Research Methodology

Although male partner cooperation is often essential for successful use of the female condom, only a few studies have directly assessed men's experiences of using the device. We examined barriers to and facilitators of female condom use via qualitative in-depth interviews with 38 young men (18 to 28 years) in South Africa whose partners, all university students, were enrolled in a female condom intervention trial. In all, 21 men used the female condom; the remaining 17 did not attempt use. The main facilitators to female condom use were convenience of use for men, curiosity to see how female condoms compared to male condoms, enhanced sexual sensation, and perceptions of better safety and comfort of the device compared to male condoms. The main barriers were men's limited familiarity with the device, insertion difficulties, and men's concerns about loss of control over sexual encounters. We recommend that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and condom promotion ...

Traditionally regarded as the Cinderella sector, further education (FE) is not yet recognized for its research potential and, if researched at all, tends to be 'researched on' rather than proactively enabled to carry out research itself. Although Britain's Learning and Skills Council's FE and Post-16 sector encompasses around six million learners, four thousand providers and £7.3 billion worth of provision, little research in the sector uses the extensive data-rich client base it serves. Few, if any, in-house research findings inform its professional practice. The Learning and Skills Development Agency Research Network and LSC Research Centre have begun to address this gap, mapping out a new blueprint for research developments in the sector, and raising a new capacity for in-house FE-focused research. These exciting national developments form the foundation for this book, which builds on the key importance of research to strengthen the role of further education as the main bridging sector between school and higher education at a time of Britain's increased national investment in raising achievements. This groundbreaking core text in a new field identifies and constructs a new theoretical framework for a specialist FE research culture, recognizing the unique contribution to research of FE practitioner-researchers. The book identifies good practice in this field through a series of in-depth case studies linked to appropriate and innovative research methods. The theoretical framework outlined links the concept of the critical reflective practitioner with the development of knowledge management techniques specific to Further Education research. This book will enable its readers to: 1. Recognize the value of undertaking research in their sector 2. Draw upon their current practice to develop research questions 3. Identify appropriate research questions and design appropriate research techniques accordingly 4. Interrogate other research, from associated fields 5. Undertake literature searches and derive information for a variety of sources 6. Use research -- their own or others' -- to inform their professional practice 7. Have the confidence to create, use and evaluate their sector specific research.

More details
Empowering Researchers in Further Education
By Yvonne Hillier and Jill Jameson
Contributor: Introductory Chapter by Andrew Morris
Published by Trentham Books, 2003
ISBN 1858562856, 9781858562858
194 pages

https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available in PDF at this link

This book lifts the veil to identify the puppet masters behind the MK Ultra Mind Control shills that front the New World Disorder Dystopia. The usual suspects are named: Jeff Bezos, Mark Zuckerberg, Benjamin Netanyahu, Fake religious Patriarchs and a list of celebrities from Hollywood and other MK Ultra mind control realms.

One major strand of Pierre Bourdieu’s work involved revealing the interests, struggles, and structures of domination underlying apparently disinterested values and ideals. This article discusses the set of values and ideals surrounding folklore and reconstructs Bourdieu's analysis of the idea of “folk” or “popular” (“populaire”), showing that Bourdieu regarded the use of the term populaire as an instance of misrecognition or mystification. Bourdieu’s formulation implies, in other words, that the popular and the ideals attached to it – mere mystifications – are less real than the relations of domination that they conceal. This article, by contrast, asks what kind of critical analysis might enable social scientists to adequately account for the reality of ideals even while also understanding the complex role that ideals play in social struggles – struggles for domination as well as for solidarity and liberation. The guiding question of the article is thus at once methodological, ontological, and political: how can researchers criticize their objects of research while still respecting the legitimacy of these objects as things in the world, and without placing researchers' own analytic categories in a world apart from the categories that structure their objects of research?

Article in Slovak.

Full citation: Feinberg, Joseph Grim. “Má folklór právo existovať? K teórii a metodológii ľudového realizmu.” In Teória Pierra Bourdieua ako inšpirácia pre sociologický výskum, ed. Miroslav Tížik, Bratislava: Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 2013, pp. 120–136.

Full text of book volume: http://www.sociologia.sav.sk/cms/uploaded/1771_attach_Pierre_Bourdieu_2013_fulltext.pdf

The Second Annual Transpersonal Research Colloquium (TRC) was held in Northampton, UK on September 15-16, 2016. This document is the final program with presenters abstracts, bios, and contact information. For further information, see www.transpersonalresearchnetwork.com.

This critical essay describes and demonstrates the uses and unique contributions of performative writing as a form of inquiry into the materialities and mobilities of sociocultural communicative phenom- ena. Embracing an Anzaldu an approach, the author utilizes Mesoamerican Aztec and Chicanx history, iconography, and mythos to argue for an ontological reimaging of where research should begin and end. As a methodological intervention, this article chal- lenges traditional impulses regarding where knowledge generation occurs, which knowledges are valid, and who counts as a valuable knowledge producer. By shifting genres, breaking grammatical rules, and creatively constructing poetics and rhythm (flor y canto), this “flight of the imagination” focuses on what Chicana, Latina, and indi- genous scholars have termed “fleshing the spirit” or “spiriting the flesh.” By embracing the soul work and spirituality of writing, this piece offers an art-based approach to methodological inquiry that functions as a sharp critique of the White capitalist cisheteropatriar- chal structure of higher education that maintains status quo under- standings of knowledge. When rerouting our methodological impulses toward a critical and decolonial telos and embracing the soul and spirit of performative writing, I argue that our first move must be to make an ontological shift in how we see the world and our place in it—we must begin and end with “theories in the flesh.”

To cite:
Wilkins, A. 2017. Rescaling the local: Multi-academy trusts, private monopoly and statecraft in England. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 49 (2), 171-185

For the past six years successive UK governments in England have introduced reforms intended to usher in less aggregated, top-down, bureaucratically overloaded models of service delivery as well as secure conditions for greater school autonomy.  Yet the ‘hollowing out’ of local government has not resulted in less bureaucracy on the ground or less regulation from above, nor has it diminished hierarchy as an organising principle of education governance.  In some cases, monopolies and monopolistic practices dominated by powerful bureaucracies and professional groups persist, albeit realised through the involvement of new actors and organisations from business and philanthropy.  In this paper I adopt a governmentality perspective to explore the political significance of large multi-academy trusts (MATs) – private sponsors contracted by central government to run publicly funded schools – to the generation of new scalar hierarchies and accountability infrastructures that assist in bringing the gaze of government to bear upon the actions of schools that are otherwise less visible under local government management.  On this account, it is argued, MATs are integral to statecraft and the invention and assemblage of particular apparatuses for intervening upon specific organisations, spaces and peoples.

As educational technology practitioners and researchers engage in research in the field, a wide array of research methodologies are available to them. One such methodology is the Delphi Technique. Use of the Delphi Technique offers many benefits, including the ability to obtain expert opinion, build consensus, determine the suitability of the application of instructional interventions, forecast trends, and interact with

Unique in its integration of theory and application, this comprehensive book explains survey design, implementation, data analysis, and continuing data management, including how to effectively incorporate the latest technology (e.g., SurveyMonkey and Qualtrics). Data management and analysis are demonstrated and explained through statistical software including SPSS, SAS, and Stata. In addition to helping students develop a complete understanding of survey research from start to finish, the authors also address the challenges and issues of specific disciplines.

The local festival dedicated to the Anniversary of the Vision of Agia (Saint) or Osia (venerable, blessed, saint) Pelagia is celebrated on the Greek island of Tinos and is dedicated to one of the most recent Orthodox saints, Agia Pelagia, a nun who was sanctified in 1971. After the great Greek War of Liberation (1821) broke out, the pious nun Pelagia had several mystical visions which lead to the finding of the miraculous icon of the Annunciation. According to the tradition, Pelagia repeatedly saw, in her visions, the Panagia (Virgin Mary), who ordered her to start digging to find her icon. In 1823, the icon was unearthed in the field where it had remained for about 850 years. “Pelagia’s Vision” is celebrated annually on 23 July. During the festival the church housing her skull next to her cell in the monastery of Kekhrovouno, where she had the visions, is particularly important.
Based on a presentation of this festival and some other relevant rituals from Greece where I have conducted fieldwork, the article will explore some aspects of the way myths are important when re-presenting the past in the Greek context both, earlier and today.

Keywords: Method, Myth/s, Gender, Greece, Festivals

As a very often repeated observation says, in order to find out what anthropology is, one must see what anthropologists do, and what they do is mainly ethnography. Ethnography can be understood both as a process and as a product. As a process, it is for the anthropologist the same thing laboratory research is for the scientist and survey for the sociologist, the method par excellence. It has to meet three main requirements: long time residence among the members of the studied culture, linguistic proficiency and must be conducted in the form of participant observation. Understood as a product, ethnographic monograph must be holistic and to adopt the emic perspective, as opposed to the etic one.

Benefits of customer loyalty scheme and brand loyalty programmes of Accor Hotels: A case study based on Mercure London City Bankside Hotel.

The research on the subject of customer loyalty in the hotel industry and fostering such loyalty through a multi-brand loyalty programme by Accor group of hotel evaluates the concepts relating to behavioural and attitudinal loyalty. It was found that loyalty programs not only reward the customers for repeat purchase behaviour, but also has an important strategic role in collecting the information about the customers. The various viewpoints relating to the implementation of loyalty programs, design of reward schemes and the utilisation of information collected from the customer are discussed. In the case of Accor hotels, there are several brands with differentiated service offerings and the reward scheme is an integrated one. The Accor hotels reward scheme provides points to the customers for staying in the participating hotels/brands such as Sofitel, Pullman, MGallery, Grand Mercure, Novotel, Suite Novotel, Mercure, Adagio, Ibis and Spa.
Through convenience sampling method two managers and four junior managers in the marketing department were interviewed. From the research, and mostly through the interview data it was found that the customers are able to accrue the points for their stay and spend at the hotel, and redeem their loyalty benefits at more than 2500 participating hotels from the lower end Ibis (budget hotel) to the upper end luxury Sofitel and Pullman hotels. The customers are able to exchange these reward points at various points of sale such as at the airports, taxis and related travel services. All the redemptions are targeted at the travelling customer and their needs and hence travelling customers are benefitted. The loyalty programme is also inducing the customer to spend more as the rewards collected can be redeemed against the services of the different hotel properties.
Since there is collaboration between travel and hospitality organisations, Accor hotel is benefitting significantly. It is clear that with the entire organisation the Mercure Hotel is also benefitting from the multi-brand loyalty scheme. The customers at the bottom of the pyramid in the brand structure of Accor group would be moving upwards and there are a considerable number of properties under the lower mid-scale and lowest scale such as the Ibis. The recommendations is to target and capture restaurant customers with the help of direct sales approach from the waiters and customer facing employees in the restaurant to become member in the loyalty programme. The customer-facing employee’s right from the lobby to the restaurant should be provided training to give special service to such repeat customers.

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Wykresy, schematy i diagramy nie są wyłącznie ilustracjami. Jak dowodzi Model i metafora, można je dziś uznać za niezbędne narzędzia ułatwiające tworzenie współczesnej humanistyki. Wykorzystując jednocześnie teksty i obrazy, książka w zwięzły sposób przedstawia szereg zagadnień istotnych dla każdego historyka, socjologa czy badacza literatury. Na Model i metaforę składają się teoretyczne podstawy myślenia obrazem, zarys historycznych relacji słowa i obrazu w humanistyce, a także praktyczne wskazówki dla tych, którzy chcieliby korzystać z obrazów w trakcie planowania i pisania tekstów. Inni czytelnicy mogą traktować tę książkę jak przewodnik, ułatwiający poruszanie się w epoce obrazów.
Jak przystało na książkę o komunikacji wizualnej, Model i metafora jest połączeniem obrazu i tekstu na równych prawach – zawiera ponad 150 rysunków wyjaśniających kwestie, które byłyby trudne do omówienia przy pomocy tekstu.

Evidence-based decision-making in Abu Dhabi cultural sector is increasingly being influenced by the development of data generation from a coordinated statistical system. The Department of Culture and Tourism Abu Dhabi has increased its support of this focus by funding new research instruments, including CultureSTATS-AD project. One of the meth-odological challenges of CultureSTATS-AD project consists in articulation of the locally anchored and the internationally comparable dimensions of the evolving culture statistics system. The present paper addresses this methodological challenge by adopting a pragmatic approach to Abu Dhabi culture vocabulary. The practical usages of culture definitions by policymakers, academics and culture professionals replicate a myriad of underlying social processes. We suggest a transversal contextual analysis of Abu Dhabi culture documentation in order to understand in what conceptual, legal and social contexts each of the currently used culture definitions is inserted. Next, we propose to develop the culture indicators that emphasize these contexts. Finally, the paper offers methodological approaches to selection, definition and data population of culture indicators in Abu Dhabi. Even though our approach does not pretend to be exhaustive, it allows identifying the first linchpins of culture indicator building in Abu Dhabi and permits further alignment with the international standards.

Virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD) appear to be effective research tools,
which may address the problem of ecological validity in neuropsychological testing.
However, their widespread implementation is hindered by VR induced symptoms
and effects (VRISE) and the lack of skills in VR software development. This study
offers guidelines for the development of VR software in cognitive neuroscience and
neuropsychology, by describing and discussing the stages of the development of Virtual
Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), the first neuropsychological battery in
immersive VR. Techniques for evaluating cognitive functions within a realistic storyline
are discussed. The utility of various assets in Unity, software development kits, and other
software are described so that cognitive scientists can overcome challenges pertinent
to VRISE and the quality of the VR software. In addition, this pilot study attempts to
evaluate VR-EAL in accordance with the necessary criteria for VR software for research
purposes. The VR neuroscience questionnaire (VRNQ; Kourtesis et al., 2019b) was
implemented to appraise the quality of the three versions of VR-EAL in terms of user
experience, game mechanics, in-game assistance, and VRISE. Twenty-five participants
aged between 20 and 45 years with 12–16 years of full-time education evaluated various
versions of VR-EAL. The final version of VR-EAL achieved high scores in every sub-score
of the VRNQ and exceeded its parsimonious cut-offs. It also appeared to have better
in-game assistance and game mechanics, while its improved graphics substantially increased the quality of the user experience and almost eradicated VRISE. The results
substantially support the feasibility of the development of effective VR research and
clinical software without the presence of VRISE during a 60-min VR session.

Populism is one of the most dynamic fields of comparative political research. Although its study began in earnest only in the late 1960s, it has since developed through four distinct waves of scholarship, each pertaining to distinct empirical phenomena and with specific methodological and theoretical priorities. Today, the field is in urgent need of a comprehensive general theory that will be able to capture the phenomenon specifically within the context of our contemporary democracies. This requires our breaking away from recurring methodological pitfalls and, above all, rethinking about a truly minimal definition of populism.
This article has three goals. First, it offers an overview of the ways various scholars have treated, and advanced, over recent decades “populism” both empirically and theoretically. Second, it identifies a number of – mostly methodological – shortcomings that in many instances have beset the study of populism: (i) unspecified empirical universe, (ii) lack of historical and cultural context specificity, (iii) essentialism, (iv) conceptual stretching, (v) unclear negative pole, (vi) degreeism, (vii) defective observable-measurable indicators, (viii) a neglect of micro-mechanisms, (ix) poor data and inattention to crucial cases, and (x) normative indeterminacy. Third, in an explicit attempt to cure the foregoing shortcomings, this article proposes a minimal definition of modern populism as democratic illiberalism. This novel re-conceptualization of populism is expected to lead to a more conceptually sensitive and methodologically solid comparative study of the phenomenon at a time when the malfunctioning and pathologies of our modern-day representative democracies are all too visible and sorely felt.

Acrescentei a ficha de avaliação do volume tendo em vista sua tradução para o português.

A dispetto della sua ampia diffusione, la ricerca qualitativa continua a essere bersaglio di critiche sulla solidità dei suoi risultati e sulla loro generalizzabilità. Tutti questi addebiti sono solitamente ricondotti a una contestazione più generale, la mancanza di rigore. Questo libro sostiene le ragioni della ricerca qualitativa, proponendo una versione alternativa di rigore, modellata attingendo agli strumenti della teoria dell’argomentazione. L’autore concentra l’attenzione sulle tappe della ricerca qualitativa che precedono e seguono il lavoro sul campo, il disegno della ricerca, l’analisi dei dati e la scrittura. Corredato da un ricco repertorio di esempi, il volume tratteggia un insieme di principi teorici ed epistemologici utili a guidare la pratica della ricerca qualitativa.

"In recent projects I have used flip cameras with participants from ethnic minority communities who were recording their experience of adult learning as enrichment. In another project we used more expensive cameras in a health setting in order to examine what the priorities were for service users. The footage has had multiple benefits and we continue to develop the use of visual technologies and methodologies:

• to empower and support the participation of service users and clients;
• to provide evidence and documentation of outputs and project delivery;
• to support the creative personalization of service delivery;
• to inform project evaluation;
• to demonstrate accountability;
• to improve the accessibility and awareness of services;
• to influence policy and strategic development options;
• to foster dialogue between groups of people - both vertical (client to manager) and horizontal (client to service user)

The main body of this short paper evaluates eighteen benefits or advantages associated with auto-ethnographic methodology"

The right to (a project for) the city. Mboka bilanga or extensive peri-urban urbanization as a lever for the development of Kinshasa Henry Lefebvre's right to the city is introduced in this chapter; it is presented in order to directly address the role and the form of the urbanism project to obtain improved living standards for the majority of the Congolese people, most of whom are reported to be living below the poverty threshold and where public financial resources are practically absent. The application of an academic approach with regard to research on the Kinshasa territory is accepted to structure the reflexion process. It aims to explore how the project technique based upon a double construction of knowledge on the territory contributes to an overall improvement of the living conditions of the inhabitants. This technique combines the description of the actual territory of Kinshasa with different development scenarios. This implies in the case of Kinshasa that urban sprawl as a survival strategy of the inhabitants is accepted and that lands and housing are used as food-related resources. This observation leads to the mboka bilanga hypothesis that states that the city and agricultural production are closely entangled. This hypothesis enables to conceptualize a city project that articulates metropolitan issues with local dynamics, based upon existing local practices.

This thesis studies a specific relationship between matter and form which can no longer be related to stability, solidity and objectuality, as it has been traditionally interpreted. To this aim, it firstly explores the plurivocity in the concepts of 'matter' and 'artistic material'; and secondly it examines a case study about water as a material presence in contemporary art. Over the course of the study, certain issues arise, such as the problematic use of notions like form, information and memory in the specific context of the artwork .

The  methodological lines of this thesis are an alternative approach to the artwork technical and material system, this understood as a synergistic and complex structure of symbolic, technological and imaginative relations. This methodology focuses on the evolution of the technical and technological thinking in the 20th century, establishing the connection between past and current uses of media and materials. Based on the principle of transversality, this study contributes to the expansion of the Third Culture by visualizing the dialogical relationship between art, science, technology and aesthetics. Thus, its starting point is the states of water (solid, liquid, and gas) as well as the technical and conceptual operations associated with this specific material. A selection of 258 artists or working groups and more than 500 works have been gathered along diverse actional and conceptual tendencies of water in its three states.

Archeology, technological thinking, anthropology, and material imagination are the key epistemological elements used to reflect on the encounter between the so-called traditional art mediums and new media in the 20th century —or from a broader perspective, between both the deterministic-mechanistic and the systemic-cybernetic currents of thought. In this context, water provides a paradoxical and exemplary temporal connectivity.

Resumen
La presente investigación tiene por objeto definir una zona muy poco tratada dentro de la historia del arte, en la que la relación entre materia y forma deja de poder aprehenderse como un fenómeno vinculado a los sentidos de estabilidad, solidez y objetualidad tal como se ha interpretado tradicionalmente. Para ello explora la plurivocidad de los sentidos de `materia´ y `material artístico´, confrontando esta perspectiva con el estudio del agua como presencia material en el arte contemporáneo, de lo que se derivan una serie de problemáticas respecto a los conceptos de forma, información, y por extensión memoria de la obra de arte.

Paralelamente se dibujan las líneas metodológicas de la semántica material como alternativa de aproximación al sistema técnico-material de la obra de arte, entendiendo éste como una estructura sinérgica y compleja de relaciones simbólicas, tecnológicas e imaginativas. La metodología propuesta pretende incidir en la evolución del pensamiento técnico y tecnológico del siglo XX, estableciendo puntos de conexión entre el uso actual de los medios y materiales artísticos, y sus antecedentes. Partiendo de la transversalidad, esta investigación se propone en última instancia contribuir a la expansión de la tercera cultura visibilizando las relaciones dialógicas entre creación artística, ciencia, tecnología y estética. Su puesta en práctica toma como punto de partida el agua en todos sus estados y las operaciones técnico-conceptuales asociadas a este material concreto. Una selección constituida por 258 artistas o grupos de trabajo y más de quinientas obras han sido recogidas en torno a las tendencias accionales y conceptuales del agua en sus estados sólido, líquido y gaseoso.

En definitiva, arqueología y antropología del pensamiento tecnológico e imaginación material son los elementos epistemológicos clave utilizados para reflexionar acerca de las cuestiones que definen el encuentro en el siglo XX entre los medios artísticos llamados tradicionales y los new media −o en un plano más amplio entre el pensamiento determinista-mecanicista y el sistémico-cibernético−, vehiculizadas por la paradójica conectividad temporal que ofrece el agua.

Cette deuxième édition de Méthodes statistiques en sciences humaines a été produite dans le même esprit que la première. L’intention est à nouveau de présenter les outils statistiques dans une logique méthodologique et pratique, en les décrivant, en indiquant comment les utiliser avec le logiciel SPSS, en montrant comment interpréter les résultats que livre le logiciel et en proposant un exemple de la manière de rapporter ces résultats.
    Par rapport à la première, la principale différence de cette nouvelle édition est celle du recours à la version 26 du logiciel SPSS, ce qui modifie la manière dont les résultats sont disposés quand on compare avec les versions qui précèdent la 24e, la première édition ayant été développée avec une telle version du logiciel.
    Outre cet ajustement important, plusieurs corrections ont été apportées : des formules ont été révisées, des erreurs typographiques ont été supprimées, des descriptions ont été ajustées.
    Nous avons aussi augmenté le contenu. Pour le log-linéaire, par exemple, nous avons ajouté une illustration avec des variables qui comptent plus de deux modalités ; pour l’analyse de variance, nous avons discuté des conséquences d’un test de Levene qui s’avère significatif ; dans le cas des tests non paramétriques sur la comparaison, nous avons juxtaposé la façon traditionnelle de faire avec celle qu’offre en parallèle le logiciel, car ce que propose désormais SPSS sur ce plan mérite l’attention.

Como se recoge en el título del trabajo, su finalidad es la de especificar los estudios relacionados con el periodismo en Internet además de los elementos que configuran y determinan la comunicación de estos nuevos medios. Las investigaciones sobre periodismo en Internet y Nuevas Tecnologías aplicadas a la comunicación versan sobre diferentes temas, aunque no todos han sido investigados con la misma profundidad. Una situación que provoca la existencia de cuestiones especialmente analizadas, frente a otras que no lo son.

Por ello se hacía necesario realizar una investigación básica que definiese las áreas temáticas que poseen más estudios, así como aquellos aspectos sobre las nuevas tecnologías y el periodismo que aún no han sido examinados. De esta forma se pueden presentar nuevas y futuras investigaciones, evaluando sus debilidades y fortalezas. Además, para ofrecer una visión más completa del estudio inicial en cuestión, no sólo se han recogido las publicaciones que hasta el momento hay sobre esta temática, sino que se ha ampliado el objetivo del trabajo. Por ello, he procedido a la lectura de algunas de las publicaciones encontradas, para conocer los datos más relevantes y las características que configuran el periodismo en Internet, así como sus consecuencias.

This article explores how researchers for library and information science (LIS) journals in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) blended both qualitative and quantitative methods into their articles between the period 2002 and 2010. The mixed methods research framework provided in methodological literature was used to determine how the LIS scientific community in SSA blended qualitative and qualitative methodological approaches. Content analysis and semi-structured telephonic interviews with editors and members of the editorial boards were used for collecting data. Seven hundred and ninety-three (793) articles published in nine peer-reviewed LIS journals in SAA were reviewed, finding the dominant research methods to be survey designs and historical research. Fifty out of 793 articles integrated research methods. The study concluded that the blending of different research methods was limited in SSA. It is recommended that LIS researchers in SSA blend methods to inform each other to obtain a comprehensive picture of a phenomenon under investigation and to achieve their research purpose more effectively.

This document presents lists of frequently used phrases that have a general acceptance in
all disciplines that you can use in specific sections of your paper. This means that they
are phrases that referees and readers frequently encounter, and this will help to describe
your findings using conventional language. This is important as referees and readers do
not want to be disturbed by strange expressions that could easily be replaced by one of
the standard phrases given in this chapter.

Archives and the documents within them are at the heart of the practice of history and the occupational culture of historians.  A majority of historical work has been characterized and defined by research in archives of varying kinds. Yet the material within archives is both partial and political and using it is never straightforward.  For historians of sport, the material available in archives can be especially limited but, with some careful reading between the lines, there is still much to learn from and interpret within traditional archives.

This articles explores the different kinds of archives and archival material that historians of sport have used and the uses they have been and can be put to.  Archives, however, are not static entities and the paper also discusses the impact and implication of digitization processes and programmes to popularize and legitimize traditional archives. Although sport has been seen as one of way of diversifying the content and audience of archives, the article argues that the practical and interpretative challenges historians of sport face in archives are no different to those faced by other historians.

INTRODUCCION Una acción eficaz para contrarrestar las prácticas incorrectas en la función pública, conocidas popularmente bajo el término de corrupción, requiere la aplicación sistemática de medidas de diversa naturaleza. Tales medidas incluyen los elementos educativos, coercitivos y sancionatorios que, debidamente complementados, permitirán minimizar las faltas a la ética en el servicio público. La presente actividad constituye un esfuerzo educativo orientado a la prevención de las prácticas incorrectas en el servicio público. Su propósito es inculcar ideas y puntos de reflexión acerca de la responsabilidad ética de los funcionarios públicos, como personas a quienes se les ha confiado los servicios públicos del Estado. Su punto de partida es que muchos de los problemas y acciones corruptas que afectan a las instituciones públicas, pueden ser superadas por la propia voluntad e iniciativa personal de los funcionarios, sin necesidad de recurrir a las medidas coercitivas y sancionarias, ya sea en la vía administrativa, judicial o penal. El problema de las faltas a la ética pública es abordado a partir de un enfoque centrado en la persona, ya que se considera que el conocimiento y la sensibilización moral, contribuyen de modo importante al desarrollo de actitudes positivas que facilitan la interiorización de los valores necesarios para lograr una administración honesta de los servicios públicos. Es decir, se parte de la premisa de que la educación y el conocimiento sobre ética son fundamentales para que los funcionarios lleguen a ser personas capaces de usar adecuadamente su libertad, sin violar los principios y normas establecidos para el logro del bien común en su organización y en la sociedad.