Slavic Studies

Kniha byla vydána roku 1989 v Praze  / The book was published in 1989 in Prague.

Drazí kolegové, tato kniha je umístěna kvůli jejímu  mimořádnému významu při porozumění archeologii Čech a její špatné dostupnosti zahraničním vědcům a studentům. Naléhavě Vás prosíme, abyste respektovali autorská práva autora a vydavatele. Děkujeme --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear colleagues, this book is placed because of its importance in understanding the archaeology of Bohemia and its poor availability to foreign scientists and students. We urge you to respect the copyrights of author and publishers. Thank you

Les Slaves de l'Est (Biélorusses, Russes et Ukrainiens) possèdent une très riche tradition de chants épiques et religieux qui bien souvent renvoient à un fond très archaïque, un fond mythologique qui n'a de chrétien que l'apparence. Ces chants épiques russes (les bylines) et ukrainiens (les dumy), ces formules et incantations biélorusses, ne mentionnent évidemment pas d'antiques divinités slaves, mais ils font appels à des conceptions et des récits qui peuvent remonter à des temps bien antérieurs à la christianisation, et qui de ce fait peuvent être comparés à d'autres mythologies européennes. Textes traduits du russe, du biélorusse et de l'ukrainien.

2e édition.
Extraits: introduction, premier chant, bibliographie et table des matières

Edited by Rimgaila Salys

The early years of the twenty-first century have been an exciting transitional period in Russian cinema, as the industry recovered from the crises of the late 1990s and again stepped onto the global stage. During these years four generations, from the late Soviet directors through post-Soviet and New Russian filmmakers to the Russian millennials, have worked in varying visual styles and with diverse narrative strategies, while searching for a new cinematic language. Financing and distribution models have evolved, along with conservative politics driving Ministry of Culture regulation. This reader is intended both for contemporary Russian cinema courses and for modern Russian culture courses that emphasize film. It does not attempt to establish a canon for the period but seeks to provide undergraduate students with an introduction to significant Russian films released between 2005 and 2016 that are also available with English subtitles. The twenty-one essays on individual films provide background information on directors’ careers, detailed analyses of selected films, along with suggested further readings both in English and Russian.

Learn more & purchase: https://www.academicstudiespress.com/filmandmediastudies/the-contemporary-russian-cinema-reader

The Second World War gave a strong impulse to the development of translation and interpreting services in the Soviet Union. Military translators/interpreters were expected to engage in frontline propaganda, ad hoc language teaching and reconnaissance, without special preparation. Under constant ideological pressure, they had to come up with creative solutions for concrete problems. On the base of the prosopographic research and semi-structured interviews with three prominent representatives of the aforementioned school, this book describes different biographical and professional trajectories of military translators/interpreters during and after the Second World War. Their backgrounds are as diverse as they are distinct: German and German-Jewish migrants, romantic philological students and poets from the legendary Institute of Literature Studies in Moscow (IFLI), bilingual descendants of diplomatic families and outstanding students and teachers from university departments of German Studies. The translational competences and methodological insights acquired during the war contributed to the establishment of a Soviet school of translation/interpreting and German Studies.
Key-words: Circulation of knowledge, military translation and interpreting services, Second World War, prosopography

This study examines the role of political factors in attitudes toward World War II in contemporary Ukraine. The question under examination is which factors determine public views of the principal warring sides and their leaders in Ukraine. This paper uses a representative national survey specifically designed for this research project and conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2012. It analyzes the roles of regionalism, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, age, and sex in attitudes toward the Red Army, Soviet partisans, the German Army (Wehrmacht), and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) during the war, as well as toward the wartime leaders of the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and the UPA. The analysis of the survey data shows that regional values, political party preferences, ethnicity, language, and age have significant effects on views of the Soviet Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the war and attitudes toward the wartime activities of Joseph Stalin and Roman Shukhevych. Public perceptions of the German Army and Adolf Hitler in Ukraine do not vary much across regions, political parties, and ethnic, language, age, and sex groups.

The paper explores time measurements and perception of time by the ancient Slavs in the Pre-Migration Period and Slavic settlement of Central and Southern Europe.  It attempts to reconstruct a year, seasonal, month-like division and naming, as well as lunar and solar time measurement.  Moreover, it explores and attempts to reconstruct what were the common Slavic month names that, is before 5th-7th centuries.  It also, discusses the issue of adoption of Julian calendar across the Slavdom in the period between the 9th-11th centuries.  The research is based on scarce limited written historical records as it explores the times before writing came to the Slavs.  Hence to a large degree it relies on abundant ethnographic sources, as well as on linguistics.  Therefore, in principle it employs a comparative methodology and often draws from Indo-European examples.

ICONS  DEPICTING  ST  CYRIL  AND  ST  METHODIUS  FROM  THE  STRANDZHA MOUNTAINS (SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY).

During the time of the Bulgarians’struggle  for ecclesiastical  emancipation  from the Constantinople patriarchy  in  the  1850s – 1870s, the cult of theSlavic enlighteners St Cyril and St Methodius spread widely across the northern slopes of the Strandzha Mountains,whose population was predominantly Bulgarian.  This could explain why even  prior to the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, icons of the two saints began to appear in the vicinity of the towns of Sredets and Malko Tarnovo.These were painted by Socrates Georgiou, a Greek icon painter from Sozopol who skillfully exploited the patrioticsentiments of the local Bulgarian church communities. A similar approach was adopted by the less gifted Greek iconpainter Stavros from Lozengrad, who was particularly active in the area around Malko Tarnovo, which remainedunder Turkish control between 1878 and 1912. During the early decades after the 1878, on the northern side of theBulgarian –  Turkish  border,  in  the  region of  Sredets and  the adjacent  villages belonging  to  the  municipalities ofSozopol and Primorsko, there were several icon painters from Tryavna (Dimitar Minev, his son Hristo Dimitrov,and others) who were working tirelessly in the local churches, painting icons of the Slavic enlighteners in the besttraditions of the Tryavna Art School. In some of the Strandzha churches a clear manifestation of the veneration of StCyril and St Methodius was the placement of their icon on the  bishop’s throne, an curious novel practice, alsoevident in a number  of  other places  across  Bulgaria, the reason for  which  was the conviction  shared by thecontemporaries that the contribution of the Thessaloniki brothers provided a solid spiritual and cultural basis for theautocephaly of the Bulgarian Church, which was restored on May 11th, 1872.

The time frame of the thesis is the period approximately from the tenth to the twelfth century and it focuses on the area of north-eastern Germany that was more or less the north-eastern quarter of the former German Democratic Republic. The Warnow river, the Baltic sea, the Oder river and the Havel river basin roughly define this region.  The thesis concentrates on the Slavic inhabitants of this area in that time and their political and ideological response to challenges from the Empire, in political terms, and Christianity in the ideological and religious spheres, looking also into a similar pressures, albeit much weaker, from other neighbours such as Poland and Denmark.
The thesis not explore a single issue, and as it follows Emil Durkheim’s notion of  social basis of religion, it analyses not only political but also religious developments.  One of the major findings of the research is that, despite the strong influence of and extensive contacts with Western Christendom, Polabian religion remained basically Slavic in character, and there were not significant borrowings. Nonetheless, Christianity provided  ready models for organized cults, a formal priesthood and temples.  The research demonstrates that from various early and common Slavic deities new syncretic gods and cults emerged, comprising features and functions from numerous deities.  At the same time certain tribal deities emerged as dominant ones and Polabian beliefs underwent a transformation into a clearly defined henotheistic religion.
A certain uniformisation of these Polabian deities was also observed. Various, originally different tribal gods with different functions evolved into deities that shared many functions, rituals and characteristics.  In reality although their names differed they turned functionally into practically the same deities. The findings challenge common assumption of the origin of Polabian deities. In particular, they show that Polabian gods were not Perun (allegedly a war god) disguised under a different name, and that Perun was not originally a war deity but rather an atmospheric god.  The research shows that gods like Sventovit of Rügen and Yarovit at Wolgast and Havelberg were initially agricultural Slavic deities, who in the course of the time amalgamated other functions and characteristics.  As war dominated the last centuries of the Polabian independence, all these gods evolved into clearly martial deities.
In the political sphere the research demonstrates that under strong external pressure many Polabian Slavs organized themselves into larger, supra-tribal political entities.  In some areas a city emporium such as Wolin, Szczecin or Wolgast emerged. They were characterized by the dominant role of craftwork and commerce in their economy and relatively small size.  Generally all north-eastern Polabian political entities developed a peculiar political system.  They retained in most cases the old institution of a tribal assembly, called in Slavic veche, despite emerging local elites and upper class.  One of the unique characteristics of their political system was the very prominent role of  the pagan priesthood.  Nowhere did this system become a true theocracy but at least on Rügen island the pagan priests were a dominant political force, and in fact they were the real rulers of the principality.  This finding challenges the commonly accepted notion that the north-eastern Polabian priesthood played a much less prominent role and was the same footing  the tribal assembly and local elite or "princes".

The motif, embellishing the earliest Glagolitic books, reveals itself as a meaningful, polysemic image and partakes in a visual paradigm, which the decorators abode by. In this paper the author proceeds with a theme taken up nearly fi fteen years ago, now exploring in detail the artistic specifi city of the repetitive zoomorphic or, rather, teratological motif. Previously it has been identifi ed as a dragon head but the persisting ambivalence in the notions of the snake/serpent and the dragon cannot be ignored. As it has been applied most of all to the decorated initials, some interpretations of the twofold symbolism of the letter – as a ‘picture’ in itself and as a message related to the text – are off ered on examples from the codices Assemanianus and Psalterium Sinaiticum.

The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre.
              The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre.
          The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes.
            This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.

""Archaeologist, Teacher, Friend. Nicolai Telnov’s Anniversary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

MONOGRAPH INSIDE THE JOURNAL
N. V. Zhilina (Moscow, Russia). Stamped Jewel Attire Reconstructed Based on Old Rus Hoards of 10th — 13th Centuries (from the ornamental stamping to the emblem of the princely power). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS
V. Ivanišević (Belgrad, Serbia), M. Kazanski (Paris, France). Justinian’s Heruli in Northern
Illyricum and Their Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
N. D. Russev (Kishinev, Moldova). North-Eastern Possessions of the First Bulgarian Kingdom in 7th—10th cc.: History and Burial Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
A. V. Kurbatov (St.-Petersburg, Russia). Raw materials for leather crafts, technical means
for leather processing and assortment of leathers in Mediaeval Rus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

JEWELLER’S CRAFT
A. G. Shpilev (Kursk, Russia). Adornments of Romny Time from Kursk Oblast
(second half of 8th — late 10th cc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Y. V. Stepanova (Tver’, Russia). Temple Rings from Ancient Russian Rural Archaeological Sites in the Upper Volga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
S. S. Ryabtseva (St.-Petersburg, Russia — Kishinev, Moldova), N. P. Telnov (Kishinev, Moldova). A Hoard from Alcedar and Centers of Jewellery Industry in Eastern Europe in late 9th — early 11th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
А. Boldureanu (Kishinev, Moldova). The Byzantine and Islamic Coins from Alcedar Hoard . . . 301

ARCHAEOLOGY OF REPRESENTATIONS
Y. V. Mysko, S. V. Pyvovarov (Chernivtsi, Ukraine). Finds of Knives with Curls on the Handles in the Region of the Upper Prut and the Middle Dniester . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 309
I. Berdzenishvili (Tbilisi, Georgia). Early Christians in Abkhazia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
References Transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin Alphabet 329
Requirements to contributions to Stratum plus. 345

Содержание

AD GLORIAM 

Р. А. Рабинович (Кишинев, Молдова), С. С. Рябцева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия — Кишинев, Молдова)
Археолог. Учитель. Друг. К юбилею Николая Петровича Тельнова 15

МОНОГРАФИЯ В ЖУРНАЛЕ 

Н. В. Жилина (Москва, Россия)
Тисненый убор по древнерусским кладам X—XIII вв. (от орнаментального рифления до эмблемы княжеской власти) 23

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ПУБЛИКАЦИИ 

В. Иванишевич (Белград, Сербия), М. Казанский (Париж, Франция)
Герулы Юстиниана в Северном Иллирикуме и их археологические следы 147
Н. Д. Руссев (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Северо-восточные владения Дунайской Болгарии VII—X вв.: история и погребальные памятники 159
А. В. Курбатов (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Кожевенное сырье, техническое обеспечение его выделки и сортамент кож средневековой Руси 169

ЮВЕЛИРНОЕ ДЕЛО 

А. Г. Шпилев (Курск, Россия)
Украшения роменского времени из Курской области (вторая половина VIII — конец X вв.) 221
Ю. В. Степанова (Тверь, Россия)
Височные кольца из древнерусских сельских памятников Верхневолжья 275
С. С. Рябцева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия — Кишинёв, Молдова), Н. П. Тельнов (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Алчедарский клад и центры ювелирного производства Восточной Европы конца IX — начала XI вв. 285
А. Болдуряну (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Византийские и исламские монеты из Алчедарского клада 301

АРХЕОЛОГИЯ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ 

Ю. В. Мысько, С. В. Пивоваров (Черновцы, Украина)
Находки ножей с волютообразными навершиями в Верхнем Попрутье и Среднем Поднестровье 309
И. Бердзенишвили (Тбилиси, Грузия)
Раннее христианство в Абхазии 317

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 

Список сокращений325
References Transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin Alphabet327
Требования к материалам, предоставляемым в редакцию журнала «Stratum plus»
Требования 341

This article analyzes the speeches prepared by John Paul II for the annual visits of Bulgarian delegations on the occasion of celebrations of the Saints Cyril and Methodius (around May 24 th). The fourteen texts prepared for these visits together with his speeches during the Pope's Apostolic Journey to Bulgaria in 2002 and during the presentations of letters of credence for Bulgarian Ambassadors to the Holy See present a very interesting and understudied material for a better analysis of the Pope's Slavic, ecumenical and European ideas. The Pope sees this tradition as a continuation of politics of John XXIII and Paul VI.

This article was published in 2009 as the result of my student activities and research. It focuses on the Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin´s participation at the Slavic assembly in Prague in 1848. Bakunin influenced its developement and results. Similarly, his stay in Prague brought him a lot of experience, which influenced the future development of his intelectual thought. Bakunin participated on the assembly as delegate of polish-ruthenian department. He mainly commented on formal questions, but also concetrated on background activities and tried to turn other delegates (e.g. Ľudovít Štúr) for his revolutionary thoughts. He, however, failed. He tried to disprove the illusions about russian tzar Mikuláš I. and was in fierce oppostion to austroslavism. He came out with the idea of democratic slavic federation, but he failed again in enforcing this. After the assembly, he participated in unsuccessful June uprising and had to flee to Dresden. He then tried to organize uprising in Prague from Dresden, but was exposed, arrested and in 1851 extradited to russian authorities.

Given how enmeshed popular music has been in Ukraine’s key political transformations of the past thirty or so years, it is perhaps surprising that this rich material has not come to scholars’ attention more often. Since Adriana Helbig’s pioneering monograph, Hip Hop Ukraine: Music, Race, and African Migration (Bloomington, IN, 2014), until recently, no dedicated book- length study has addressed the intersections of popular music and politics in contemporary Ukraine. That is why the appearance in 2019 of two such volumes at once constitutes a particularly important addition to the field.

On the Hunter’s Trail. Mickiewiczian Echoes in the Poetry of Czesław Miłosz (and Beyond)

It is a truism that the work of Adam Mickiewicz occupies a central place in Czesław Miłosz’s literary universe. The present paper seeks to investigate one particular Mickiewiczian micro-element that strikingly often recurs in Miłosz’s writings, namely the so-called “kernel” of the
Lithuanian forests (jądro gęstwiny). Significantly, while wilderness areas such as woods and forests have always filled the human imagination with awe and fear, Miłosz has turned the Lithuanian “thicket” into one of the cornerstones of his poetic topography, investing its mysterious  “kernel” with epiphanic and eschatological potential. Partially mediated by some of his other childhood readings 'L'ato leśnych ludzi' ('The Forest People’s Summer') by Zofia Rodziewiczówna, 'Na tropie przyrody'
('On the Trail of Nature') and 'W puszczy' ('In the Wood') by Włodzimierz Korsak, 'Nasz las i jego mieszkańcy' ('Our Forest and Its Inhabitants') by Bohdan Dyakowski and 'Soból i panna' ('The Sable and the Girl') by
Józef Weyssenhoff), Miłosz’s mythologization (if not sacralization) of the wildland spaces of his childhood might be said to add a particular (pagan and gendered) twist to the traditional repertory of Christian (u)topography, in particular its rural and urban manifestations (the Garden of Eden and Heavenly Jerusalem).

Although the first world, as seen through the lens of academia, seems to be prospering, and the third world has found its own place in the postcolonial intellectual order, the post-cold war world of semi-peripheries in East and Central Europe (ECE) has largely disappeared from the discourse of Comparative Literature. It sometimes appears as a convenient intellectual counterpoint or is included in postmodernist or postcolonial narratives; in both cases, however, it doesn’t convey regional specificity or allow local voices to speak. Both strategies – core and postcolonial – expropriate the semi-peripheral realm of second-world non-places.

Svaki ideološki projekt ima svoj vokabular i svoje temeljne metafore jer se upravo u jeziku, i preko jezika, posreduje svjetonazor. Kanonske vizije svih ideologija dobivaju na taj način svoju reprezentaciju koja im omogućava afirmaciju nekog svjetonazorski uvjetovanog uvjerenja. U ovom prilogu želim pokazati kako se u romanima o Drugome svjetskom ratu prikazuju put i putovanje protagonista, napose partizana, kroz prostor i kroz vrijeme. Smatram da je uvjerenje o ispravnom putovanju prema zadanom cilju alegorija dogmatske vjere u komunizam, da se lutanje može alegorijski interpretirati kao sumnja, a gubitak puta kao potpuna ili djelomična negacija te vjere. Moglo bi se reći da te tri kon-cepcije puta i putovanja alegorijski oslikavaju odnos prema revoluciji. Prva izražava spoznajni optimizam, druga skepsu, a treća iznevjerene ideale i katastrofizam. Prvo je karakteristično za ranu fazu komunizma (plemenski kolektivizam), drugo za polemičku (kritički kolektivizam), a treće za dekadentnu (individualizam). Propitat ću razvojni tijek metafore putovanja u romanima s ratnom tematikom, od čvrstog ostvarenja te ideje preko lutanja sve do bespuća i gubitka puta, da bih pokazao kako se to poklapa s političkim propitivanjima komunističkih dogmi.

This chapter discusses the evolution of minority policies in Poland after 1945 in the
context of the processes of ethnic homogenization and nationalization of the Polish state. It analyses the impact of political changes and ethnic structure on the national and minority policy of Poland at various stages of historical development of the country. It also explores whether, and if so, to what extent, the process of national consolidation in Poland has been completed, i.e. to what extent the national identity has prevailed over the regional or linguistic identities. The findings reveal that, after 1989, the minority issue is no longer a relevant factor in Polish politics, remaining within the confines of the dispute over the nature of the Polish identity between the conservative-nationalist and the leftist-liberal segments of Polish politics. At the same time, however, minority rights are not, despite the wording of the Constitution and relevant legislation, relegated to the level of democratic discourse by the political elites, but in many cases are rather seen as a challenge to the stability of the Polish statehood.

This article analyzes the development of Soviet scientific future studies after World War II, arguing that the field’s theory and methods undermined the certainty of the communist future and laid the foundations for a new Soviet governmentality that acknowledged the intrinsic uncertainty of future development. The emphasis on uncertainty-but also the need for more data that could freely circulate between different branches of government and hence more transparency (glasnost’)-called for radical revisions to Soviet notions of effective governance. Whereas some used future studies to criticize the actual practices of Soviet economic planning, others used this new type of expertise to extend personal influence and accumulate organizational power. Both cases, however, made it clear that Soviet governance had to accommodate the shift toward new constellations of power/knowledge in which scientific experts would play an ever-increasing role in shaping policy with regard to a fundamentally uncertain future.

The article examines series of Slavic denominations of potato containing reduplicated clusters of sounds. A hypothesis for sound-symbolic origin of the words is presented. Тhe following data were taken into account: the formal and semantic parallelism between words with reduplication expressing the same meaning, their formal and semantic variation, formal irregularities , contamination.

Nový slovník slovinského spisovného jazyka venuje osobitnú pozornosť frazeologickým jednotkám. Náčrt konceptu nového výkladového slovníka slovinského spisovného jazyka  (2015: 56) obhajuje celistvý opis každej frazémy. Frazému chápe ako ustálenú a reprodukovanú viacslovnú pomenovaciu konštrukciu nevetnej alebo vetnej povahy s frazeologickým významom, výraznou konotatívnou zložkou a expresívnou hodnotou. Fungovanie všetkých v slovníku prezentovaných frazém a ich variantov v súčasnom úze je overené ich frekvenciou v slovinskom jazykovom korpuse Gigafida. Hlavná podoba frazémy (tzv. „nulový variant“ alebo „frazeologická lemma“) ako aj všetky varianty sú predstavené v plnej forme.
Slovník sa snaží zachytiť všetky typy frazeologických variantov podľa slovinskej typológie (Kržišnik 1987), ktorá je vo veľkej miere ovplyvnená Mlacekovou (1984) typológiou. Predstavuje ortografické, morfologické, lexikálne, syntaktické a tiež pragmatické varianty (napr. vykanie a tykanie u pragmatických frazém). V rámci lexikálnej variantnosti prezentuje aj varianty spôsobené rozdielom medzi dokonalým a nedokonalým vidom slovies, ak takéto varianty jazykový korpus potvrdzuje. Redaktori posudzujú frazeologické varianty aj z hľadiska jazykovej normy, avšak s rešpektovaním faktu, že frazémy sú z formálnej ako aj sémantickej stránky jednotky anomálne (Čermák 1993: 46-51, Kržišnik 2010: 93) a že ich vzťah k jazykovej norme je špecifický (Kržišnik 1996). Každý variant sa musí v jazykovom korpuse objavovať natoľko často, aby redaktor mohol posúdiť, že naozaj ide o ustálenú formu, a nie o aktualizáciu (Kržišnik 1987). Okrem toho musí ísť o prototypové použitie frazémy (Čermák 2007: 572-573).
Lexikografický proces zahrňuje overovanie frazém, ktoré boli zaradené do Slovníka slovinského spisovného jazyka (SSKJ) alebo do Slovníka slovinských frazém (Keber 2011), ale aj hľadanie doteraz neregistrovaných jednotiek. Veľký dôraz sa kladie na tom, aby bol na základe korpusových údajov lexikograficky posúdený čo najväčší počet potenciálnych variantov frazémy. Preto treba kombinovať rôzne vyhľadávacie postupy. Okrem toho, že si redaktori všímajú, v akých podobách bola frazéma doteraz zachytená – ak vôbec bola – používajú napr. vyhľadávanie častých kolokátov v kontexte každého komponentu frazémy. Veľa frazém aj ich variantov počas svojej práce s korpusom nájdu aj iní lexikografi, nielen frazeológovia. Lexikografickú prácu s variantmi parémií zľahčuje sociolingvistický výskum 918 jednotiek, podľa ktorého bolo určené slovinské paremiologické minimum (Meterc 2014, 2016). V prípade tejto časti frazeológie sa odpovede okolo 450 respondentov z celého Slovinska používajú ako vstupné údaje pre korpusový výskum paremiologických variantov, ktorý je vo vzťahu k výskumu iných typov frazém špecifický (Ďurčo 2014).

In this paper I address a typological puzzle concerning complementary distribution of classifiers and plural markers. I discuss a possible interpretation of a particular type of the Polish word 'para' ('pair of') as a classifier. The analysis uses formal semantic plurality framework of Landman (2000).

Drawing on Roman Jakobson's study of aphasia, I first analyze how Jakobson's description of metaphor derives from his concept of the dominant, and demonstrate how that juncture pertains to Shoshana Felman's discussion of metaphor in The Scandal of the Speaking Body. When Felman relates metaphor to the paternal, and the paternal to metaphor, she suggests that metaphor may be how the very conditions of authority and authorization are articulated. Metaphor thus turns out to coincide with a political function of language, to be observed at its most critical in modernity, in the intersections of literature, philosophy and psychoanalysis. It is with this in mind that I proceed to analyze the Croatian novel in the 1960s and its emphatic use of metaphor, taking Antun Šoljan’s A Brief Excursion as a specimen story. I argue that metaphor colonizes Šoljan’s narration so consistently that the novel assumes for itself the position of sacrifice, demanding that metaphor be addressed in terms of a theology. It is almost as if it took a theology of metaphor for the Croatian novel to process its modern condition. // U predavanju polazim od metafore kako je opisuje Roman Jakobson; potom Jakobsonov opis stavljam u relaciju prema njegovu shvaćanju dominante, te prema metafori kako joj pristupa Shoshana Felman u studiji Skandal tijela u govoru. Prema Felman, upravo metafora najčišće upućuje na uvjete ovlaštenja, autoriteta i očinskoga u jeziku. Metafora bi zato u krajnjem izvodu bila politička funkcija jezika, a ta se funkcija osobito jasno pokazuje usporede li se diskursi književnosti, psihoanalize i filozofije. Tu konstelaciju uzimam kao polazište za analizu hrvatskoga romana u 1960-ima, koji pokazuje izrazitu sklonost prema metafori ili se prema metafori nastoji odrediti ; nije nevažno što u Marinkovićevu Kiklopu, jednome od najglasovitijih romana desetljeća, metafora ima status dominante. Šoljanov Kratki izlet još je simptomatičniji, jer se nastoji konstituirati oko čiste metafore, ili kao čista metafora, čime se roman stavlja u položaj žrtve a za pripovijedanje se zahtijevaju uvjeti žrtvovanja. Ako to upućuje na stanovitu teologizaciju metafore u hrvatskome romanu 1960-ih, pokazuje se da je teologija metafore hrvatskome romanu bila okvir da domisli uvjete vlastite modernosti.