, often drawn from the latest EU and Japanese research, are presented. Solutions include improved broodstock management, modifications in the general tank setup, adjustments in the use of life feeds and an updated protocol for the harvesting and transferring of juvenile tuna. With these improvements in place, the only major remaining challenge is transfer mortality after fingerlings are moved to grow-out cages.

When looking at Japan we see that their sector has already overcome these last challenges and is now producing significant quantities of Pacific Bluefin Tuna (PBT) fingerlings, approximately 500,000 pieces annually. Despite this positive outlook, most of the projects working on ABT in Europe seem to be closing down or halting production.

This report also assesses the market perception of hatchery produced ABT with a focus on sustainability issues. Most previous definitions of sustainable tuna do not take aquaculture activities into account, particularly not the closed cycle aquaculture of tunas. For these reasons, this report has provided an updated definition. Additionally this report found that seafood buyers and other stakeholders have difficulties distinguishing between products from capture-based fisheries and fattening operations that use wild seed stock, and products originating from closed cycle aquaculture. Furthermore the main concerns of buyers when buying tuna from aquaculture are quality, sustainability and feed origin.

With the closed cycle aquaculture of ABT, the European Union is in the unique position to solve a number of environmental concerns while developing an enormous economic opportunity. However while the sector for PBT in Japan is starting to flourish, the projects in Europe seem to be having a harder time. To ensure a well-coordinated and sustainable approach, to maximize the potential of this opportunity, this report concludes with the proposed development of a Masterplan for the Sustainable Closed Cycle Aquaculture of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in Europe. This masterplan focuses on financial support mechanisms for the private sector, emphasis on the development of sustainable artificial feeds, clear and simplified rules and regulations for the sector including a strong offshore approach for grow-out farms and a mandatory uniform traceability system, a training component to ensure the economic viability and sustainability of grow-out farms and finally a strong marketing component which will put sustainable European produced ABT on the map.

The Deliverable 3 .1 Protocol on Best Practice Guide on
Holding and Conditioning Mussels is an overview of the
existing knowledge of the trade chains of mussels
produced in Scotland, Ireland and Norway and provides
a detailed description of best practice for handling,
conditioning and storing of blue mussels. This protocol
was tailored to participating SME AGs and SMEs. The methodology used to collect the information for this report was based on available literature, data collected from WP1 and also from personal interviews to the most relevant traders of mussels in Scotland, Ireland and Norway.

Choosing Khniss Lagoon and Kuriat Archipelago as study zones allowed us to clarify the main impacts that could be induced by the implementation of off-shore piscicultural farms close to these sites qualified respectively as moderately and strongly sensitive.
We started with the use and the management of some data concerning general information about the chosen places. In addition to that, to establish maps of piscicultural farms emplacement, we had recourse to Geographical Information System. Moreover, we tried to interpret maps of the geographical distribution concerning some physical parameters of this study region. Furthermore, basic chemical criteria measurements’ data helped us to outline histograms showing their variation with measurements stations.
Results show that piscicultural farms’ implementation nearby sensitive coastal sites having specific internal qualities, is considered as an obstacle facing the natural balance in a local and global scale.
Finally, a dynamic model establishment would make us able to follow and control regularly consequences of piscicultural activity in the opening sea, in order to afford a good functioning of the coastal ecosystem without preventing economic development and output improvement.

Unregulated harvesting and habitat degradation of marine gastropods are major anthropogenic activities done by the local people in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Philippines. This study was undertaken to determine the diversity of marine gastropods found in the intertidal of Dapya Island. Collection of specimens was done through hand picking and beach-combing methods in the three established study stations. Data revealed a total of 184 individuals belonging to 37 species in 5 orders, 15 families and 25 genera. The order Neogastropoda obtained the highest number of species with 15 species, followed by order Mesogastropoda with 10 species, order Archaeogastropoda with 7 species, order Neritopsina with 4 species and order Caenogastropoda with one species. Among the 37 species, Nerita undata was the most abundant. Shannon-Weiner diversity index revealed that station 2 (H=1.193) obtained the highest species diversity, followed by station 3 (H= 1.103) and station 1 (H=1.063). The Bray-Curtis analysis of species composition showed two different clusters of habitat. Cluster 1 is composed of two related habitats joined by Stations 1 and 2 with S i = 54.26% and cluster 2 composed of Stations 3 and 1 with S i = 40.65%. Furthermore, among the 37 species, six of which were concordant in all study stations viz., Angaria delphinus, Astralium calcar, Conus miles, Lambis lambis, Euprotomus bulla and Canarium labiatum. The results of the study showed a low diversity of intertidal gastropods in Barangay Day-asan. The area is known to be the most gleaned by locals and it is been already disturbed due to over-harvesting of gastropod species.

A monitoring programme was established in order
to support community-based seaweed farming in south-west
Madagascar by providing scientific information on the effects
of physico-chemical and health factors influencing the growth
of Kappaphycus alvarezii (cottonii). Six aquaculture site configurations
were studied. These consisted of high and low
flow locations, off-bottom and long-line farming techniques
and different benthic/substrate types. At each site, a number of
growth and health variables were monitored monthly between
January 2012 and March 2013 on 30 randomly selected thalli.
Variables included thallus-level growth, intensity of epiphyte
and disease infection, intensity of fish and sea urchin grazing
and cover of pest seaweed and sediment. The following key
environmental variables were also monitored at the site level:
water temperature, irradiance, salinity, water depth, wave
action, pH and oxygen content. Overall average relative
growth rate of K. alvarezii in the region was 4.5±0.06 %
day−1 and varied by site and season. Generally, growth rate
was higher during the winter season (April–August, 5.04±
0.31 % day−1) than in the summer (3.90±0.28 % day−1). The
long-line farming technique provided higher growth (5.46±
0.09 % day−1) than the off-bottom technique (3.99±0.07 %
day−1). Thallus-level analysis showed that fish grazing, epiphyte
cover, sediment cover and disease had significant negative
correlations with growth, and the four variables were
positively correlated. Site-level analysis on the effects of
physico-chemical and health factors showed that sedimentation,
daily maximum of water temperature and variability, and
interactions between these factors were the main determinants
of growth. Growth was lower at high sedimentation levels and
higher values of maximum temperature and temperature variation.
Our findings highlight that farming should focus mainly
in the cold season and long-line technique in order to limit
the major ecological constraints encountered and maintain
growth and production at sustainable levels.