Memory (Psychology)

Przysługujący widmom wywrotowy, niemalże rewolucyjny potencjał został odsunięty oraz zagubiony poprzez pozbycie się tej kontrowersyjnej kategorii z terytorium metafizyki i zbyt pośpieszne odesłanie jej do przestrzeni badań nad literaturą, sprowadzając ją jedynie do roli użytecznego, bezpiecznego narzędzia interpretacji.

Książka Andrzeja Marca odzyskuje niepokojący charakter widmontologii i ponownie wprowadza widma do myśli metafizycznej. Czym nawiedzona i przeniknięta jest tradycyjna metafizyka, co właściwie ją dręczy, nie daje spokoju oraz nieustannie podmywa jej stabilność?

Kategoria widma Derridy posłużyła Marcowi przede wszystkim do rozważań nad charakterem współczesności i przeobrażeń, jakie dokonały się w obrębie myśli ponowoczesnej. Współczesna kultura, zdaniem Marca, stała się miejscem powstawania widm, nieustannie powracających z przeszłości. Uznając, że nie jesteśmy już w stanie tworzyć utopijnych wizji przyszłości, autor stara się zdać sprawę z widmowego charakteru współczesnej kultury, analizując m. in. strategie vintage, retro, nurt no future w kulturze lat 70. czy nurt fantastyki naukowej w literaturze.

Recalling autobiographical memories with others can influence the quality of recall, but little is known about how features of the group influence memory outcomes. In two studies, we examined how the products and processes of autobiographical recall depend on individual vs. collaborative remembering and the relationship between group members. In both studies, dyads of strangers, friends, and siblings recalled autobiographical events individually (elicitation), then either collaboratively or individually (recall). Study 1 involved typing memory narratives; Study 2 involved recalling aloud. We examined shifts in vividness, emotionality, and pronoun use within memory narratives produced by different relationship types. In Study 2, we also coded collaborative dyads' collaborative processes or communication processes. In Study 1, all relationships showed decreased positive emotion and I-pronouns and increased negative emotion within collaboratively-produced memory narratives. In Study 2, all relationships showed increased vividness, reduced emotionality and positive and negative emotion, and increased I- and we-pronouns within collaboratively-produced memory narratives. However, strangers used collaborative processes differently from friends and siblings. Some collaborative processes were associated with memory qualities. Across studies, collaboration influenced memory quality more than did relationship type, but relationship type influenced dyads’ recall dynamics. These findings indicate the complexity of social influences on memory.

Abstract: When one learns complex material, the important thing appears to be the ability to understand the material. Once understanding occurs, learning and remembering follow automatically. The conventional psychological literature says little about the processes involved in the learning of complex material--material that takes weeks, months, and even years to be learned. Yet, most adult learning is of this form. This paper examines some of the issues that are involved in this type of learning, issues such as the nature of ...

АННОТАЦИЯ: Нарративизация памяти, прошлого, личного опыта – одно из ключевых направлений исследования нарративов как в отечественной, так и в зарубежной лингвистике. Настоящая статья посвящена мнемическому нарративу – особому типу нарратива, сконструированному на основе личного опыта и направленному на его осмысление и оценку. Мнемический нарратив выступает в качестве рекуррентного средства объективации памяти и обладает рядом структурных и лексико-грамматических особенностей, обусловленных спецификой его семантики. В статье определяются специфические параметры мнемического нарратива и описываются некоторые из его свойств. 

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: память, мнемический процесс, воспоминание, нарратив, нарративизация памяти, мнемический нарратив, репрезентация памяти, мнемическая нарратология.
ANNOTATION: Narrativization of memory, past and personal experience is a key avenue of narrative studies both in Russian and international linguistics. This paper focuses on mnemonic narrative which is a specific type of narrative based on personal experience and designed as a means of reflecting on and assessing one’s past. Mnemonic narrative is regarded as a recurrent form of representing memory and, as such, it has a number of structural and lexico-grammatical properties determined by its semantics. The paper discusses specific parameters of mnemonic narrative and describes some of its properties.

KEY WORDS: memory, mnemonic process, remembering, narrative, narrativization of memory, mnemonic narrative, representation of memory, mnemonic narratology.

This special issue addresses the possible connections and mutual benefits of examining together two analytic concepts – memory and periphery. These concepts receive much attention in various scholarly discussions, yet they have done so rather independently from each other. The potential applications and utilities of combining memory and periphery and the epistemic insights they provide for various disciplins are presented in the different contributions to this issue.

It has been explicated by the author before that as natural organic sentient or consciousness beings, we essentially function as quantum electro-biochemical computers in which our mind provides the software and our brain epitomizes its hardware. And, while the subject of mind was elucidated before in a companion paper, this paper concentrates on the question of brain as the hardware and a means for recording and playing back our memories whose usage serve the purpose of being able to function within our environment. In this regard, a distinction is made among three different portions of the brain that include the Outer, the Middle, and the Lower Inner brain. Furthermore, it is elucidated that while the Outer and Middle brain are always conscious, our Lower Inner brain operates in the subconscious or unconscious mode. Accordingly, a distinction is made between two types of memories recorded within our psyche that may be classified as the explicit and the implicit memories. And, while explicit memories operate in the conscious mode, the implicit memories that may also be referred to as the instinctual memories always operate in the subconscious, and practically, unconscious mode. Furthermore, as the implicit memories are mostly governed by emotion raising the question of our survival, the Lower Inner part of the brain is also referred to as the ‘Survival Brain.’ Furthermore, as it epitomizes the part of our brain that has been highly manipulated and distorted with regard to its proper functioning, it is also referred to as the ‘Reptilian Brain’ that includes the so-called our ‘Brainstem,’ connecting our Midbrain to our Spinal Cord and the core of our Central Nervous System. It is also explicated that in terms of its operation, the brain can be modelled as a system of ‘Traffic Stop Light.’ In this respect, the ‘Upper-Outer’ and the ‘Middle’ Brains that are conscious, respectively, operate in the ‘Red’ (Stop or Freeze) and ‘Yellow’ (Fight or Flight’) light modes, while the ‘Lower Inner-Survival-Reptilian’ brain that epitomizes the Subconscious-Unconscious Brain, functions in the ‘Green’ (‘Relax’) light mode. Thus, when instinctual memories become activated and surface in our consciousness when there is concern for our danger and the chance of feeling unsafe, which is immediately followed by a sensation of anxiety and fear, the Middle Brain lights in the Yellow mode, advising caution. Accordingly, it triggers a sense of ‘Flight’ or ‘Fight’ action in which ‘Flight’ is a rather passive response to the triggered feeling of Victim Consciousness in which there is a concern for self-security and personal safety that is often followed by resorting to some form of addictions to alleviate the feelings of anxiety or fear, that is accompanied by pain, suffering, misery, etc., as one form of self-destructive solution (or lack of it). In contrast, feelings of lack of trust in Self followed by a sense of being abandoned or betrayed by God for possibly a perceived sense of shame and guilt one is afflicted with, and exacerbated with a sense of lack of self-esteem or unworthiness and such, giving rise to Victim Consciousness, may trigger a ‘Fight’ response in which the individual wishes to get some self-satisfaction at any costs, even turning to progressively an egotist, narcissist, or psychopath at the expense of others. In this respect, both ‘Flight or Fight’ response is triggered by fear, specifically fear of feeling unsafe or fear of failure to succeed. Note that the instinctual or implicit memories were initially devised for gaining knowledge and wisdom and skills that are recorded in the Subconscious Mind as a matter of repetition of the same or similar tasks that may be recalled naturally, automatically, and without any conscious efforts, at a later time. However, due to negative aliens’ intrusion in our Subconscious Mind, it has practically turned into an Unconscious Mind as a result of atrophy for having become distant or disconnected from the Inner Spirit-HIGHERSELF and the God-SOURCE. Accordingly, the negative aliens have managed to distort-reverse such memories through the imposition of holographic inserts or utter fake memories, these implicit memories are now almost entirely composed of shocking, traumatic, or devastating memories that now routinely come on the surface of consciousness inciting fear or dread through finding association with certain stimuli of similar themes or nature recorded primarily in the past and parallel times.  And, the only exception involves the procedural memories with respect to how to do certain tasks, which are mainly attained in this lifetime.

The aim of this article is to present a succinct review and evaluation of the main areas of contention in the false memory debate and, from this basis, to suggest ways in which the best from both sides can be utilized. We examine the potential pitfalls of therapy in terms of the fallibility and suggestibility of autobiographical memory and therapists and therapeutic techniques as the architects of false memories. We then evaluate the case for false memory formation examining if some researchers hold misconceived views of psychotherapy, if experimental studies lack ecological validity, and the effect of trauma on memory. Finally, we explore how the potential pitfalls of therapy can be avoided in practice, reflecting on the usefulness of British Psychological Society guidelines, how clinicians can implement research findings, and how research on the false memory debate can be improved. We conclude that the way forward is researcher–clinician collaboration in the development of ecologically valid research paradigms.

“To put something in context” is a common sentiment in everyday speech and scholarly analysis alike. Yet despite widespread familiarity, such expressions bear commonly overlooked and sometimes contradictory meanings based upon distinct, case-specific assumptions. The article makes explicit the assumptions and consequences of “putting memory in context.”  It proceeds under four headings. The first (“Context”) surveys the multi- and interdisciplinary approaches to context in the study of memory; the second (“Container”) and third (“Identity”) elucidate the consequences of some of the principal contexts in use, and the conceptual problems arising from them; and the final section explores possible alternatives.

The first part of the paper develops the argument that geographers should learn to decompose human memory into its constituent parts because then and then alone will we become attuned to the full range of ways in which we incorporate places into our beings. The second part of the paper articulates Stephen Hill's comments on episodic memory with my recent work on wisdom.

ABSTRACT: In health programs for older adults, consultation for subjective memory complaints (SMC) is one of the most common. In the population seeking to enter the “Prevention program for memory disorders (MP), School of Psychology, this subjective complaint is generally accompanied by some measure of emotional components and psychological suffering. Starting from a multidimensional concept of memory, the present study is aimed at understanding, in participants from the MP, the main conditions for the production of memory and forgetfulness in daily life and its relationship to psychological and psychosocial aspects. A qualitative study of inductive – comprehensive type is performed, with a design of triangulation techniques: In–Depth Interviews and Focus Group. Participants are older women of the MP, with SMC. The general framework of methodological orientation in this research is given by the “Grounded Theory” with a constructivist approach, albeit with some modifications. It is concluded that in the people studied there is the psychological suffering that is deposited in the cognitive facet, where is perceived as socially allowed to express itself. Two psychological components are identified that are related to the establishment of the SMC: A general lack of motivation to incorporate new facts and the repetition of thoughts that are to forget. In the participants, a perception of greater physical and social vulnerability, along with a negative perception of old age are connected with aspects of their life history and identity, facilitating an experience of loneliness and empty time. This means that the generative need to feel useful and needed by others cannot be satisfied, making it difficult to develop a life plan. Therefore, this closes a circle that leads to discouragement, and daily repetition, facilitating the expression of psychological distress in the cognitive dimension and the construction of the SMC. Based on previous findings, some parameters are proposed to technically define a psychotherapeutic intervention strategy in Mental Health, both at the micro social level, as in public policy. Keywords: Memory, Forgetfulness, Subjective Memory Complaint En los programas de salud para adultos mayores, la consulta por Quejas Subjetivas de Memoria (QSM) es de las más comunes. En la población que solicita ingresar al “Programa de prevención de los trastornos memoria” (PM) de la Facultad de Psicología, esta queja subjetiva en general está acompañada de algún indicador de componentes afectivos y sufrimiento psicológico. Partiendo de un concepto multidimensional de memoria, el presente estudio busca comprender, en las participantes del PM, las principales condiciones de producción de los recuerdos y los olvidos en la vida cotidiana y su vinculación con aspectos psicológicos y psicosociales. Se realiza un estudio cualitativo de tipo inductivo – comprensivo, con un diseño de triangulación de técnicas: Entrevistas en Profundidad y Grupo Focal. Las participantes son mujeres adultas mayores del PM, con QSM. El marco general de orientación metodológica de la investigación está dado por la “Grounded Theory” (Teoría Fundamentada) con un enfoque constructivista, aunque con algunas modificaciones. Se concluye que en las personas estudiadas existe un sufrimiento psicológico que se deposita en el plano cognitivo, donde es percibido como socialmente habilitado de expresarse. Se identifican dos componentes psicológicos vinculados a la constitución de la QSM: Una desmotivación general por incorporar nuevos hechos y la reiteración de pensamientos que se pretenden olvidar. En las participantes, una percepción de mayor vulnerabilidad física y social, junto a una concepción negativa de la vejez, se articulan con aspectos de su historia de vida e identidad, facilitando una vivencia de soledad y tiempo vacío. Esto hace que no se pueda satisfacer la necesidad generativa de sentirse útil y necesitada por otros, dificultándose la elaboración de un proyecto de vida. Se cierra así un círculo que lleva a la desmotivación y reiteración cotidiana, facilitando la expresión del malestar psicológico en el plano cognitivo y la construcción de la QSM. En función de los hallazgos anteriores, se proponen algunos parámetros para delimitar técnicamente una estrategia de intervención psicoterapéutica en Salud Mental, tanto en el plano microsocial, como en el de las políticas públicas. Palabras Clave: Recuerdos, Olvidos, Queja Subjetiva de Memoria

The present experiment systematically investigates the role of narrative templates (Wertsch, 2002) in remembering. To stimulate the construction of a diversity of narratives I used Heider and Simmel’s (1944) celebrated “apparent behavior” film, in which geometric shapes moving around a screen are seen by subjects as agents involved in a kind of story. Which narratives are used, as well as the “strength” subjects used them with, is then compared with what subjects remember and how they remembered it. The relationship is not conceived causally (as if one variable determined or predicted another) but rather as constraints on an agent’s constructive potentials. My analysis involves attending to both general trends found across the sample, as well as the particularities of single cases, especially atypical cases. In other words, I use patterns found at the level of the sample to choose which subjects to attend to in the idiographic analysis. Generalization still moves from single case to general model and back to single case, but the movement is facilitated by analysis at the level of the
sample as a whole.

For mainstream theories, memory is a skull-bound activity consisting of encoding, storing and retrieving representations. Conversely, unorthodox perspectives proposed that memory is an extended process that includes material resources. This article explains why neither representationalist nor classical extended stances do justice to the active and constitutive role of material culture for cognition. From Material Engagement Theory, we propose an alternative enactive, ecological, extended and semiotic viewpoint for which remembering is a way of materially engaging with and through things. Specifically, we suggest that one remembers when one updates their interactions with the world, a form of engagement previously acquired through sociomaterial practices. Moreover, we argue that things are full-fledged memories, since they accumulate and bring forth how we have materially engaged with them over different timescales. Last, we highlight the need for studies considering the cognitive ecologies where remembering takes place in its full complexity.

While subliminal messaging is most consciously eschewed in the advertising industry as an unethical manipulation, the process has always been an integral covert operation of warfare. Through the speed of instantaneity and exponential strength, digital media messages are an ideal communication medium for masking during times of war. Ethical considerations regarding appropriateness of masking global media messages are daring, yet reality that every terrorist message is designed to impact the cognitive receiver as a weapon raises the bar for calculated alternative response deliberately designing a method for abatement of audience impact.

Inherent rhetorical ambiguities of mediated singular terrorist constructs are multi-faceted: there is the message for sympathizers, the message for the terrified, and the overall global message of the event as terrorism. Since these are destructive devices which render a terrorist message a media event -- and the moment is ubiquitously carried across digital channels at the speed of light, mechanically reproduced without exhaustion, and ultimately stored in collective memory -- iconic memory may have a more advanced role in this process than expected.

While Sperling’s initial experiment variables are problematic partly because of their unnatural laboratory environment (Haber, 1985), they lack an additional critical variable today: that of importance for icon value. Iconic memory moments or visual persistence -- especially when content is immediately perceived as having deep, revered meaning or may border on personally absorbed offense or injustice -- may somehow evolve iconic storage or trigger sensory mechanisms that allow for rapid identification and immediate transfer to permanent storage.

This research suggests a new value for the icon (Loftus, 1985) as digital, considers strategies for masks possibly terminating the icon (Smithson and Mollon, 2006), and discusses iconic storage phenomena. It proposes practical ethical logistics that global media may use to leverage psychosocial impact of terrorist messaging for intended audiences.

An expert is a fool a thousand miles from home. Having successfully failed to learn about nine languages, I’m a veteran language learning imbecile, always a thousand miles from success, and an eternally hopeful beginner. I’ve also had the cheek to teach my native language to hopeful novices for over thirty years, which sometimes leads them and others to mistake me for a wannabe guru. The sheer hypocrisy of this dilemma should condemn me to embarrassed silence forever, yet I persist probing the reasons and remedies for my own language learning incompetence. After all, my exasperated search is surely shared by millions of others. The discussion which follows is informal, but makes serious points. It builds on an original e-mail exchange with a correspondent in 2005.

The power of rape and sexual violence in violent communal conflict creates scenes of the outrageous, the incomprehensible, that public and private interventionist organizations find themselves unequipped to deal with or even make sense of. This failure has a transformational effect on communal violence towards intractability. This paper unpacks a number of the underlying psychological sociological elements of rape and sexual violence in communal intrastate conflict zones in order to provide a usable understanding for the field interventionist and the organizational planner. Beyond the psychological underpinnings of sociological structures of violence, the explanations offered in this paper focus on inter-cultural sexual violence as a weapon of war. This is followed by an examination of intra-cultural sexual violence as an ongoing gender competition for identity dominance and generational transmission of existential memory. 6880 total word count

Used 103 dream diaries collected in 2 experiments with psychology students/volunteers to examine whether dream incorporations of an important daytime event would occur after temporal delays of up to 7 days. Analysis showed a 6-day delay between event occurrence and dream incorporation. Variations in incorporation were found to follow a sinusoidal pattern. Results implicate dream incorporation in the learning consolidation functions of REM sleep.

La memoria es un hecho y un proceso colectivo. La existencia de un lenguaje y significación común a los miembros de un grupo hacen que estos vuelvan a su pasado de manera colectiva, es decir dotando de un sentido compartido a los eventos que los han constituido como una entidad. La memoria histórica es una y se cierra sobre los limites que un proceso de decantación social le ha impuesto; la memoria colectiva es múltiple y se transforma a medida que es actualizada por los grupos que participan de ella: el pasado nunca es el mismo.

This paper questions the sources of linguistic creativity by considering the corpus of an idiolect (that is, one individual's grammar). The objective analysis of this corpus led the researcher to speculate that the use of mental constructs, specifically language, in real time had a kind of immediate "resonance" in the brain which increased the likelihood of their repetition, either exactly or with simple grammatical modifications. The phenomenon is defined in this paper as "mnemonic resonance". If this resonance patterning were general then it would have profound consequences for listener decoding strategies which depend heavily upon collocational predictability. At a theoretical level, mnemonic resonance would also have consequences for many existing linguistic models.