Phrase

مفهومُ التَّعابيرِ الاِصطِلاحيَّةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ بينَ آراءِ القُدماءِ والدِّراساتِ الحَديثَةِ
محمد علي حسن الخولي 
المُلَخَّصُ
    بدأ الاهتمامُ بالتَّعبيرِ الاِصطلاحيِّ مُنذُ عامِ 337هـ، على يدِ قُدامَةَ بن جَعفَرَ تحتَ مُصطَلَحِ التَّمثيلِ و المثلِ، وكان آخرُ مَن استَعمَلَ هذا المصطَلَحَ مُحمَّدُ بنُ فضلِ الله المحبي سنة 1111 هـ، أما في العصرِ الحديثِ فقد استعملَ الكُتَّابُ والباحِثونَ خَمسينَ مُصطلحًا مختلفًا للتَّعبيرِ عن التَّعابيرِ الاصطلاحيَّةِ، في هذا البحثِ عَرْضٌ لجميعِ المصطلحات التي أدلى بها الكتابُ والباحثونَ، ثُمَّ محاولةٌ للتَّرجيحِ بين هذه المصطلحاتِ، لذا قُمتُ بوضعِ معاييرَ ضابطةٍ وحدًّا واضحًا للتعبير الاصطلاحيِّ، لوضوحِ القياسِ والتَّرجيحِ، ثم رَجَّحتُ مُصطلحًا يَفي بما وُضِعَ لأجلِهِ، ويُفيدُ بالمطلوبِ من التَّعبيرِ الاصطلاحيِّ، ووبيَّنتُ في البحثِ العلاقاتِ المجازيَّةَ للتَّعبيرِ الاصطلاحيِّ، مِن كنايةٍ وتشبيهٍ واستعارةٍ ومَجازٍ مُرسَلٍ بعلاقاتِهِ المختلفةِ، كما قَسَّمتُ التَّعابيرَ الاصطلاحيَّةَ بالنَّظرِ إلى روابطها المختلفةِ، فمِن حيثُ الرَّابِطِ الزَّمنيِّ قَسَّمتُها إلى خامِلَةٍ ونَشِطَةٍ، ومِن حيثُ رابطِ العمومِ قسَّمتُها إلى كليَّةٍ وجُزئيَّة، ومن حيثُ رابط الانتقالِ قسَّمتُها إلى موروثٍ ومُحدَثٍ،  ومِن حيثُ رابطِ الدَّلالةِ إلى ثابتِ الدَّلالَةِ ومُتَغَيِّرِ الدَّلالَةِ. وكانَ الهدفُ من البحثِ الوصولُ إلى مُصطَلَحٍ واضِحٍ أَضَعُهُ بينَ يدي الباحثينَ والكُتَّابِ، لِتَوحيدِ الجُهُودِ وصَبِّها في إطارٍ واضحٍ وحَدٍّ صَحيحٍ، ليَنعَكِسَ هذا بالتَّطويرِ والرِّيادَةِ في مَيدانِ تَعليمِ العربيَّةِ للنَّاطقينَ بِغيرها. وقد ذَكَرتُ في البحثِ عشرَ نِقاطٍ تَعكِسُ أهميَّةَ التَّعبيرِ الاِصطلاحيِّ في تَعليمِ العَربيَّةِ للنَّاطقينَ بغيرها، وكَذَلِكَ وَضَعتُ خَمسَةَ معاييرَ ضابِطَةٍ تُحدِّدُ مَلامِحَ التَّعبيرِ الاصطِلاحيِّ، لتَمييزِهِ عن القالبِ النَّحويِّ والعِبارةِ والمثلِ والشِّعرِ السَّائِرِ، لِتَكونَ هذهِ المعاييرُ الضَّابطَةُ سبيلًا للخروجِ بمقياسِ التَّرجيحِ والتَّفاضُلِ بين المصطلحاتِ المتَعدِّدَةِ.
الكلمات المفتاحية: التعابير الاصطلاحية، القالب، المثل، العبارة، التعبير الخامل، التعبير النشط، التعبير الكلي، التعبير الجزئي، التعبير الموروث، التعبير المحدث، التعبير ثابت الدلالة، التعبير متغير الدلالة.

Abstract
Since the year 337 AH, Kudame b. Jaafar began to pay attention to idiomatic expression under the term "representation and proverbs." The last term was used by Muhammad bin Fadlullah al-Mahbi in 1111 AH. In modern times, writers and researchers have used fifty different terms to express idiomatic expressions, In this paper, a presentation of all terms made by the authors and researchers, and then try to weight between these terms, so I set the parameters of control and a clear limit for the expression of the terminology, for the clarity of measurement and weighting , And then proposed a term that meets what has been defined for him, which is useful for the expression of terms, and the search for relationships metaphorical terms of the terminology, from Kenai, likeness, İstiare and Mecaz-i mursel. The terminology was also divided in terms of its various links, in terms of temporal link divided into inactive and active, and in terms of the link of the public divided into total and partial, in terms of transition link divided into old and modern, and I divide the Significance in terms of being constant and variable. The aim of the research was to reach a clear term in the hands of schools and writers, to unite efforts and put them in a clear and correct framework, reflecting this development and leadership in teaching Arabic to speakers in other languages. The study mentioned ten points that reflect the importance of terms in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. It also identified five criteria that define the characteristics of arabic idioms, and distinguish it from grammatical expressions, proverbs and poetry among people, so that these control criteria are a way to exit the weighting scale and the difference between multiple terms.

Keywords: Idiomatic expressions, Grammatical expressions, Proverbs, Phrase, Inactive idiom, Active idiom, Total idiom, Partial idiom, Old idiom, Modern idiom, constant idiom,  variable idiom.

Arapça Deyim kavramının Eskilerin Görüşleri ve Modern Çalışmalar Arasındaki Anlamı
Özet
337’den bu yana Kudame b. Cafer “temsil ve atasözleri” terimiyle deyimsel ifadeye dikkat etmeye başladı. Son dönem 1111’de Muhammed b. Fadlullah el-Muhibbi tarafından kullanıldı. Modern çağda, yazarlar ve araştırmacılar deyimsel ifadeleri ifade etmek için elli farklı terim kullandılar: Bu araştırmada yazarlar ve araştırmacılar tarafından kullanılan tüm terimlerin bir sunumu ve daha sonra bu terimler arasında tartılma denemesi, Bu yüzden, kontrol ölçütlerini ve konvansiyonel ifade için, ölçmenin ve ağırlıklandırmanın netliği için net bir sınır belirledim ve ardından, bunun için ayarlanmış olanı yerine getiren ve konvansiyonel ifade için yararlı olan bir terim seçtim, Çeşitli ve mecazi ilişkileri tarafından aktarılan bir Kinaye, Teşbih, İstiare ve Mecaz-ı mürsel. Bağlantı terimi, aktif ve pasif olarak, halkın bir külli ve cüzi olarak iki ayırdım, Sonra nesilden nesile aktarılması bakımından da yeni ve eskiden gelen olarak taksim edilmiş olup, delaleti sabit ve değişken olması bakımından ikiye ayırdım. Bu durum araştırmacıların ve yazarların açık ve net bir terime ulaşması açısından yapılmıştır. Çabaları birleştirmek ve net ve doğru bir çerçevede ortaya koymak, Arapça'daki bu gelişmeyi ve liderliği onu konuşamayanlara yansıtmak. Araştırmada, Arapçayı konuşamayanlara Arapça öğretmede deyimlerin önemini yansıtan on noktadan bahsettim. Tercih edilen ayrıca deyimsel ifadenin özelliklerini tanımlayan, dilbilgisel ve sözdizimsel ifadelerden ayıran beş ölçüt belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Deyimsel, Atasözü, Kalıp, İfade, Aktif deyimsel, Pasif deyimsel, Külli deyimsel, Cüzi deyimsel, Yeni deyimsel, Eski deyimsel, sabit deyimsel, değişken deyimsel.

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