Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Peel, Regional municipality (RM)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,451,022	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,381,739	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	467,970	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	450,746	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,163.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,247.45	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,451,025	718,215	732,805
0 to 14 years	240,135	123,540	116,590
0 to 4 years	71,070	36,455	34,615
5 to 9 years	80,690	41,460	39,230
10 to 14 years	88,365	45,620	42,745
15 to 64 years	998,265	496,870	501,395
15 to 19 years	93,110	48,490	44,620
20 to 24 years	113,815	61,465	52,345
25 to 29 years	110,090	57,490	52,600
30 to 34 years	101,730	50,360	51,370
35 to 39 years	100,230	48,110	52,120
40 to 44 years	95,300	44,700	50,600
45 to 49 years	95,430	45,165	50,265
50 to 54 years	99,795	47,970	51,825
55 to 59 years	101,845	50,265	51,580
60 to 64 years	86,920	42,855	44,065
65 years and over	212,630	97,810	114,820
65 to 69 years	68,710	32,805	35,900
70 to 74 years	56,710	26,600	30,105
75 to 79 years	38,230	17,790	20,435
80 to 84 years	25,450	11,495	13,955
85 years and over	23,535	9,110	14,425
85 to 89 years	14,940	6,185	8,755
90 to 94 years	6,630	2,420	4,205
95 to 99 years	1,710	450	1,265
100 years and over	255	60	200
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.5	17.2	15.9
15 to 64 years	68.8	69.2	68.4
65 years and over	14.7	13.6	15.7
85 years and over	1.6	1.3	2.0
Average age of the population	39.4	38.5	40.3
Median age of the population	38.4	36.8	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	450,745	...	...
Single-detached house	205,800	...	...
Semi-detached house	53,255	...	...
Row house	59,330	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	20,185	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	26,075	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	85,670	...	...
Other single-attached house	125	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	290	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	450,745	...	...
1 person	72,615	...	...
2 persons	109,950	...	...
3 persons	85,800	...	...
4 persons	95,855	...	...
5 or more persons	86,525	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,439,075	713,160	725,915
Average household size	3.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,210,890	594,675	616,215
Married or living common-law	688,410	343,635	344,780
Married	640,180	319,490	320,695
Living common-law	48,225	24,150	24,080
Living common law - Never married	32,770	16,350	16,415
Living common law - Separated	2,640	1,480	1,165
Living common law - Divorced	11,705	5,845	5,855
Living common law - Widowed	1,115	470	650
Not married and not living common-law	522,480	251,045	271,440
Not married and not living common law - Never married	386,685	210,655	176,035
Not married and not living common law - Separated	27,155	10,410	16,745
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	53,235	19,130	34,100
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	55,410	10,850	44,555
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	397,920	...	...
2 persons	151,080	...	...
3 persons	98,850	...	...
4 persons	104,920	...	...
5 or more persons	43,065	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	397,915	...	...
Total couple families	330,680	...	...
Married couples	306,605	...	...
With children⁶	207,115	...	...
Without children	99,490	...	...
Common-law couples	24,075	...	...
With children⁶	10,965	...	...
Without children	13,115	...	...
Total one-parent families	67,235	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	54,755	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	12,475	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,439,075	713,160	725,915
Total - Persons in census families	1,247,160	619,765	627,400
Married spouses or common-law partners	661,365	330,615	330,745
Parents in one-parent families	67,235	12,475	54,760
Children⁶	518,560	276,670	241,895
In a two-parent family	410,490	218,495	191,995
In a one-parent family	108,070	58,175	49,895
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	191,915	93,395	98,520
Living alone	72,615	32,435	40,180
Living with other relatives⁷	58,345	23,020	35,330
Living with non-relatives only	60,955	37,940	23,010
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	450,745	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	283,190	...	...
Couple-family households	239,815	...	...
With children⁶	164,075	...	...
Without children	75,745	...	...
One-parent-family households	43,375	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	44,165	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	8,905	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	23,215	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	18,655	...	...
One-person households	72,615	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,199,070	589,685	609,380
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,131,905	556,055	575,855
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	41,600	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,132,565	556,385	576,175
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,600	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	990,090	501,695	488,395
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	39,200	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	843,060	438,185	404,875
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,800	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,034,130	503,270	530,855
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,650	5,640	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,730	45,085	66,650
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	399,870	200,225	199,640
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,199,070	589,850	609,225
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,131,830	556,480	575,345
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,680	57,050	44,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,132,465	556,800	575,665
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	46,640	38,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	990,350	502,830	487,520
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,360	54,450	40,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	843,060	439,045	404,020
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,320	54,450	41,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,034,630	503,710	530,920
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,110	8,650	11,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,620	45,270	66,355
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,480	5,885	6,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	398,650	199,405	199,245
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,400	9,230	9,570
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,199,075	589,850	609,225
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	394,760	222,210	172,555
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	67,000	58,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,200	81,100	67,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	320,660	154,485	166,170
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	19,400	15,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,880	29,720	24,260
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.8	86.2	76.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	75.4	65.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.2	13.7	23.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.8	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.2	6.2	8.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.5	5.8	7.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,199,070	589,690	609,385
Without total income	67,165	33,635	33,530
With total income	1,131,905	556,050	575,855
Under $10,000 (including loss)	117,085	50,645	66,445
$10,000 to $19,999	149,765	68,340	81,420
$20,000 to $29,999	184,440	84,885	99,560
$30,000 to $39,999	142,340	64,900	77,435
$40,000 to $49,999	118,090	54,525	63,570
$50,000 to $59,999	95,805	45,660	50,150
$60,000 to $69,999	74,105	37,380	36,730
$70,000 to $79,999	56,650	30,580	26,070
$80,000 to $89,999	45,030	26,125	18,900
$90,000 to $99,999	34,775	20,490	14,280
$100,000 and over	113,820	72,520	41,305
$100,000 to $149,999	80,380	48,920	31,460
$150,000 and over	33,440	23,595	9,845
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,199,070	589,690	609,385
Without after-tax income	66,505	33,295	33,205
With after-tax income	1,132,565	556,390	576,175
Under $10,000 (including loss)	120,415	52,025	68,385
$10,000 to $19,999	156,060	71,655	84,405
$20,000 to $29,999	206,290	94,820	111,470
$30,000 to $39,999	165,395	76,730	88,665
$40,000 to $49,999	136,455	64,935	71,520
$50,000 to $59,999	102,270	51,210	51,065
$60,000 to $69,999	73,595	39,840	33,750
$70,000 to $79,999	52,870	30,770	22,100
$80,000 to $89,999	41,305	22,990	18,315
$90,000 to $99,999	24,750	15,030	9,720
$100,000 and over	53,170	36,385	16,780
$100,000 to $124,999	28,570	18,935	9,635
$125,000 and over	24,595	17,450	7,150
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,199,070	589,690	609,385
Without employment income	356,010	151,505	204,510
With employment income	843,060	438,185	404,870
Under $5,000 (including loss)	115,110	55,150	59,955
$5,000 to $9,999	78,100	34,905	43,195
$10,000 to $19,999	102,665	49,180	53,485
$20,000 to $29,999	79,255	40,440	38,810
$30,000 to $39,999	74,400	36,300	38,100
$40,000 to $49,999	73,445	35,435	38,005
$50,000 to $59,999	65,470	33,105	32,365
$60,000 to $69,999	54,150	29,080	25,075
$70,000 to $79,999	42,870	24,475	18,395
$80,000 to $89,999	35,875	21,690	14,180
$90,000 to $99,999	29,115	17,510	11,600
$100,000 and over	92,620	60,910	31,710
$100,000 to $124,999	47,180	28,545	18,635
$125,000 and over	45,440	32,365	13,075
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,199,070	589,685	609,380
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,097,775	537,810	559,965
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,000	31,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,098,005	537,850	560,155
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,400	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	970,455	490,990	479,460
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,800	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	837,700	434,535	403,165
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	963,350	467,065	496,285
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,370	820	3,480
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	65,480	23,820	41,660
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,320	6,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,199,070	589,850	609,225
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,097,800	537,800	560,000
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,760	54,350	41,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,098,025	537,845	560,185
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,840	44,320	35,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	969,820	490,635	479,190
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,080	55,250	40,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	837,770	434,645	403,115
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,600	54,850	41,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	964,005	467,210	496,795
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,015	4,544	7,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,240	23,655	41,590
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,570	6,510	8,170
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,199,075	589,850	609,225
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	389,915	219,280	170,635
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	63,200	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,600	76,800	62,650
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	298,370	144,110	154,260
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	25,400	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,840	36,320	29,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.0	92.8	84.2
Employment income (%)	77.6	81.6	72.8
Government transfers (%)	11.1	7.3	15.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	450,745	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	72,615	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	378,125	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	450,745	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	127,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	72,665	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	378,085	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	450,745	...	...
Under $5,000	4,275	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,780	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,070	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,920	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	9,880	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,915	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	9,120	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	10,355	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	11,025	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	11,410	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	25,010	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	26,225	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	27,250	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	26,825	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	26,400	...	...
$100,000 and over	244,270	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	60,790	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	49,650	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	67,220	...	...
$200,000 and over	66,605	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	450,745	...	...
Under $5,000	4,780	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,870	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,130	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,255	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	10,530	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	9,955	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,345	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	11,975	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	13,095	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	13,885	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	30,080	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	32,180	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	32,870	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	32,490	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	30,835	...	...
$100,000 and over	207,480	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	66,405	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	49,690	...	...
$150,000 and over	91,385	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	369,465	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	81,440	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	217,055	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	55,390	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	133,570	70,375	63,190
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,600	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	32,800	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	369,035	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	138,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	81,085	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	217,350	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,130	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	96,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	84,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	133,345	70,275	63,070
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,120	46,440	45,760
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,080	38,840	39,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,439,075	713,160	725,915
0 to 17 years	295,155	152,160	142,990
0 to 5 years	86,510	44,345	42,160
18 to 64 years	937,960	465,215	472,745
65 years and over	205,960	95,780	110,180
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	111,925	53,405	58,520
0 to 17 years	28,680	14,805	13,880
0 to 5 years	8,990	4,585	4,405
18 to 64 years	62,660	30,435	32,225
65 years and over	20,585	8,165	12,420
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	7.8	7.5	8.1
0 to 17 years (%)	9.7	9.7	9.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.4	10.3	10.5
18 to 64 years (%)	6.7	6.5	6.8
65 years and over (%)	10.0	8.5	11.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,439,075	713,160	725,915
0 to 17 years	295,155	152,165	142,990
0 to 5 years	86,515	44,350	42,165
18 to 64 years	937,960	465,215	472,745
65 years and over	205,965	95,785	110,180
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	77,655	41,170	36,485
0 to 17 years	14,265	7,365	6,895
0 to 5 years	4,420	2,250	2,165
18 to 64 years	56,265	30,740	25,520
65 years and over	7,125	3,065	4,065
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.8	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	4.8	4.8	4.8
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.1	5.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	6.6	5.4
65 years and over (%)	3.5	3.2	3.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,439,075	713,160	725,915
In bottom half of the distribution	644,660	317,170	327,490
In bottom decile	113,390	57,755	55,640
In second decile	117,930	56,610	61,325
In third decile	131,095	64,060	67,030
In fourth decile	137,155	67,305	69,850
In fifth decile	145,085	71,440	73,645
In top half of the distribution	794,415	395,985	398,430
In sixth decile	151,980	75,040	76,940
In seventh decile	158,455	78,530	79,930
In eighth decile	163,595	81,350	82,240
In ninth decile	168,660	84,155	84,500
In top decile	151,725	76,910	74,815
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,439,075	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.314	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.422	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.273	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,441,775	714,230	727,550
English only	1,300,645	656,455	644,190
French only	1,005	415	595
English and French	81,965	35,165	46,795
Neither English nor French	58,160	22,190	35,970
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,441,775	714,230	727,550
English	1,360,575	681,545	679,025
French	12,385	5,625	6,760
English and French	11,580	5,320	6,265
Neither English nor French	57,235	21,730	35,505
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,441,775	714,230	727,550
Single responses	1,322,075	655,010	667,060
Official languages	659,815	329,920	329,895
English	649,280	325,105	324,175
French	10,535	4,815	5,720
Non-official languages	662,260	325,090	337,170
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	15
Algonquian languages	15	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	5
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	5	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	662,240	325,090	337,155
Afro-Asiatic languages	46,430	23,265	23,170
Berber languages	70	40	30
Kabyle	30	15	15
Tamazight	20	10	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Chadic languages	130	65	65
Hausa	125	65	60
Mina	5	5	0
Coptic	180	85	90
Cushitic languages	1,845	810	1,035
Bilen	10	5	5
Oromo	95	50	45
Somali	1,725	745	975
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Semitic languages	44,205	22,260	21,940
Amharic	645	305	340
Arabic	37,645	19,075	18,570
Aramaic languages	4,295	2,110	2,185
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,120	1,520	1,600
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	970	485	485
Aramaic, n.o.s.	205	100	100
Harari	70	25	40
Hebrew	85	45	40
Maltese	1,070	510	560
Tigrigna	370	185	190
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	15,005	6,860	8,145
Khmer (Cambodian)	270	140	135
Vietnamese	14,720	6,720	8,000
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	0	10
Austronesian languages	33,710	14,310	19,390
Bikol	135	55	80
Bisaya, n.o.s.	315	125	185
Cebuano	830	350	480
Fijian	10	5	5
Hiligaynon	495	195	300
Ilocano	1,390	595	795
Indonesian	1,070	485	580
Kankanaey	20	10	10
Kinaray-a	15	5	10
Malagasy languages	5	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Malay	75	30	50
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	465	220	245
Pangasinan	95	45	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	28,505	12,060	16,445
Waray-Waray	85	35	50
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	205	90	110
Creole languages	1,530	710	820
Haitian Creole	180	90	90
Jamaican English Creole	85	35	55
Krio	55	15	35
Morisyen	615	295	320
Sango	5	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	350	160	195
Creole languages, n.i.e.	235	110	130
Dravidian languages	39,850	19,960	19,885
Kannada	1,415	700	710
Malayalam	7,480	3,830	3,650
Tamil	24,835	12,175	12,660
Telugu	5,895	3,150	2,750
Tulu	155	75	80
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35
Georgian	60	30	30
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5
Indo-European languages	460,775	229,950	230,830
Albanian	2,780	1,380	1,400
Armenian	690	335	355
Balto-Slavic languages	54,580	25,550	29,030
Baltic languages	635	275	365
Latvian	140	60	75
Lithuanian	500	215	285
Slavic languages	53,945	25,275	28,670
Belarusian	35	15	20
Bulgarian	1,150	565	585
Czech	750	340	410
Macedonian	1,375	655	720
Polish	26,230	12,120	14,110
Russian	5,550	2,455	3,095
Rusyn	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian	10,685	5,275	5,415
Bosnian	1,265	625	645
Croatian	5,190	2,510	2,675
Serbian	4,105	2,080	2,025
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	125	60	65
Slovak	765	345	425
Slovene (Slovenian)	880	390	485
Ukrainian	6,495	3,105	3,390
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Celtic languages	25	15	15
Irish	10	0	10
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	5
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Germanic languages	5,545	2,425	3,120
Frisian	35	15	20
High German languages	3,640	1,615	2,025
German	3,565	1,580	1,980
Pennsylvania German	5	0	5
Swiss German	75	30	40
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,515	640	870
Afrikaans	120	50	65
Dutch	1,345	570	780
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	15	5	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	15
Scandinavian languages	355	150	200
Danish	190	95	100
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	35	15	20
Swedish	120	45	80
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	2,780	1,360	1,420
Indo-Iranian languages	320,640	163,925	156,710
Indo-Aryan languages	309,805	158,455	151,350
Assamese	65	25	35
Bengali	7,105	3,485	3,620
Gujarati	29,815	15,030	14,785
Hindi	31,930	16,150	15,780
Kacchi	475	235	240
Kashmiri	150	75	75
Konkani	970	475	495
Marathi	3,160	1,585	1,580
Nepali	2,865	1,485	1,380
Oriya languages	405	210	200
Odia	270	145	120
Oriya, n.o.s.	140	60	75
Punjabi (Panjabi)	170,160	88,345	81,810
Rohingya	5	5	0
Sindhi	960	475	485
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,785	1,365	1,420
Urdu	58,460	29,235	29,230
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	485	270	215
Iranian languages	10,810	5,460	5,350
Baluchi	40	25	15
Kurdish	360	195	165
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	2,065	1,080	985
Persian languages	8,325	4,155	4,175
Dari	4,665	2,295	2,370
Iranian Persian	2,865	1,465	1,400
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	800	400	400
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Italic (Romance) languages	73,695	34,945	38,750
Catalan	15	10	5
Italian	19,795	9,685	10,115
Portuguese	23,775	11,240	12,540
Romanian	3,145	1,495	1,655
Spanish	26,925	12,500	14,425
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Japanese	895	315	575
Korean	4,795	2,200	2,595
Mongolian	35	15	20
Niger-Congo languages	7,355	3,445	3,905
Akan (Twi)	3,250	1,530	1,725
Bamanankan	5	0	5
Edo	250	105	140
Éwé	90	40	55
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	10
Ga	150	65	85
Ganda	80	40	45
Gikuyu	80	25	50
Igbo	475	235	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	85	40	50
Lingala	35	15	20
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0
Mòoré	5	5	5
Mwani	80	45	40
Ndebele	30	10	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	25	40
Shona	135	60	75
Soninke	5	5	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	5	10
Swahili	550	255	295
Wojenaka	5	0	0
Wolof	30	10	15
Yoruba	1,405	685	725
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	475	220	260
Nilo-Saharan languages	100	60	40
Dinka	5	5	0
Nuer	20	15	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25
African, n.o.s.	10	10	5
Sign languages	245	125	115
American Sign Language	205	105	100
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	46,385	21,420	24,970
Chinese languages	45,780	21,120	24,660
Hakka	380	180	200
Mandarin	25,725	11,895	13,825
Min Dong	45	25	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,085	475	605
Wu (Shanghainese)	320	150	170
Yue (Cantonese)	17,735	8,165	9,575
Chinese, n.o.s.	450	215	240
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	580	280	300
Burmese	180	90	90
Kuki-Chin languages	10	0	5
Karenic languages	15	5	10
S'gaw Karen	15	5	10
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	300	145	155
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	750	310	445
Lao	525	250	280
Thai	215	60	160
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Turkic languages	1,970	1,050	920
Azerbaijani	60	20	35
Kazakh	5	0	0
Turkish	1,735	940	800
Uyghur	90	45	45
Uzbek	50	30	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Uralic languages	2,315	1,050	1,270
Estonian	150	70	80
Finnish	165	60	100
Hungarian	2,005	915	1,090
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Multiple responses	119,705	59,215	60,485
English and French	4,465	2,025	2,440
English and non-official language(s)	102,905	51,410	51,500
French and non-official language(s)	1,440	655	790
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,375	1,070	1,305
Multiple non-official languages	8,515	4,055	4,460
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,441,775	714,230	727,550
English	670,855	334,765	336,100
French	3,010	1,425	1,580
Non-official language	205,635	99,260	106,375
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5
Non-Indigenous	205,625	99,255	106,370
English and French	10,660	4,680	5,975
English and non-official language(s)	515,125	257,520	257,605
French and non-official language(s)	900	410	490
English, French and non-official language(s)	15,095	6,550	8,545
Multiple non-official languages	20,500	9,620	10,885
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,441,775	714,230	727,550
Single responses	1,294,435	641,165	653,270
Official languages	865,545	429,490	436,060
English	860,430	427,080	433,350
French	5,120	2,410	2,710
Non-official languages	428,885	211,680	217,210
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10
Algonquian languages	5	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	428,880	211,675	217,210
Afro-Asiatic languages	27,670	13,450	14,225
Berber languages	35	20	20
Kabyle	0	5	0
Tamazight	15	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Chadic languages	80	35	45
Hausa	80	35	45
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	100	45	55
Cushitic languages	850	370	485
Bilen	5	5	0
Oromo	40	25	20
Somali	795	340	460
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	26,600	12,980	13,625
Amharic	270	120	155
Arabic	22,755	11,145	11,610
Aramaic languages	3,115	1,500	1,610
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,225	1,060	1,170
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	720	360	355
Aramaic, n.o.s.	165	80	90
Harari	30	15	20
Hebrew	35	20	10
Maltese	250	120	130
Tigrigna	145	65	85
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	10,715	4,935	5,785
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	50	55
Vietnamese	10,610	4,885	5,730
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	18,255	8,365	9,890
Bikol	40	15	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	145	65	80
Cebuano	435	205	230
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	240	105	135
Ilocano	615	285	325
Indonesian	440	200	240
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	235	110	130
Pangasinan	25	10	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15,955	7,305	8,650
Waray-Waray	25	10	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40
Creole languages	945	440	505
Haitian Creole	85	40	45
Jamaican English Creole	55	20	35
Krio	15	5	15
Morisyen	485	235	250
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	200	85	120
Creole languages, n.i.e.	100	55	45
Dravidian languages	27,660	13,625	14,035
Kannada	810	410	400
Malayalam	4,615	2,340	2,275
Tamil	18,345	8,840	9,505
Telugu	3,785	1,980	1,805
Tulu	65	30	40
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Georgian	20	10	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	299,865	150,310	149,555
Albanian	1,340	655	685
Armenian	340	160	190
Balto-Slavic languages	29,405	14,020	15,385
Baltic languages	210	90	120
Latvian	20	10	10
Lithuanian	185	80	110
Slavic languages	29,195	13,930	15,265
Belarusian	10	5	10
Bulgarian	625	305	320
Czech	240	110	130
Macedonian	645	315	330
Polish	14,585	6,865	7,715
Russian	3,620	1,705	1,915
Rusyn	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian	5,240	2,590	2,655
Bosnian	650	315	335
Croatian	2,200	1,075	1,130
Serbian	2,345	1,180	1,165
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	15	25
Slovak	285	120	160
Slovene (Slovenian)	165	75	95
Ukrainian	3,760	1,830	1,935
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	10
Irish	5	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	495	215	280
Frisian	10	5	0
High German languages	300	130	175
German	300	125	175
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	160	75	85
Afrikaans	35	20	15
Dutch	125	55	70
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	30	10	20
Danish	10	5	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	15	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	910	430	480
Indo-Iranian languages	234,970	119,855	115,115
Indo-Aryan languages	228,495	116,720	111,780
Assamese	40	20	20
Bengali	4,485	2,175	2,315
Gujarati	20,880	10,380	10,500
Hindi	20,760	10,530	10,235
Kacchi	230	110	125
Kashmiri	50	25	25
Konkani	240	105	130
Marathi	1,895	960	935
Nepali	1,945	1,015	930
Oriya languages	210	110	100
Odia	135	75	65
Oriya, n.o.s.	70	40	35
Punjabi (Panjabi)	135,425	70,400	65,025
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	520	260	260
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,485	730	760
Urdu	40,035	19,750	20,280
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	300	160	145
Iranian languages	6,450	3,125	3,325
Baluchi	25	10	15
Kurdish	215	110	100
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	1,305	645	660
Persian languages	4,900	2,355	2,540
Dari	2,720	1,295	1,425
Iranian Persian	1,645	790	855
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	535	270	265
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Italic (Romance) languages	32,370	14,955	17,410
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	5,265	2,285	2,980
Portuguese	9,905	4,655	5,250
Romanian	1,505	730	775
Spanish	15,670	7,280	8,390
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Japanese	500	215	285
Korean	3,410	1,605	1,810
Mongolian	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	2,870	1,335	1,530
Akan (Twi)	1,510	695	810
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	50	15	25
Éwé	25	5	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	10
Ga	60	30	35
Ganda	30	15	15
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	165	90	75
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	15
Lingala	35	10	20
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	25	15	10
Ndebele	10	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5
Shona	45	25	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	175	80	90
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	5	0
Yoruba	560	250	305
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	100	45	60
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	35	20
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	500	290	210
American Sign Language	385	215	165
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	115	75	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	34,090	15,910	18,185
Chinese languages	33,720	15,725	17,995
Hakka	115	65	55
Mandarin	19,875	9,415	10,465
Min Dong	35	15	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	520	225	295
Wu (Shanghainese)	235	105	125
Yue (Cantonese)	12,645	5,760	6,890
Chinese, n.o.s.	280	130	150
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	370	180	185
Burmese	110	50	60
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	5	5	0
S'gaw Karen	5	5	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	235	115	115
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	365	175	190
Lao	275	135	140
Thai	90	35	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,160	595	565
Azerbaijani	30	10	20
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	1,030	540	495
Uyghur	65	35	35
Uzbek	25	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	755	370	385
Estonian	10	0	5
Finnish	25	15	10
Hungarian	725	355	370
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Multiple responses	147,340	73,065	74,280
English and French	2,720	1,225	1,495
English and non-official language(s)	139,825	69,650	70,175
French and non-official language(s)	500	230	270
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,590	700	895
Multiple non-official languages	2,700	1,265	1,435
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,441,775	714,225	727,550
None	994,235	492,320	501,915
English	169,510	85,645	83,870
French	10,700	4,640	6,060
Non-official language	196,645	96,275	100,370
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	15
Non-Indigenous	196,620	96,270	100,355
English and French	2,200	985	1,210
English and non-official language(s)	35,010	18,025	16,980
French and non-official language(s)	6,380	2,675	3,700
English, French and non-official language(s)	450	205	240
Multiple non-official languages	26,655	13,450	13,200
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,439,075	713,145	725,935
Official languages	1,381,200	691,255	689,950
English	1,380,185	690,800	689,390
French	82,675	35,080	47,595
Non-official languages	883,240	434,720	448,515
Indigenous languages³⁹	95	55	50
Algonquian languages	70	40	35
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	30	15	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	30	15	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	25	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	30	25	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	10	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	883,160	434,675	448,485
Afro-Asiatic languages	67,880	34,330	33,550
Berber languages	135	65	70
Kabyle	30	0	20
Tamazight	50	30	25
Berber languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25
Chadic languages	450	200	245
Hausa	415	190	230
Mina	30	10	15
Coptic	790	335	445
Cushitic languages	3,175	1,445	1,735
Bilen	15	0	0
Oromo	215	135	85
Somali	2,950	1,310	1,640
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	64,435	32,780	31,650
Amharic	1,005	515	495
Arabic	58,500	29,875	28,620
Aramaic languages	5,955	2,975	2,980
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	4,070	2,040	2,030
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,575	795	785
Aramaic, n.o.s.	380	170	210
Harari	90	40	50
Hebrew	685	395	290
Maltese	1,570	735	835
Tigrigna	565	250	315
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	70	35	40
Austro-Asiatic languages	20,265	9,530	10,735
Khmer (Cambodian)	425	200	225
Vietnamese	19,945	9,365	10,580
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10
Austronesian languages	46,640	19,650	26,990
Bikol	200	65	140
Bisaya, n.o.s.	270	115	155
Cebuano	1,580	635	945
Fijian	35	15	20
Hiligaynon	840	350	490
Ilocano	2,550	1,075	1,475
Indonesian	1,460	660	800
Kankanaey	35	20	20
Kinaray-a	60	25	30
Malagasy languages	40	15	25
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Malay	690	315	380
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	660	280	370
Pangasinan	250	95	150
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	43,595	18,290	25,305
Waray-Waray	230	95	135
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	810	355	455
Creole languages	5,670	2,610	3,060
Haitian Creole	550	300	250
Jamaican English Creole	755	305	455
Krio	110	40	70
Morisyen	1,815	885	930
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	2,020	865	1,155
Creole languages, n.i.e.	715	330	380
Dravidian languages	61,385	30,960	30,425
Kannada	4,380	2,265	2,115
Malayalam	12,100	6,110	5,990
Tamil	39,485	19,815	19,680
Telugu	11,185	6,015	5,170
Tulu	550	295	255
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	165	70	95
Georgian	135	65	70
Hmong-Mien languages	20	10	10
Indo-European languages	623,600	312,600	310,995
Albanian	3,805	1,855	1,950
Armenian	925	455	475
Balto-Slavic languages	67,070	31,925	35,145
Baltic languages	720	320	400
Latvian	195	85	110
Lithuanian	525	235	295
Slavic languages	66,540	31,680	34,860
Belarusian	185	85	100
Bulgarian	1,525	780	745
Czech	1,170	550	620
Macedonian	2,235	1,025	1,205
Polish	32,950	15,510	17,440
Russian	11,090	5,200	5,890
Rusyn	30	15	10
Serbo-Croatian	14,375	7,175	7,200
Bosnian	2,390	1,145	1,240
Croatian	8,415	4,125	4,290
Serbian	5,950	3,045	2,905
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	190	95	100
Slovak	940	445	495
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,270	540	730
Ukrainian	9,625	4,465	5,165
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25
Celtic languages	165	85	80
Irish	95	55	40
Scottish Gaelic	35	10	20
Welsh	25	15	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Germanic languages	10,895	5,165	5,730
Frisian	80	35	45
High German languages	7,815	3,905	3,910
German	7,710	3,850	3,860
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	120	50	75
Yiddish	30	25	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,555	1,095	1,460
Afrikaans	535	250	280
Dutch	1,950	795	1,155
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	65	35	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	20	10
Scandinavian languages	790	365	425
Danish	340	165	175
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	130	75	50
Swedish	345	145	200
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	0	25
Greek	4,465	2,265	2,200
Indo-Iranian languages	439,010	224,865	214,150
Indo-Aryan languages	427,370	219,095	208,275
Assamese	145	65	80
Bengali	11,530	5,730	5,800
Gujarati	43,290	21,935	21,355
Hindi	172,305	87,535	84,770
Kacchi	955	440	515
Kashmiri	420	220	200
Konkani	2,630	1,225	1,415
Marathi	8,335	4,165	4,175
Nepali	3,670	1,850	1,820
Oriya languages	785	405	380
Odia	380	200	180
Oriya, n.o.s.	415	205	205
Punjabi (Panjabi)	238,575	124,580	113,995
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	2,020	1,005	1,015
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	4,715	2,250	2,465
Urdu	95,590	48,075	47,515
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,840	1,025	815
Iranian languages	14,475	7,255	7,220
Baluchi	40	25	15
Kurdish	775	455	325
Parsi	30	15	15
Pashto	3,415	1,775	1,645
Persian languages	11,230	5,565	5,670
Dari	6,625	3,205	3,415
Iranian Persian	4,070	2,115	1,950
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	835	380	455
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	315	175	145
Italic (Romance) languages	105,065	50,160	54,900
Catalan	20	15	10
Italian	31,985	15,655	16,335
Portuguese	32,230	15,170	17,060
Romanian	3,880	1,890	1,990
Spanish	41,510	19,535	21,975
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	180	120	60
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	200	85	115
Japanese	2,220	1,035	1,180
Korean	5,835	2,690	3,145
Mongolian	55	20	30
Niger-Congo languages	18,325	8,565	9,750
Akan (Twi)	5,895	2,695	3,200
Bamanankan	25	10	15
Edo	830	395	435
Éwé	300	125	175
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	115	60	55
Ga	575	245	325
Ganda	180	70	110
Gikuyu	175	60	120
Igbo	1,600	775	825
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	195	75	125
Lingala	470	200	270
Luba-Kasai	50	20	30
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	125	55	70
Ndebele	110	50	60
Rundi (Kirundi)	125	40	80
Shona	315	130	180
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	20	30
Swahili	2,625	1,295	1,330
Wojenaka	15	10	0
Wolof	105	45	60
Yoruba	4,625	2,255	2,370
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,725	800	930
Nilo-Saharan languages	160	80	85
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	10	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	150	75	75
African, n.o.s.	85	40	45
Sign languages	1,160	550	610
American Sign Language	995	460	535
Quebec Sign Language	15	10	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	115	110
Sino-Tibetan languages	55,050	25,705	29,350
Chinese languages	54,315	25,340	28,975
Hakka	575	295	280
Mandarin	35,815	16,515	19,300
Min Dong	45	25	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,080	915	1,165
Wu (Shanghainese)	485	200	285
Yue (Cantonese)	23,740	11,120	12,615
Chinese, n.o.s.	475	215	260
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	700	360	345
Burmese	165	85	80
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	35	20	15
S'gaw Karen	30	20	10
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	375	195	180
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	150	70	80
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Tai-Kadai languages	1,240	555	680
Lao	850	395	450
Thai	475	185	290
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Turkic languages	3,545	1,890	1,655
Azerbaijani	180	80	105
Kazakh	10	0	10
Turkish	3,240	1,750	1,495
Uyghur	45	30	20
Uzbek	70	45	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40
Uralic languages	2,755	1,265	1,490
Estonian	185	85	100
Finnish	250	100	150
Hungarian	2,325	1,085	1,240
Other languages, n.i.e.	280	125	145
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,439,075	713,145	725,935
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	7,430	3,610	3,820
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,940	3,410	3,530
First Nations (North American Indian)	4,165	2,040	2,125
Métis	2,655	1,305	1,345
Inuk (Inuit)	115	65	55
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	235	70	155
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	255	125	130
Non-Indigenous identity	1,431,650	709,535	722,115
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,439,075	713,145	725,935
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,005	1,005	1,000
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,437,075	712,140	724,935
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	450,745	...	...
Owner	335,880	...	...
Renter	114,865	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	450,745	...	...
Condominium	89,290	...	...
Not condominium	361,455	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	450,745	...	...
No bedrooms	2,330	...	...
1 bedroom	44,210	...	...
2 bedrooms	73,125	...	...
3 bedrooms	146,605	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	184,480	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	450,745	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	119,955	...	...
5 rooms	67,680	...	...
6 rooms	69,820	...	...
7 rooms	59,495	...	...
8 or more rooms	133,795	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	450,745	...	...
One person or fewer per room	421,245	...	...
More than one person per room	29,495	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	450,745	...	...
Suitable	397,855	...	...
Not suitable	52,895	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	450,745	...	...
1960 or before	27,795	...	...
1961 to 1980	114,830	...	...
1981 to 1990	76,300	...	...
1991 to 2000	77,935	...	...
2001 to 2005	54,475	...	...
2006 to 2010	38,280	...	...
2011 to 2015	32,935	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	28,190	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	450,745	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	432,185	...	...
Major repairs needed	18,560	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	450,745	...	...
One-maintainer household	185,510	...	...
Two-maintainer household	214,305	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	50,930	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	450,745	...	...
15 to 24 years	7,260	...	...
25 to 34 years	48,105	...	...
35 to 44 years	85,230	...	...
45 to 54 years	101,400	...	...
55 to 64 years	102,170	...	...
65 to 74 years	64,120	...	...
75 to 84 years	31,680	...	...
85 years and over	10,790	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	448,490	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	318,830	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	129,660	...	...
30% to less than 100%	117,795	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	450,750	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	180,130	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	111,570	...	...
Not suitable only	38,020	...	...
Major repairs needed only	10,215	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	11,980	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,455	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	2,240	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	660	...	...
Acceptable housing	270,615	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	436,625	...	...
In core need	59,770	...	...
Not in core need	376,855	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	335,715	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,040	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,124	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	999,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	114,840	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,580	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,646	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,439,080	713,140	725,935
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,840	850	985
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,825	850	975
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,250	580	670
Métis single ancestry	555	260	295
Inuit single ancestry	20	0	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	8,530	4,275	4,255
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	8,255	4,140	4,120
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,160	3,130	3,030
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,975	955	1,020
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	125	55	70
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	275	135	135
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	190	85	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80	50	30
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,428,705	708,010	720,695
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,439,075	713,140	725,935
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,183,880	583,985	599,900
Canadian citizens aged under 18	264,535	136,040	128,495
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	919,345	447,950	471,395
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	255,195	129,155	126,035
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,439,075	713,140	725,935
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	625,555	316,800	308,755
Immigrants⁸¹	745,330	357,675	387,655
Before 1980	103,230	48,400	54,825
1980 to 1990	87,590	42,215	45,375
1991 to 2000	162,450	77,395	85,055
2001 to 2010	199,145	95,390	103,750
2011 to 2021⁸²	192,915	94,270	98,645
2011 to 2015	88,785	42,645	46,145
2016 to 2021	104,125	51,630	52,500
Non-permanent residents⁸³	68,190	38,665	29,525
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	745,330	357,680	387,655
Under 5 years	59,345	30,200	29,150
5 to 14 years	117,795	60,080	57,720
15 to 24 years	154,495	67,755	86,740
25 to 44 years	332,275	162,545	169,730
45 years and over	81,410	37,100	44,310
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	745,330	357,680	387,655
Americas	108,950	48,370	60,580
Brazil	1,715	745	975
Colombia	4,525	2,050	2,480
El Salvador	2,345	1,135	1,210
Guyana	20,500	9,075	11,425
Haiti	450	245	205
Jamaica	33,800	14,365	19,430
Mexico	2,100	890	1,205
Peru	1,935	860	1,080
Trinidad and Tobago	13,455	6,005	7,450
United States of America	9,210	4,345	4,855
Other places of birth in Americas	18,920	8,665	10,255
Europe	114,805	54,760	60,050
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,875	1,440	1,430
Croatia	3,855	1,900	1,955
France	855	410	445
Germany	3,420	1,685	1,735
Greece	1,960	975	985
Hungary	1,045	470	575
Italy	13,525	6,960	6,565
Netherlands	1,380	590	790
Poland	22,715	10,325	12,385
Portugal	18,345	8,855	9,495
Romania	3,360	1,610	1,750
Russian Federation	2,490	1,085	1,400
Serbia⁸⁶	2,295	1,170	1,125
Ukraine	5,310	2,475	2,830
United Kingdom⁸⁷	17,670	8,375	9,295
Other places of birth in Europe	13,705	6,430	7,275
Africa	43,975	21,260	22,715
Algeria	400	220	185
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	680	340	340
Egypt	9,945	5,085	4,860
Eritrea	345	165	185
Ethiopia	1,030	520	515
Morocco	590	205	385
Nigeria	8,480	4,190	4,295
Somalia	1,545	615	930
South Africa, Republic of	1,580	735	845
Other places of birth in Africa	19,380	9,190	10,190
Asia	475,830	232,475	243,350
Afghanistan	5,545	2,765	2,780
Iran⁸⁸	3,450	1,880	1,570
Iraq	12,745	6,470	6,275
Lebanon	3,870	1,890	1,980
Syria⁸⁹	7,290	3,630	3,665
Turkey	1,515	810	700
China⁹⁰	25,705	11,640	14,065
Hong Kong⁹¹	7,390	3,535	3,850
Korea, South⁹²	4,525	2,095	2,425
Taiwan	1,840	780	1,060
Philippines	44,410	19,140	25,265
Viet Nam	16,055	7,415	8,640
Bangladesh	5,635	2,820	2,815
India	228,415	114,285	114,130
Pakistan	54,685	27,305	27,380
Sri Lanka	20,660	10,050	10,610
Other places of birth in Asia	32,090	15,960	16,130
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,765	810	960
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	104,130	51,630	52,500
Americas	8,500	3,985	4,515
Brazil	330	125	205
Colombia	460	165	295
Haiti	45	10	30
Jamaica	2,700	1,390	1,310
Mexico	315	150	160
United States of America	2,105	995	1,110
Venezuela⁹⁵	260	85	170
Other places of birth in Americas	2,285	1,055	1,235
Europe	4,120	2,075	2,050
France	85	45	40
Germany	100	30	65
Ireland⁹⁶	110	75	35
Italy	250	165	90
Russian Federation	205	75	130
Ukraine	700	330	370
United Kingdom⁸⁷	460	260	200
Other places of birth in Europe	2,200	1,085	1,115
Africa	7,320	3,605	3,715
Algeria	85	35	50
Burundi	35	15	20
Cameroon	120	55	65
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	50	25	25
Côte d'Ivoire	140	80	55
Egypt	1,705	865	835
Eritrea	50	15	35
Ethiopia	105	65	35
Morocco	155	65	90
Nigeria	2,870	1,425	1,450
Somalia	150	75	75
South Africa, Republic of	195	90	100
Sudan⁹⁷	170	65	100
Tunisia	80	35	40
Other places of birth in Africa	1,420	695	730
Asia	84,045	41,895	42,145
Afghanistan	735	320	420
Bangladesh	705	355	345
China⁹⁰	2,895	1,195	1,700
Hong Kong⁹¹	110	40	75
India	51,450	26,725	24,720
Iran⁸⁸	285	155	135
Iraq	2,765	1,350	1,415
Israel	70	45	30
Japan	70	15	50
Jordan	380	215	165
Korea, South⁹²	310	105	200
Lebanon	530	250	285
Nepal	685	360	330
Pakistan	6,980	3,295	3,680
Philippines	4,775	2,015	2,755
Saudi Arabia	1,135	545	595
Sri Lanka	1,015	435	575
Syria⁸⁹	4,635	2,315	2,315
Turkey	380	200	175
United Arab Emirates	1,410	745	665
Viet Nam	965	350	620
Other places of birth in Asia	1,750	855	895
Oceania and other⁹³	150	65	85
Australia	90	45	45
Other places of birth⁹⁸	55	20	35
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,439,075	713,145	725,935
First generation¹⁰⁰	823,565	401,510	422,055
Second generation¹⁰¹	411,725	209,685	202,040
Third generation or more¹⁰²	203,785	101,945	101,835
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	642,105	309,275	332,830
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	318,205	165,120	153,085
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	129,810	86,960	42,850
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	188,390	78,160	110,230
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	233,495	95,865	137,620
Refugees¹⁰⁸	82,745	44,580	38,165
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	7,665	3,705	3,955
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	642,105	309,275	332,830
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	38,510	21,475	17,035
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	44,275	22,105	22,170
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	8,525	4,290	4,230
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	26,920	15,030	11,890
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,400	1,470	1,920
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	520,480	244,900	275,575
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,439,075	713,145	725,935
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	990,345	491,120	499,225
South Asian	537,930	275,670	262,260
Chinese	59,985	28,525	31,460
Black	137,295	64,425	72,870
Filipino	60,125	27,195	32,930
Arab	49,970	25,520	24,450
Latin American	32,120	15,105	17,020
Southeast Asian	26,635	12,835	13,800
West Asian	16,110	8,155	7,955
Korean	6,435	3,090	3,340
Japanese	2,585	1,155	1,430
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	32,320	15,510	16,815
Multiple visible minorities	28,840	13,940	14,900
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	448,730	222,020	226,710
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,439,075	713,140	725,930
Canadian	90,490	46,050	44,440
English	83,870	41,385	42,480
Irish	69,625	33,710	35,920
Scottish	66,185	32,210	33,980
French, n.o.s.¹²²	26,005	12,100	13,900
German	32,705	16,335	16,370
Chinese	67,410	31,970	35,435
Italian	76,240	38,640	37,600
Indian (India)	279,980	143,055	136,925
Ukrainian	22,680	10,955	11,725
Dutch	12,035	5,900	6,135
Polish	46,005	22,195	23,810
Québécois	870	450	420
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,595	10,580	11,015
Filipino	58,925	26,950	31,975
French Canadian	5,200	2,510	2,695
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	8,815	4,325	4,485
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,105	1,570	1,535
Métis	2,730	1,305	1,425
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	11,470	5,565	5,905
Russian	8,300	3,755	4,545
Norwegian	2,020	985	1,035
Welsh	6,565	3,235	3,330
Portuguese	49,860	24,520	25,345
American	5,955	2,855	3,105
Spanish	16,965	7,890	9,075
Swedish	2,150	995	1,150
Hungarian	6,370	3,015	3,355
Acadian	1,090	600	495
Pakistani	67,710	34,260	33,445
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	25,680	12,245	13,440
Jewish	2,990	1,465	1,520
Punjabi	71,195	36,840	34,350
Vietnamese	21,965	10,625	11,340
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	19,095	9,755	9,340
Greek	8,800	4,470	4,330
Jamaican	47,755	21,945	25,805
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	18,720	9,180	9,535
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	305	165	145
Korean	6,710	3,230	3,480
Romanian	5,085	2,445	2,640
Lebanese	5,955	2,895	3,060
Iranian	4,185	2,240	1,940
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	9,725	4,800	4,925
Danish	1,755	905	845
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,085	520	570
Sikh	52,705	27,510	25,190
Austrian	3,275	1,645	1,635
Belgian	1,350	730	620
Haitian	705	405	295
Hindu	39,205	20,345	18,860
Mexican	3,490	1,690	1,795
Mennonite	260	150	115
Swiss	1,645	865	780
Finnish	1,575	750	825
Sri Lankan	18,980	9,350	9,630
Croatian	10,680	5,510	5,170
Japanese	3,730	1,700	2,025
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25,900	12,880	13,010
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,335	640	690
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,135	560	580
Muslim	15,325	7,955	7,370
Egyptian	11,300	5,825	5,475
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	6,035	2,850	3,185
Tamil	16,140	8,125	8,020
Icelandic	335	130	205
Colombian	5,205	2,505	2,695
Moroccan	775	320	455
Czech	2,285	1,075	1,215
Syrian	7,610	3,785	3,825
Guyanese	20,790	9,765	11,030
Afghan	8,840	4,345	4,500
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	10,910	5,065	5,840
Serbian	5,785	2,940	2,845
Ojibway	585	295	285
Newfoundlander	1,760	895	860
Hong Konger	2,890	1,355	1,535
Ontarian	2,615	1,340	1,275
Persian	2,460	1,330	1,135
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	12,815	6,040	6,775
Turkish	4,330	2,225	2,100
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	225	115	110
Bangladeshi	5,570	2,870	2,700
Algerian	420	215	205
Brazilian	2,415	1,090	1,325
Nigerian	6,790	3,325	3,465
Armenian	1,665	795	865
Slovak	2,095	1,045	1,055
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,650	800	850
Somali	3,650	1,670	1,980
Taiwanese	1,515	665	850
Iraqi	8,235	4,145	4,090
Salvadorean	2,815	1,385	1,430
African Caribbean	9,895	4,370	5,530
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	5,840	2,835	3,010
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	6,200	3,160	3,045
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	8,450	3,840	4,615
Algonquin	165	95	70
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	11,325	5,210	6,120
Lithuanian	1,510	705	805
South African	1,445	695	755
Australian	740	380	360
Palestinian	6,795	3,505	3,290
Chilean	2,220	1,015	1,205
Congolese	870	415	455
Nova Scotian	550	250	300
Ethiopian	1,355	705	650
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,205	1,470	1,730
Peruvian	2,500	1,170	1,330
Yoruba	3,800	1,970	1,835
Cambodian (Khmer)	765	365	400
Berber	210	105	110
Albanian	4,160	2,040	2,115
Maltese	5,175	2,625	2,550
Macedonian	2,945	1,445	1,495
Slovenian	3,255	1,540	1,715
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	505	260	245
New Brunswicker	230	115	105
Gujarati	8,425	4,335	4,095
Eritrean	680	315	360
African Canadian	3,890	1,875	2,015
Israeli	620	310	310
Mohawk	335	190	145
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	450	205	245
Bulgarian	1,665	845	825
Albertan	30	20	10
Ghanaian	6,205	2,975	3,230
Barbadian	3,075	1,380	1,695
African American	2,175	985	1,190
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,000	525	475
Tunisian	155	80	75
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	2,020	995	1,030
Cuban	1,780	885	890
Bosnian	2,470	1,230	1,245
Venezuelan	1,295	595	700
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	10	20
Latvian	710	295	415
Bengali	2,390	1,180	1,210
Cameroonian	485	215	270
Guatemalan	1,340	665	675
Indonesian	1,490	670	820
Laotian	1,220	560	660
Ilocano	1,300	660	635
Northern Irish	1,015	495	525
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	335	175	160
British Columbian	35	30	10
Ecuadorian	3,090	1,400	1,690
Franco Ontarian	165	65	100
Argentinian	1,575	805	770
Estonian	590	300	290
Kurdish	725	400	325
Fijian	725	340	390
Jatt	5,915	3,050	2,855
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	510	255	255
Coptic	4,390	2,160	2,230
Thai	530	225	305
Dominican	1,050	515	535
Nepali	2,900	1,440	1,460
Kabyle	25	0	20
Assyrian	2,965	1,495	1,470
Igbo	1,750	815	935
Byelorussian	690	305	385
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	70	30	35
Abenaki	55	25	35
Moldovan	255	125	135
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	135	80	55
New Zealander	160	60	100
Sudanese	980	480	505
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	240	120	125
Malaysian	1,005	460	545
Plains Cree	40	15	20
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	340	180	165
Huron (Wendat)	55	20	30
Saskatchewanian	55	25	30
Buddhist	1,140	570	570
Gaspesian	50	25	25
Norman	45	25	15
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,235	530	705
Ivorian	325	170	160
Saulteaux	15	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	45	15	30
Burundian	110	45	60
Tigrinya	50	25	20
Nicaraguan	605	285	320
Mauritian	1,360	670	690
Kenyan	1,130	560	575
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	1,665	710	955
Jordanian	1,675	900	775
Manitoban	55	20	35
Cape Bretoner	115	55	65
Rwandan	145	75	70
Grenadian	1,605	785	820
Malayali	2,365	1,235	1,130
Chaldean	1,635	805	835
Sinhalese	2,065	1,015	1,050
Mayan	385	230	160
Honduran	390	185	200
Cherokee	60	25	30
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	195	90	105
Indo-Caribbean	2,245	1,010	1,230
Flemish	105	50	55
United Empire Loyalist	185	80	105
Senegalese	95	35	60
Azerbaijani	225	105	115
Sicilian	280	165	120
Pashtun	1,695	890	800
Malay	745	380	365
Goan	2,995	1,470	1,525
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	345	185	155
Tibetan	375	180	195
Zimbabwean	390	185	205
Burmese	380	175	205
Mongolian	310	175	130
Azorean	1,260	615	645
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	45	15	30
Indo-Guyanese	2,100	950	1,155
Ugandan	450	215	240
Oromo	185	100	85
Tanzanian	610	300	310
Yemeni	680	360	310
Central African	140	65	75
Libyan	295	135	160
Basque	120	70	50
Uruguayan	995	435	560
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,350	660	695
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	540	245	290
Igorot	170	85	85
Fulani	140	75	65
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	80	35	45
St. Lucian	635	295	340
Prince Edward Islander	100	65	35
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	230	110	125
Telugu	1,565	800	765
Roma	190	105	90
Costa Rican	260	150	115
African Nova Scotian	215	75	140
Malagasy	55	20	35
Kashmiri	1,150	580	575
Singaporean	290	145	140
Karen	40	25	20
Edo	895	435	460
Tajik	445	250	195
Amhara	65	35	30
Paraguayan	40	15	25
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,439,075	713,145	725,935
Buddhist	21,765	10,090	11,675
Christian	632,455	297,260	335,190
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	113,915	52,785	61,130
Anabaptist	495	240	250
Anglican	26,460	12,155	14,310
Baptist	11,080	5,110	5,965
Catholic	358,450	171,365	187,085
Christian Orthodox	32,320	15,750	16,575
Jehovah's Witness	4,540	1,950	2,590
Latter Day Saints	1,030	475	550
Lutheran	3,680	1,760	1,925
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,005	925	1,085
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	25,685	11,380	14,305
Presbyterian	10,200	4,485	5,715
Reformed	1,210	535	680
United Church	19,755	8,660	11,100
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	21,615	9,680	11,930
Hindu	183,460	93,755	89,705
Jewish	2,190	1,075	1,120
Muslim	181,995	91,755	90,240
Sikh	198,630	103,030	95,600
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	30	20	15
Other religions and spiritual traditions	7,685	3,455	4,230
No religion and secular perspectives	210,865	112,700	98,165
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,425,740	706,345	719,395
Non-movers	1,268,085	625,130	642,950
Movers	157,655	81,215	76,440
Non-migrants	94,260	48,775	45,490
Migrants	63,395	32,440	30,955
Internal migrants	41,620	21,350	20,275
Intraprovincial migrants	37,330	19,080	18,250
Interprovincial migrants	4,295	2,265	2,025
External migrants	21,770	11,090	10,675
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,368,020	676,995	691,025
Non-movers	872,910	426,900	446,010
Movers	495,110	250,090	245,015
Non-migrants	212,195	105,475	106,715
Migrants	282,915	144,615	138,300
Internal migrants	151,995	76,305	75,690
Intraprovincial migrants	136,180	68,175	68,005
Interprovincial migrants	15,815	8,135	7,685
External migrants	130,915	68,305	62,610
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,199,070	589,850	609,225
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	190,230	92,320	97,910
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,008,845	497,530	511,310
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	786,560	383,975	402,585
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	75,090	39,285	35,805
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	711,465	344,690	366,775
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,199,070	589,850	609,225
No certificate, diploma or degree	179,315	86,025	93,290
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	323,420	163,840	159,580
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	696,330	339,985	356,345
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	287,780	145,245	142,535
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	45,800	31,855	13,945
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	25,180	15,945	9,240
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	20,615	15,910	4,705
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	205,225	95,845	109,385
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	36,755	17,545	19,210
Bachelor's degree or higher	408,550	194,740	213,810
Bachelor's degree	268,245	125,795	142,445
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	26,295	12,660	13,635
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	10,320	4,645	5,670
Master's degree	96,080	47,005	49,080
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	7,610	4,630	2,980
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	786,555	383,975	402,585
No certificate, diploma or degree	68,455	35,765	32,685
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	175,900	90,865	85,030
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	542,205	257,340	284,865
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	208,865	102,000	106,865
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	30,895	21,140	9,750
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,885	10,445	6,445
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,005	10,700	3,310
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	152,115	68,855	83,265
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,850	12,005	13,850
Bachelor's degree or higher	333,340	155,340	178,000
Bachelor's degree	212,590	98,225	114,365
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	21,120	9,775	11,350
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,695	3,685	5,010
Master's degree	85,045	40,410	44,635
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,885	3,245	2,640
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,199,070	589,845	609,220
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	502,735	249,860	252,875
Education	29,710	5,400	24,310
13. Education	29,710	5,400	24,310
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	19,020	8,010	11,015
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,120	1,560	560
50. Visual and performing arts	16,905	6,450	10,450
Humanities	45,005	14,480	30,525
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	4,115	795	3,320
23. English language and literature/letters	8,650	1,955	6,700
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	23,040	7,745	15,295
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	725	250	480
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,940	865	1,070
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,585	995	590
54. History	3,990	1,780	2,210
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	960	100	865
Social and behavioural sciences and law	81,270	25,980	55,295
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	790	135	655
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,195	3,210	4,985
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	13,855	1,300	12,560
22. Legal professions and studies	14,175	4,955	9,225
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,630	535	1,095
42. Psychology	10,845	2,310	8,535
45. Social sciences	31,775	13,535	18,245
Business, management and public administration	180,995	84,060	96,930
30.16 Accounting and computer science	245	105	135
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,690	1,800	6,890
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	172,065	82,155	89,905
Physical and life sciences and technologies	38,280	16,700	21,585
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	14,415	5,075	9,345
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,915	5,235	6,685
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	710	165	540
40. Physical sciences	9,675	5,675	4,000
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,570	550	1,015
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	52,360	33,560	18,810
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	44,155	29,425	14,730
25. Library science	865	95	765
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,220	3,290	2,930
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,125	740	380
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	133,645	115,400	18,245
04. Architecture and related services	5,505	3,510	1,995
14. Engineering	61,145	49,030	12,115
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,050	24,630	3,415
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	10	10
46. Construction trades	14,020	13,745	270
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	16,595	16,340	255
48. Precision production	8,320	8,140	180
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,175	4,370	3,805
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,815	3,180	2,635
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,360	1,190	1,170
Health and related fields	80,820	18,895	61,925
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,855	3,155	2,700
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	72,950	14,760	58,185
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	140	55	90
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,870	925	945
Personal, protective and transportation services	26,885	13,080	13,805
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	14,245	3,900	10,345
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	55	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	135	125	0
43. Security and protective services	8,420	5,495	2,920
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,035	3,505	530
Other¹⁷⁹	160	55	105
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	786,560	383,975	402,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	244,355	126,635	117,725
Education	21,440	3,630	17,810
13. Education	21,440	3,630	17,810
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	14,555	6,050	8,505
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,480	1,100	375
50. Visual and performing arts	13,075	4,940	8,125
Humanities	34,745	10,590	24,155
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,070	535	2,540
23. English language and literature/letters	6,825	1,415	5,405
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	18,000	5,740	12,255
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	520	180	340
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,465	645	825
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,130	680	450
54. History	3,030	1,325	1,705
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	705	65	640
Social and behavioural sciences and law	63,375	19,375	44,000
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	635	85	550
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	6,390	2,415	3,975
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,215	835	9,380
22. Legal professions and studies	11,725	3,805	7,925
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,200	400	800
42. Psychology	8,520	1,740	6,780
45. Social sciences	24,685	10,090	14,600
Business, management and public administration	145,165	65,655	79,505
30.16 Accounting and computer science	200	90	120
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,045	1,410	5,640
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	137,910	64,160	73,750
Physical and life sciences and technologies	28,005	11,580	16,425
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	10,620	3,585	7,035
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	8,675	3,640	5,035
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	555	125	430
40. Physical sciences	7,030	3,850	3,180
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,130	370	755
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	44,430	28,125	16,300
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	37,970	24,975	12,990
25. Library science	595	75	520
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,895	2,435	2,465
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	970	635	330
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	100,405	84,930	15,475
04. Architecture and related services	4,225	2,595	1,630
14. Engineering	49,310	38,610	10,695
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	20,140	17,440	2,700
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	10	10
46. Construction trades	9,875	9,695	185
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,440	11,305	140
48. Precision production	5,390	5,275	115
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,085	3,135	2,950
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,225	2,220	2,010
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,860	915	940
Health and related fields	63,725	14,650	49,075
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,025	2,215	1,810
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	58,170	11,770	46,405
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	120	45	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,400	625	775
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,165	9,600	10,565
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	10,850	2,835	8,015
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	30	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	50	0
43. Security and protective services	6,320	4,110	2,200
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,915	2,570	345
Other¹⁷⁹	120	25	85
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	786,560	383,975	402,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	244,355	126,635	117,725
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	542,205	257,335	284,860
Location of study inside Canada	308,490	145,305	163,185
Same as province or territory of residence	291,805	136,945	154,860
Different than province or territory of residence	16,685	8,365	8,325
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	233,715	112,035	121,680
Americas	25,300	12,970	12,325
United States of America	12,995	7,225	5,775
Mexico	1,015	415	600
Cuba	460	235	230
Haiti	50	25	30
Jamaica	2,775	1,280	1,495
Brazil	870	375	505
Colombia	1,550	670	885
Peru	395	145	255
Venezuela⁹⁵	560	255	300
Other locations of study in Americas	4,615	2,360	2,260
Europe	25,530	13,265	12,260
Belgium	165	100	60
France	605	335	270
Germany	530	335	190
Netherlands	245	150	95
Switzerland	185	120	65
Hungary	230	130	95
Moldova¹⁸³	155	60	95
Poland	5,000	2,255	2,740
Romania	1,445	725	725
Russian Federation	1,240	610	635
Ukraine	2,640	1,230	1,410
Ireland⁹⁶	400	225	175
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,040	4,545	3,495
Bosnia and Herzegovina	380	200	185
Italy	255	165	90
Serbia⁸⁶	595	325	270
Other locations of study in Europe	3,420	1,760	1,655
Africa	11,065	5,340	5,730
Nigeria	3,060	1,595	1,470
Algeria	150	90	65
Morocco	195	60	130
Tunisia	75	35	40
Egypt	4,425	2,080	2,345
South Africa, Republic of	440	225	215
Other locations of study in Africa	2,725	1,260	1,465
Asia	170,040	79,370	90,670
Iran⁸⁸	845	375	470
Iraq	3,185	1,455	1,730
Israel	130	70	60
Lebanon	1,090	525	565
Syria⁸⁹	1,780	870	915
Turkey	465	260	210
China⁹⁰	8,360	3,845	4,515
Taiwan	325	130	195
Hong Kong⁹¹	630	295	335
Japan	475	200	270
Korea, South⁹²	1,365	570	795
Philippines	17,295	6,555	10,745
Viet Nam	835	345	485
Bangladesh	1,880	820	1,060
Sri Lanka	2,300	1,075	1,225
India	104,365	50,505	53,865
Pakistan	18,570	8,600	9,965
Other locations of study in Asia	6,145	2,875	3,265
Oceania	1,780	1,080	695
Australia	1,505	910	600
New Zealand	205	140	65
Other locations of study in Oceania	75	35	35
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,199,070	589,850	609,225
In the labour force	784,815	416,815	367,995
Employed	678,660	367,915	310,745
Unemployed	106,155	48,900	57,255
Not in the labour force	414,255	173,030	241,225
Participation rate	65.5	70.7	60.4
Employment rate	56.6	62.4	51.0
Unemployment rate	13.5	11.7	15.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,199,070	589,845	609,220
Did not work¹⁸⁶	447,135	191,870	255,265
Worked	751,935	397,980	353,960
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	407,635	230,725	176,910
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	344,300	167,255	177,045
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.3	41.4	39.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	784,815	416,815	367,995
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	28,555	13,080	15,475
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	756,260	403,735	352,525
Employee	640,055	321,415	318,645
Permanent position	538,040	274,310	263,730
Temporary position	102,020	47,105	54,920
Fixed term (1 year or more)	34,035	15,390	18,640
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	67,990	31,715	36,270
Self-employed¹⁹²	116,200	82,325	33,875
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	784,815	416,815	367,995
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	28,555	13,080	15,475
All occupations¹⁹¹	756,260	403,735	352,525
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	7,935	5,655	2,280
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	157,300	57,325	99,975
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	85,615	63,540	22,075
3 Health occupations	45,955	9,330	36,630
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	65,050	19,250	45,795
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	15,320	7,100	8,220
6 Sales and service occupations	178,975	80,475	98,500
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	146,460	128,095	18,365
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,960	3,825	1,140
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	48,685	29,135	19,550
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	784,815	416,815	367,995
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	28,555	13,080	15,475
All industries¹⁹¹	756,260	403,735	352,525
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,965	1,040	925
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	830	550	280
22 Utilities	3,130	2,125	1,000
23 Construction	48,155	40,860	7,305
31-33 Manufacturing	81,190	53,165	28,020
41 Wholesale trade	36,920	21,310	15,610
44-45 Retail trade	87,770	42,455	45,310
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	87,640	63,375	24,265
51 Information and cultural industries	17,415	10,675	6,740
52 Finance and insurance	49,600	22,985	26,620
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	17,160	9,810	7,350
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	77,770	45,650	32,125
55 Management of companies and enterprises	3,500	1,515	1,995
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	37,240	19,800	17,435
61 Educational services	42,825	11,905	30,920
62 Health care and social assistance	69,900	12,885	57,015
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	8,235	4,415	3,820
72 Accommodation and food services	35,695	14,975	20,720
81 Other services (except public administration)	25,300	12,880	12,420
91 Public administration	24,020	11,370	12,650
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	826,515	436,550	389,965
English	749,610	395,665	353,950
French	1,170	385	780
Non-official language	9,520	5,185	4,330
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	9,520	5,185	4,330
English and French	9,845	3,550	6,290
English and non-official language(s)	54,845	31,105	23,745
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	980	385	595
Multiple non-official languages	530	270	260
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	826,515	436,550	389,965
Single responses	813,040	429,140	383,900
Official languages	794,150	418,760	375,385
English	791,830	418,105	373,725
French	2,320	650	1,665
Non-official languages	18,890	10,380	8,510
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,890	10,380	8,510
Afro-Asiatic languages	870	510	355
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	10	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	850	500	350
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	800	465	335
Aramaic languages	45	35	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	25	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	710	335	370
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	710	335	370
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	200	65	130
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	185	65	125
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	350	140	210
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	30	20	15
Tamil	280	115	170
Telugu	30	10	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	25	0	25
Indo-European languages	13,140	7,550	5,590
Albanian	45	30	15
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,430	650	785
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,430	650	775
Bulgarian	15	0	15
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	10	10	0
Polish	810	370	435
Russian	175	65	110
Serbo-Croatian	120	75	45
Bosnian	25	25	0
Croatian	45	15	25
Serbian	45	25	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	295	125	170
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	40	10	30
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	40	10	25
German	40	10	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages	10,060	5,980	4,080
Indo-Aryan languages	9,965	5,925	4,040
Bengali	45	15	30
Gujarati	340	125	220
Hindi	585	280	310
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	30	15	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,095	5,100	3,000
Sindhi	10	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	0
Urdu	835	390	450
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	95	55	45
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	85	45	45
Dari	60	35	25
Iranian Persian	20	0	15
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	0	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,555	875	680
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	80	45	35
Portuguese	565	365	200
Romanian	40	20	20
Spanish	855	430	425
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	35	20	20
Korean	305	145	160
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	50	30	20
American Sign Language	50	30	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,110	1,535	1,580
Chinese languages	3,110	1,535	1,580
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,265	1,075	1,185
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	815	440	375
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	0
Lao	10	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	75	35	35
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	70	35	35
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	20	10	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	20	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	13,480	7,410	6,065
English and French	2,200	750	1,445
English and non-official language(s)	11,020	6,550	4,465
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	35	80
Multiple non-official languages	145	75	75
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	826,515	436,550	389,965
None	771,710	407,500	364,210
English	9,015	4,690	4,330
French	6,705	2,595	4,115
Non-official language	30,145	17,010	13,135
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	30,145	17,010	13,135
English and French	15	10	10
English and non-official language(s)	1,075	550	525
French and non-official language(s)	640	280	360
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	7,195	3,915	3,280
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	678,660	367,915	310,745
Worked at home	191,115	91,235	99,885
Worked outside Canada	3,665	2,790	880
No fixed workplace address	92,180	69,480	22,700
Usual place of work	391,690	204,410	187,280
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	391,690	204,410	187,280
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	190,035	90,730	99,305
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	76,910	42,580	34,325
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	124,070	70,710	53,360
Commute to a different province or territory	675	390	290
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	483,870	273,890	209,980
Car, truck or van	411,180	243,575	167,600
Car, truck or van - as a driver	369,700	228,970	140,730
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	41,480	14,605	26,875
Public transit	49,830	20,560	29,270
Walked	10,160	4,015	6,145
Bicycle	1,105	840	265
Other method	11,605	4,900	6,705
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	483,870	273,890	209,980
Less than 15 minutes	81,020	38,990	42,030
15 to 29 minutes	178,855	99,790	79,065
30 to 44 minutes	129,055	78,805	50,255
45 to 59 minutes	45,475	27,280	18,190
60 minutes and over	49,470	29,025	20,445
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	483,870	273,890	209,980
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	37,620	26,975	10,650
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	79,575	49,525	30,045
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	102,585	55,415	47,170
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	94,160	47,290	46,875
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	75,775	39,315	36,455
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	94,150	55,365	38,780
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	301,430	155,455	145,975
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	24,020	12,255	11,765
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	277,410	143,200	134,210
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	225,160	116,320	108,840
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,675	10,040	9,635
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	13,280	6,710	6,565
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,395	3,330	3,065
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	205,485	106,280	99,200

Symbol legend

...

not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 21, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table