Turkish War of Independance

Our article seeks to determine the functions of visual communication design through the lens of modern conflict and public archaeologies. The Battle of Aslıhanlar, which took place in the triangle of the villages of Çal Köy, Allıören, and Yüğlük in Kütahya from 29 to 30 August 1922, was the focus of our experimentation. Our archaeological survey project was carried out in 2013; interviews with local people, a review of the literature available and our observations of local myths and traditions that emerged after the war constitute the basis of our article. We categorized these sources for the project design in order to form a storytelling narrative, so that the viewer could participate in the process of conflict as well as the ongoing research. We foresaw three major challenges while categorizing this complex dataset: equivalence of visual language; variable outputs of the multi-dimensional research methods; and interactivity for creating a live social platform. We responded to thes...

Less known and studied than its military, political and diplomatic aspects, the
demographic aspect of the decadence of the Ottoman Empire is not less important. Under
unfavourable conditions, the Ottoman state implemented demographic engineering in order
to provide decent subsistence and dwelling to the Muslim refugees coming mainly from the
territories seized by the Tsarist Empire and to increase control over the Christian communities.
The greatest (and most tragic) wave of refugees occurred in the years 1862–1864, when the
Tsarist Empire implemented a policy of extermination and expulsion of the native inhabitants
of Western Caucasus. Later, in the memory of the Balkan Christians, these refugees became
villains, as they were the tool of the Ottoman repressions. This long term process includes the
massive killings and bloody resettlement of the Anatolian Armenians in 1915, which must be
viewed not as a sudden starting point, but as a final “perfect storm” caused by the accumulation
of ominous factors.

Bu çalışma Yeni Gün gazetesinin 3 Eylül 1918 ve 30 Ekim 1923 tarihleri arasında
yayınlanmış sayılarının, Mütareke Dönemi ve Cumhuriyet’in ilanı arasındaki süreç arka
planda olmak üzere, incelenmesine ve değerlendirilmesine dayanmaktadır. Bir dönemden
diğerine geçilen sancılı sürecin gazete sayfalarına ne şekilde yansıdığı, siyasi açıdan
nasıl bir bakış açısına ve duruşa sahip olduğu ve bu bakış açısından iç ve dış olayları
nasıl değerlendirdiği, Millî Mücadele karşısındaki tavrını ve sayfalarında hangi fikir
akımlarına ne şekilde yer vermiş olduğunu anlama çabası, çalışmanın hareket noktasını
oluşturmaktadır.

This study is based on the issues of Yeni Gün between September 3, 1918 and
October 30, 1923. The issues of the newspaper are analyzed and assessed by keeping
the period between Armistice Period and the proclaiming of republic in the background.
The study which is predicated on issues of Yeni Gün newspaper aims to understand the
function of the newspaper as a communication medium, its political stand, its attitude
towards Turkish National Struggle, and the ideas which took place in the context of the
paper.

Σκοπός του παρόντος κειμένου είναι να αντικρούσει δημοφιλείς θεωρίες σχετικά με την υποτιθέμενη ευθύνη του Ελευθερίου Βενιζέλου για τη Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή. Σύμφωνα με αυτές, ο Βενιζέλος δεν έπρεπε να επιδιώξει την ελληνική κατοχή της Σμύρνης και της περιοχής της στο Συνέδριο της Ειρήνης το 1919-20 ούτε να προκηρύξει τις εκλογές του Νοεμβρίου του 1920, παρά μόνο εάν σκόπευε να τις χάσει για να απεκδυθεί τις έως τότε ευθύνες του για το Μικρασιατικό και το Βορειοηπειρωτικό ζήτημα. Ο συγγραφέας θεωρεί ότι ο Βενιζέλος αγωνίστηκε για την υλοποίηση του πανελλήνιου οράματος της Μεγάλης Ιδέας, στα πλαίσια όμως ενός εντελώς ρευστού περιβάλλοντος στο οποίο η αρχικά ευνοϊκή αντιμετώπιση της Ελλάδας από τους πρώην συμμάχους της στην Αντάντ είχε αρχίσει να μειώνεται. Παράλληλα, επισημαίνονται οι σοβαρές ευθύνες των πολιτικών αντιπάλων του για την πολιτικοστρατιωτική διεξαγωγή του Μικρασιατικού ζητήματος την περίοδο 1921-22, οι οποίοι επέλεξαν να αγνοήσουν εντελώς τις συμβουλές του Βενιζέλου.

Giriş İnsanoğlunun gökyüzünde uçma ve yükselme arzusu tarih boyunca çeşitli dönemlerde bireysel uçma denemelerini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Günümüz anlamındaki uçak görünümünde bir vasıtayla ilk uçuş Wright kardeşler tarafından 1903 yılında gerçekleştirilmesiyle bu hayal gerçeğe dönüşmüş ve özellikle sanayileşmiş devletlerde daha çok özgür müteşebbüslerin katıldığı uçak sanayi ve ticareti yarışını da beraberinde getirmiştir. İlk uçak örneklerinin meydana çıkmasıyla birlikte uçağın dünya ordularında askeri maksatlarla da kullanılması ön plana çıkmış ve ilk olarak 1911 Trablusgarp savaşında bu maksatla kullanılan uçaklar tarihteki yerini almıştır. 1 Uçakların savaş alanlarında da kullanılmaya başlamasıyla birlikte askeri maksatlı hava unsurları gelişmeye başlamıştır. Bu gelişmelere paralel olarak Osmanlı Ordusunda da ilk yapılanmalar başlamış ve ordu bünyesindeki Türk havacıları ilk olarak Balkan Savaşında görev yaparak Osmanlı Ordusunda da uçaklar askeri maksatla kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.2 Askeri önemi daha iyi anlaşılan uçakların dönemin ileri gelen askerlerinin teşfikleriyle Osmanlı Devleti de sahip olmak istemişse de bu daha çok yapılan kişisel bağış ve toplu kampanyalarla kıt ekonomik kaynaklarla sınırlı sayıda uçak satın alma şeklinde olmuştur. 1'inci Dünya Savaşında hava kuvveti olarak Osmanlı Ordusunun kısıtlı hava unsurları Almanya tarafından desteklenmiş, hatta bazı cephelerde Paşa Bölüğü adı verilen tamamen Alman askeri personel ve malzemesinden meydana gelen Alman hava birliklerince hava desteği faaliyetleri savaş sonuna kadar yürütülmüştür. 3 1'inci Dünya Savaşı Sonrası Türk Hava Unsurları

Demir yolları devletin bağımsızlığını sağlayan ana unsurlar arasındadır. Demir yolları tarih boyunca madenlerde, ulaşımda ve savaşlarda ana unsur olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. Ulusların zenginleşmesinde, gıdasal üretimin artmasında, reformların uygulanabilmesinde ve savaşlarda uygun taktiklerin doğru zamanlarda uygulabilmesinde sanayi devriminden sonra önemli bir unsur olarak diğer ulaşım yöntemlerinden bir adım öne çıkmıştır. Bu makalede ise demir yollarının; Türkiye topraklarına girişi, millileştirilmesi ehemmiyetinin ve bu doğrultuda Cumhuriyet öncesi ve sonrası dönemde alınan kararlar ve uygulanmalarının yanı sıra bu süreçte Behiç Erkin’in rolü ve önemi işlenecektir.

Especialy in the nineteenth century Western Great Powers (Britain, France, Russia, Italy) and their other colonies and allies and Germany, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and their initiated strenght, balance and order new colonial struggle against each other will result in large scale a total war in the next century and that took place in a lot of different fronts and regions. The main causes of this struggle outside political and socio-economic reasons are German threat partucularly  Britain, France and its former colonies and their pahts.

Our article seeks to determine the functions of visual communication design through the lens of modern conflict and public archaeologies. The Battle of Aslıhanlar, which took place in the triangle of the villages of Çal Köy, Allıören, and Yüğlük in Kütahya from 29 to 30 August 1922, was the focus of our experimentation. Our archaeological survey project was carried out in 2013; interviews with local people, a review of the literature available and our observations of local myths and traditions that emerged after the war constitute the basis of our article. We categorized these sources for the project design in order to form a storytelling narrative, so that the viewer could participate in the process of conflict as well as the ongoing research. We foresaw three major challenges while categorizing this complex dataset: equivalence of visual language; variable outputs of the multi-dimensional research methods; and interactivity for creating a live social platform. We responded to thes...

This article provides an archaeological and ethnographic insight into the Battle of Dumlupınar, which took place between the Turkish and Greek armies in the triangle of the villages of Çalköy, Allıören and Yüğlük in Kütahya, Turkey between 29 August and 31 August 1922. The results of the first survey conducted at the battle site are provided in relation to military reports from 1922, the timeline of the conflict and interviews with local people. The survey’s findings reflect the ‘cause-and-effect’ relationships and cognitive stages of the conflict by revisiting the timeline of the battle with regard to the material culture of the conflict.