Mental Imagery

Mental Imagery, whereby we experience aspect of a perceptual scene or perceptual object in the absence of direct sensory stimulation is ubiquitous. Often the existence of mental imagery is demonstrated by asking one’s reader to volitionally generate a visual object, such as closing ones eyes and imagining an apple. However, mental imagery also arises in auditory, tactile, interoceptive, and olfactory cases. A number of influential philosophical theories have attempted to explain mental imagery in terms of belief-based forms of representation using the Dependence Thesis, dependence upon means of access, such as enactivisim, or in terms of the similarity ofcontent with perceptual processing. The focus ofthis paper concerns the later approach and in particular assessing if Nanay’s promissory note that his theory is applicable to modalities other than vision, such as smell, seems likely to be of theoretical tender. The thesis argued for in this paper is that olfactory imagery exists and is best accounted for by considering it as a type of perceptual processing with a unique representational format relative to the olfactory perceptual modality. The paper concludes by summarizing the applicability of Nanay’s theory of mental imagery for olfaction and suggests some further issues that arise when transitioning to multi-modal mental imagery.

A complex link exists between vision and unilateral spatial neglect (USN). Firstly, USN is not a perceptual deficit, secondly, USN is not necessarily accompanied by a visual deficit and finally, USN can be observed in non-visual modalities as well as in mental spatial imagery. This apparent supramodality of USN stands in sharp contrast to the fact that neglect signs are often more severe and more durable in the visual than in other sensory modalities (Chokron et al., 2002). The influence of vision on spatial representation has rarely been studied. In the present study we assessed six right brain-damaged patients suffering from left USN on two tasks involving spatial representations: a clock-drawing task and a drawing from memory task in two experimental conditions, with and without visual control. We confirm that even in mental imagery, the absence of visual feedback may decrease and even suppress left neglect signs (Bartolomeo and Chokron, 2001b; 2002). Since vision is largely involved in the orientation of attention in space, suppressing visual control could reduce the magnetic attraction towards the right ipsilesional hemispace and in this way could allow a re-orientation of attention towards the left neglected hemispace. We discuss the theoretical and therapeutic implications of these findings.

In order to bridge interdisciplinary differences in Presence research and to establish connections between Presence and “older” concepts of psychology and communication, a theoretical model of the formation of Spatial Presence is proposed. It is applicable to the exposure to different media and intended to unify the existing efforts to develop a theory of Presence. The model includes assumptions about attention allocation, mental models, and involvement, and considers the role of media factors and user characteristics as well, thus incorporating much previous work. It is argued that a commonly accepted model of Spatial Presence is the only solution to secure further progress within the international, interdisciplinary and multiple-paradigm community
of Presence research.

The research entitled Photography: conversation with pictures, between light and darkness, aims to answer the question : What are the ways of seeing and how are they given? Thus, the proposal is to discuss what is the seeing and what are the ways of seeing, especially regarding images, and propose new possibilities to perceive and relate to the images. The look of blind photographers artists Teco Barbero, Pete Eckert and Evgen Bavcar is the starting point for articulating concepts, notes, contextualizing and question the oculocentrista beliefs that the world thinks the imagery as belonging only to the visionaries. The theoretical foundation is rooted in the study of the visual culture to think that corroborate the view, photography and reflection of visually impaired people enabled by the field, and discuss issues such as image, its production and some possible ways of seeing and relating to the images. The photograph is placed on debate to advance the reflection on the ways of seeing, perceiving, thinking and create the view beyond. And think the description and language as articulators for the visually impaired relationship with photography and images in general way. When entering the world of language, translation emerges as a possibility to reflect on ways of building the images for the visually impaired. The structure of the thinking process of the seeing, perceive and relate to the imaging, is woven from the poetics of 'see', ' review ' and ' transverse ' metaphor proposed by Manoel de Barros. Also relies, in the possibilities of translation, Flusser, entering the field of visual culture studies. The field research, observation and data collection was performed with a group of visually impaired and bachelors in travel photography Visual Literacy extension, Senac - SP, where students learn how to shoot and handle the camera, doing exercises to increase awareness, perception and imaging, as well as discussion and reflection on the photographic and image production. Research indicates, among other issues, that the seeing is not something unique of the eye and that it is built from the experiences, experiments, and especially the perceptions coming from the senses. The view is a construction that relies on vision, and is completed in sensations, memories and imagination. Seeking to expand the discussion on the ways of seeing, are listed the reports, processes and photographic works of Lelo Araújo, Ana Domingues and grandson Josiah. Analysis and interpretations that cover the production of these blind photographers are not woven, since the purpose of the research is to reflect upon the possibilities of seeing in its wealth of forms and manifestations, thus increasing the knowledge about the image.

Purpose-Augmented reality (AR) has emerged as a novel communication tool, which adds virtual computer-generated information to a viewer's real life. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of AR technology on consumers' experience. Design/methodology/approach-Four experiments were performed to test the effect of AR-based product display on the consumer's attitude and the underlying mechanism of the effect. Findings-The results have demonstrated that self-referencing reality simulation mediates the effect of AR technology on consumers' product attitude, and the effect is attenuated when the consumers hold quality beliefs rather than taste beliefs or when the product is a luxury brand. Practical implications-The current research suggests that managers should develop and adopt AR technology when presenting their products in front of consumers, which can improve consumers' product attitude. Additionally, emphasizing the taste of target products rather than quality will strengthen the positive effect of AR technology on product attitude. Furthermore, managers of luxury brands should present their products in a traditional way, which induce an exclusive perception rather than using AR technology. Originality/value-This paper investigates the underlying mechanism of how AR technology improves consumers' product attitude and shopping experience, to fill the gap in consumers' unique experience with AR technology. Furthermore, the moderated effect of consumer beliefs and product difference has also been examined in this study, which attributes to the research of product differentiation.

Imagery has been shown as an effective psychological tool in enhancing sports performance. While most studies focusing on expert archers as subject, limited findings were discovered using novice athlete to measure the imagery training effect on shooting accuracy. The aims of this study were to identify the effect of mental imagery training on novice archery athlete performance; and to compare the differences in shooting accuracy between novice and expert archers. The intervention cross-sectional research design was used in this study, which involved pre and post-test with Visuo-Motor Behavior Rehearsal Training (VMBR) as treatment intervention. Subjects were 12 archery athlete employed from Majlis Sukan Negara (Pahang) with an average age of 15.8(1.03) years old. Subjects were purposely assigned into experiment and control group base on the team their represented. Shooting accuracy data were recorded for both novice and expert groups and paired sample t-test were used to analyze the mean differences in shooting score with pearson correlation to analyse the correlation between score. As for the findings, novice archers shooting score have improved in comparing pre-test score 73.83 (9.806) and post-test score 81.83(7.80) with t(5) = 4.619, p =.0057 < .05. The novice archers also showed positive correlation in shooting test with r = .9085, p = .00, R 2 = .8101. This study had concluded imagery training approach indeed has proven beneficial training method for novice archers to increase shooting accuracy. However, further investigation needs to be done to test the shooting accuracy on real game situation to analyse athlete performance when under competition environment.

How do images, idols and pictorial representations of the supernatural define our ability to decipher God? How does language communicate what is seen into what is audible or written? This is a humble attempt to look at religion from a different perspective, this piece was inspired by reading the first work of Ludwig Wittgenstein.

This article attempts to reinstate the inherent rigor of “image” as a literary
term by addressing the theoretical issues related to the image that W. J. T. Mitchell discusses
in his encyclopedia entry and his articles on the concept. The image is usually
considered an overly psychological concept that lacks the rigor of rhetorical devices such
as metaphor. This article clarifies the relationship between the image and metaphor by
arguing that, while an image may not be immediately considered a metaphor, a metaphor
may be thought of as a composite and relational proposition-image. It underscores
the futility of insisting on the concrete sensual (or visual) aspect of the image, arguing
that, before any sensual attribution, the image must primarily be thought of as a reference
or picture, which may at times be obscure, indefinite, or even empty. It also raises
some objections to the conceptualization of the mental picture as private by arguing that
the word on which the mental image is based cannot be less private or “mental.”
Keywords: image, W. J. T. Mitchell, metaphor, figure, rhetoric, privacy, sensuality

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the skills that constitute school readiness, such as linguistic, phonological, logical-mathematical and psychomotor skills, and mental imagery processes in preschool children. The participants were 100 healthy children (50 boys and 50 girls) aged four to five. Two batteries of tests were used to assess school readiness and different aspects of the mental imagery processes. The mental imagery battery measured mental imagery generation, inspection, and rotation of images. The results showed a relationship between the generation and inspection processes and the level of skills that constitute school readiness. These findings emphasize the potential usefulness of screening all preschoolers and kindergarteners for imagery ability, with the aim of adopting effective measures to increase their mental imagery abilities.

Perspective-taking is a stepping stone to human empathy. When empathizing with another individual, one can imagine how the other perceives the situation and feels as a result. To what extent does imagining the other differs from imagining oneself in similar painful situations? In this functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, participants were shown pictures of people with their hands or feet in painful or non-painful situations and instructed to imagine and rate the level of pain perceived from different perspectives. ...

Um texto enigmático encontra-se em meio aos escritos selecionados que compõem Contra la historia, uma coleção de aforismos e ensaios editada por Esther Seligson com o propósito de difundir os escritos de Cioran no mundo hispanófono quando seus livros estavam começando a ver a luz da tradução espanhola.

[AMAZON LINK BELOW TO BOOK ITSELF -- TOC and book intro in downloadable .pdf] 

"It is a common experience that a problem difficult at night is resolved in the morning after the committee of sleep has worked on it." --John Steinbeck Scientific research confirms what people have always known: answers, ideas, and inspiration do come to us in dreams. Harvard psychologist and world-renowned dream specialist Deirdre Barrett, Ph.D., offers this rich collection of examples of how the world's most creative practitioners in art, music, film, science, literature and other fields have used the revelations of their dream life to inform their work. Dr. Barrett offers insights showing us how to encourage lucid, meaningful dreaming, and how to apply the meanings of our dreams to solving problems--from the everyday to the extraordinary. This is the stuff dreams are made of. In the visual arts, Jasper Johns couldn't find his unique artistic vision until he dreamed it in the form of a large American flag. Salvador Dali and his colleagues built the startling new genre of surrealism out of dreams. Kubla Kahn dreamed the design for his stately pleasure dome; thousands of years later, Lucy Davis, chief architect at a major firm, continues the tradition of dreaming designs into life in her extraordinary buildings. Film is a fertile avenue for dreams: "Twice I have transferred dreams to film exactly as I had dreamed them," confides director Ingmar Bergman, as have Federico Fellini, Orson Welles, Akira Kurosawa, Robert Altman, and John Sayles. From Mary Shelley's terrible nightmare, which became Frankenstein, to Stephen King's haunting dream as a little boy, which led to his first bestseller, countless writers have consulted the Committee. Musicians from Beethoven to Billy Joel and Paul McCartney have whistled the Committee's tunes. In science, physiologist Otto Loewi dreamed the medical experiment that earned him the Nobel Prize. In sports, Marion Jones dreamed she'd broken a world record, then brought the dream to life. Gandhi translated his dream of resistance into a movement that changed the world. Since Freud, we take it for granted that our dreams reflect our past. In The Committee of Sleep, Barrett reveals how dreams can also tell us about our future potential--and how to reach it.

This paper reports co-design interventions with a rural community of practice at Inner Mongolia, who are keepers of a vernacular architecture practice dated back to 2000BC. The research aims to explore a social innovation model to achieve sustainable village regeneration in China. We report four days community engagements with tools and activities designed and implemented as a result of collaboration between three design researchers, local NGOs and the villagers. We describe interventions bases on a framework of co-design that envision and enact community&#39;s imagination for social innovation. We also report issues addressed by NGOs and design researchers at two research forums subsequently held in Shanghai and Beijing on the topics of community development and village regeneration. We conclude by addressing the importance of design activism, which take into the considerations local values, and to achieve social innovation through collaborative imagination of the community&#39;s c...

The authors provide an overview of the papers in the special issue of Memory on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. The papers address emotional, intrusive mental imagery across a range of psychological disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), agoraphobia, body dysmorphic disorder, mood disorders, and psychosis. They include work on information processing issues including modelling cravings, conditioning, and aversions, as well as imagery qualities such as vividness and emotionality. The overview aims to place the articles in a broader context and draw out some exciting implications of this novel work. It provides a clinical context to the recent growth in this area from a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) perspective. We begin with PTSD, and consider links to imagery in other disorders. The clinical implications stemming from this empirical work and from autobiographical memory theory are discussed. These include consideration of a variety of technique...

The objective of this article is twofold. In the first part, I discuss two issues central to any theoretical inquiry into mental imagery: embodiment and consciousness. I do so against the backdrop of second-generation cognitive science, more specifically the increasingly popular research framework of embodied cognition, and I consider two caveats attached to its current exploitation in narrative theory. In the second part, I attempt to cast new light on readerly mental imagery by offering a typology of what I propose to be its four basic varieties. The typology is grounded in the framework of embodied cognition and it is largely compatible with key neuroscientific and other experimental evidence produced within the framework.

Abstract 1. Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1983, Vol 28 (9), 661-663. Reviews the book, Mental Images and Their Transformations by Roger N. Shepard and Lynn A. Cooper (1982). This book is primarily a review of almost a decade and a half of research, conveyed through a selection of slightly edited papers written by authors and their co-workers. These selections are preceded by a very thorough review of the history of this work, and all of the articles have been brought up to date with reviews of ...

This study aimed to establish the possible relationships between reading comprehension competence, reading attitude and the vividness of mental imagery among Turkish fourth-grade students. Participants were fourth grade students, selected using convenience sampling from two different public schools (n=103) in Bartin, Turkey. The research was designed as a correlational study to describe the degree to which two or more quantitative variables are related; this was achieved by using a correlation coefficient. The data gathering tools used in this study were (1): the Reading Comprehension Test (RCT), which was developed by the researcher and which includes both factual and inferential questions; (2) the Vividness of Imagery Questionnaire (VIQ), developed by Sheveland (1992); (3) the Elementary Reading Attitude Survey (ERAS), developed by McKenna and Kear (1990). Multiple linear regressions were used for data analysis. The analysis revealed that reading attitude and vividness of mental imagery were significant predictors for students' reading comprehension competencies. In addition, the results indicated that approximately 14% of the variance in reading comprehension competence could be explained by reading attitude and vividness of mental imagery [R=.369, R 2 =.136, F(2-96)=7.578, p<.01].

This study is an exploration of the relationship between mental imagery and the ability to write creatively  and originally in elementary school gifted children. The results indicate that originality and fluency in story writing can be increased in academically gifted children by practice in guided mental imagery.

The imagery involved in remembering past episodes in one’s life often involves visual points of view. In this chapter we discuss the phenomena of perspectival memory. While surveying the field, we suggest that visual perspective alone is not a guide to the truth or falsity of memory, and that genuine memories can be recalled from an observer perspective. Such memories can satisfy conditions placed on genuine memory. Observer perspectives can satisfy factivity constraints, and can stand in appropriate causal connections to the past. In the first section we identify the phenomena and provide an overview of some of the empirical evidence related to point of view in personal memory. We articulate some doubts about remembering from an observer perspective, before responding to these worries. We suggest that observer perspectives may retain other forms of internal imagery: there is no neat division between internal and external perspectives. We suggest that external perspectives may help in understanding the past, and question the primacy of egocentricity.