Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment
Abstract
Procrastination is all too familiar to most people. People delay writing up their research (so we hear!), repeatedly declare they will start their diets tomorrow, or postpone until next week doing odd jobs around the house. Yet people also sometimes attempt to control their procrastination by setting deadlines for themselves. In this article, we pose three questions: (a) Are people willing to self-impose meaningful (i.e., costly) deadlines to overcome procrastination? (b) Are self-imposed deadlines effective in improving task performance? (c) When self-imposing deadlines, do people set them optimally, for maximum performance enhancement? A set of studies examined these issues experimentally, showing that the answer is “yes” to the first two questions, and “nO'’ to the third. People have self-control problems, they recognize them, and they try to control them by self-imposing costly deadlines. These deadlines help people control procrastination, but they are not as effective as some externally imposed deadlines in improving task performance.
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Article first published: May 2002
Issue published: May 2002
PubMed: 12009041
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The relationship between financial planner use and holding a retiremen...
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Dialectical beliefs and savings tendency: Opposite patterns in good ve...
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The relevance of sleep and circadian misalignment for procrastination ...
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Some Middle School Students Want Behavior Commitment Devices (but Take...
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Which preferences associate with school performance?—Lessons from an e...
-
Association Between Monetary Deposits and Weight Loss in Online Commit...
-
Projektverläufe: Herausforderungen und Ansatzpunkte für die Prozessges...
-
Incentives for students: effects of certificates and deadlines on stud...
-
Behavioral Public Economics
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Temptation and commitment in the laboratory
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The timing of choice-enhancing policies
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Health procrastination: The experience of 35-44 years old men
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Knowledge Spillovers and Learning in the Workplace: Evidence from the...
-
Physical Activity after Commitment Lotteries: Examining Long-Term Resu...
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Fighting Fake News and Post-Truth Politics with Behavioral Science: Th...
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Don't Fear the Meter: How Longer Time Limits Yield Biased Preferences ...
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The effects of temptation coping strategies on self-control in academi...
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A neural link between generosity and happiness
-
Time preferences and consumer behavior
-
Framing effects in intertemporal choice: A nudge experiment
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How Self-Control Shapes the Meaning of Choice
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Only one small sin: How self‐construal affects self‐control
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Present Bias and Everyday Self‐Control Failures: A Day Reconstruction ...
-
Examining students’ self-set goals for self-regulated learning: Goal p...
-
Impairment of decision-making in multiple sclerosis: A neuroeconomic a...
-
Understanding household energy use, decision making and behaviour in G...
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Toward Improving the Design of Sustainability Standards—A Gendered Ana...
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Factors affecting procrastination in the virtual teams: An experimenta...
-
It’s About Time: New Perspectives and Insights on Time Management
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Teaching Engineering Students about Cognitive Barriers during Design: ...
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Error processing deficits in academic procrastinators anticipating mon...
-
Do procrastination-friendly environments make students delay unnecessa...
-
A Scoping Review of Behavioral Economic Interventions for Prevention a...
-
Effects of goal clarification on impulsivity and academic procrastinat...
-
Procrastination at the conclusion of the master's thesis: Results from...
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Observability Increases the Demand for Commitment Devices
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The sustainable executive: antecedents of managerial long-term orienta...
-
Awareness of low self-control: Theory and evidence from a homeless she...
-
The Impulsiveness of the Roma Minority, the Czech Majority and the Psy...
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Saving for your future self: The role of imaginary experiences
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Discipline and flexibility: a behavioural perspective on microfinance ...
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How College Students Understand Their Self-Control Development: A Qual...
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On the Interaction of Memory and Procrastination: Implications for Rem...
-
Does self-control predict financial behavior and financial well-being?
-
Strategies for improving self-control among naïve, sophisticated, and ...
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Optimal Life‐Cycle Capital Taxation Under Self‐Control Problems
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Physical activity counseling in primary care: Insights from public hea...
-
Abnormal Working Hours: Effect of Rapid Releases and Implications to W...
-
Reviewing Literature on Time Pressure in Software Engineering and Rela...
-
Optimal Time-Inconsistent Beliefs: Misplanning, Procrastination, and C...
-
Assessment: the key to effective practice
-
Using Behavioural Insights to Argue for a Stronger Social Safety Net: ...
-
Binding oneself to the mast: stimulating frontopolar cortex enhances p...
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Time-Preference Tests Fail to Predict Behavior Related to Self-control
-
Individual differences as antecedents of leader behavior: Towards an u...
-
Now or never! The effect of deadlines on charitable giving: Evidence f...
-
Academic procrastination and goal accomplishment: A combined experimen...
-
Procrastination
-
Self-Concept Clarity, Self-Regulation, and Psychological Well-Being
-
Does my contribution to your crowdfunding project matter?
-
The Influences of Time Perspectives on Academic Procrastination
-
An Intelligent and Semantics-Aware Distraction-Free Writing System
-
Mental disorders in patients with breast cancer: a differentiated appr...
-
Spending Behavior Change and Financial Distress During the Great Reces...
-
The Effect of Compliance Time in Patent Examination: An Experimental S...
-
Nudgitize Me! A Behavioral Finance Approach to Minimize Losses and Ma...
-
Effectiveness of Repeated Implementation Intention-Interventions on Or...
-
Which Preferences Associate with School Performance? Lessons from a Un...
-
The Impact of a Merit-Based Incentive Payment System on Quality of Hea...
-
Peer Effects in Competitive Environments: Field Experiments on Informa...
-
Unraveling the 'Social' in Social Norms: The Conditioning Effect of Us...
-
The Role of Self-Control on Retirement Preparedness of US Households
-
Identifying the Neural Substrates of Procrastination: a Resting-State ...
-
Economic preferences and fast food consumption in US adults: Insights ...
-
A Review and Taxonomy of Choice Architecture Techniques
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Nudge to the future: capitalizing on illusory superiority bias to miti...
-
Do Consumers Exploit Commitment Opportunities? Evidence from Natural E...
-
Deadlines in Product Development
-
Time Window as a Self-Control Denominator: Shorter Windows Shift Prefe...
-
A Randomized Experiment Testing the Efficacy of a Scheduling Nudge in ...
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Time preferences, study effort, and academic performance
-
No I won't, but yes we will: Driving sustainability-related donations ...
-
Evolving an introductory programming course: Impacts of student self-e...
-
When do you procrastinate? Sleep quality and social sleep lag jointly ...
-
The Effect of Precommitment on Student Achievement Within a Technology...
-
Staatliche Ausgabenpolitik verhaltensökonomisch betrachtet – Zur Psych...
-
Contracting with Present-Biased Consumers in Insurance Markets
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The Role of Propensity to Plan on Retirement Savings and Asset Accumul...
-
Enhancing self-control in consumer decisions
-
Effects of cognitive behavioral coaching on depressive symptoms in a s...
-
Reminders Through Association
-
Design and protocol of the weight loss lottery- a cluster randomized t...
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Intervention to reduce procrastination in first-year students: Prelimi...
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It’s in the means: Process focus helps against procrastination in the ...
-
Use of an explicit rule decreases procrastination in university studen...
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Resident Decision Making: Opioids in the Outpatient Setting
-
Einführung der Abgeltungsteuer beeinflusste Aktienkurse
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Choosing Between Two Evils: The Determinants of Preferences for Two Eq...
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The Role of Craving in Substance Use Disorders: Theoretical and Method...
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Pragmatic Prospection: How and Why People Think about the Future
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Just Do It! Reducing Academic Procrastination of Secondary Students
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Effects of episodic future thinking on discounting: Personalized age-p...
-
The impact of precommitment on risk-taking while gambling: A prelimina...
-
Finding supply chain talent: an outreach strategy
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Situational Strategies for Self-Control
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Exploring the Procrastination of College Students: A Data-Driven Behav...
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Order Ethics—An Experimental Perspective
-
Self-Control Problems of the Dual Self
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What Does Ego-Depletion Research Reveal About Self-Control? A Conceptu...
-
Structured Nonprocrastination: Scaffolding Efforts to Resist the Tempt...
-
Behavioral Economics of Education
-
Impulsivity and Fast-Food Consumption: A Cross-Sectional Study among W...
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Asymmetric Naivete: Beliefs About Self-Control
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Awareness of Low Self-Control: Theory and Evidence
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The Seven Stages of the Digital Marketing Cycle
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Ideation-Execution Transition in Product Development: Experimental Ana...
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I'm in a Hurry, I Don't Want to Know! The Effects of Time Pressure and...
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Using Behavioural Insights to Argue for a Stronger Social Safety Net: ...
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Using Behavioural Insights to Argue for a Stronger Social Safety Net: ...
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Using Goals to Motivate College Students: Theory and Evidence from Fie...
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Procrastination in the Workplace: Evidence from the U.S. Patent Offic...
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La construction de « faits » économiques d’un nouveau type : éléments ...
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Enhancing team collaboration through integrating social interactions i...
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Behavioral Economics
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On the Psychology of Near and Far
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A User's Guide to Debiasing
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Self-control, commitment and peer pressure: a laboratory experiment
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Self-Control at Work
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The Effects of Weight Perception on Adolescents’ Weight-Loss Intention...
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The impact of time between cognitive tasks on performance: Evidence fr...
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Procrastination and impatience
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Consumers and Healthcare
-
Home Ownership, Household Leverage and Hyperbolic Discounting
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Using EEG to Predict Consumers’ Future Choices
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Working over Time: Dynamic Inconsistency in Real Effort Tasks *
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Behavioral economics of education
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Procrastination, academic success and the effectiveness of a remedial ...
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Optimal policy instruments for externality-producing durable goods und...
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Leading to Effectiveness: Comparing Dyadic Coaching and Group Coaching
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When Does the Future Begin? Time Metrics Matter, Connecting Present an...
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First on the List: Effectiveness at Self-Regulation and Prioritizing D...
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Judging Experimental Evidence on Dynamic Inconsistency
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Choice reversal without temptation: A dynamic experiment on time prefe...
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Anticipation and Choice Heuristics in the Dynamic Consumption of Pain ...
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Action Change Theory: A Reinforcement Learning Perspective on Behavior...
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Imperfect Recall: The Impact of Composite Spending Information Disclos...
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Babies in waiting: Why increasing the IVF age cut-off might lead to fe...
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Optimal Timing in Online Task Deadlines: What if Students Procrastinat...
-
Effects of Monitoring on Mortgage Delinquency: Evidence From a Randomi...
-
More Time to Procrastinators: The Role of Time Perspective
-
Staatsfinanzierung und Verhaltensökonomik – Zur Psychologie der Besteu...
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Markteingriffe und Verhaltensökonomik – Zur Psychologie der Rechtferti...
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Project Lifecycles: Challenges in and Approaches to Process Design fro...
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How to motivate yourself and others? Intended and unintended consequen...
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Household energy use: Applying behavioural economics to understand con...
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Save at Home: Building Emergency Savings One Mortgage Payment at a Tim...
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A System for Debiasing the Excessive Weight of Momentary Encapsulation...
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Sticking to Your Plan: Hyperbolic Discounting and Credit Card Debt Pay...
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Time Time Time
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EduCo
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Overriding “Doing Wrong” and “Not Doing Right”: Validation of the Disp...
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The measurable me
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Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise...
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Consumer and managerial goals in assortment choice and design
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Self-regulation coaching to alleviate student procrastination: Address...
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How missed temporal deadlines influence consumption behavior
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Managing Cost Salience and Procrastination in Projects: Compensation a...
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Self-Control in School-Age Children
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Increase Productivity, Decrease Procrastination, and Increase Energy
-
A Computer-Assisted Educational Auction Simulation
-
Time-inconsistent planning
-
Avoiding procrastination through time management: an experimental inte...
-
Dynamic interplay of depression, perfectionism and self-regulation on ...
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How to commit (if you must): Commitment contracts and the dual-self mo...
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Delay and Deadlines: Freeriding and Information Revelation in Partners...
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Career decision-making: ‘I don’t think twice, but it’ll be all right’
-
Impulsive consumption and reflexive thought: Nudging ethical consumer ...
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Does temporal discounting explain unhealthy behavior? A systematic rev...
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The Effects of Self-Referencing and Counteractive Construal on Consump...
-
Obesity and Self‐control: Food Consumption, Physical Activity, and Wei...
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The Paternalist Meets His Match
-
Healthier by Precommitment
-
Holding the Hunger Games Hostage at the Gym: An Evaluation of Temptati...
-
Retirement Planning: Contributions from the Field of Behavioral Financ...
-
Understanding Long-Term Care Outcomes: The Contribution of Conventiona...
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Context specificity of inhibitory control in dogs
-
Valuation, Intertemporal Choice, and Self-Control
-
Morality rebooted: Exploring simple fixes to our moral bugs
-
General time consistent discounting
-
How to Beat Procrastination
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Want/Should Conflict: A Synthesis of Past Research
-
Three Senses of Desire in Consumer Research
-
Morality Rebooted: Exploring Simple Fixes to Our Moral Bugs
-
Overcoming Overconfidence: Teamwork and Self-Control
-
Capital Gains Taxes and Asset Prices: The Impact of Tax Awareness and ...
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Observability Increases the Demand for Commitment Devices
-
Behavioral Economics of Education
-
Behavioral Economics of Crime Rates and Punishment Levels
-
Commitment Devices
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Ausgewählte Anwendungsfelder
-
The Unexpected Positive Impact of Fixed Structures on Goal Completion
-
L'apport de l'économie expérimentale dans l'élaboration des politiques...
-
Can Self-Control Explain Avoiding Free Money? Evidence from Interest-F...
-
Re-evaluating the role of energy efficiency standards: A behavioral ec...
-
Policy and Research Related to Consumer Rebates: A Comprehensive Revie...
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Knowledge, skills and personality of the effective business consultant
-
Restricting Temptations: Neural Mechanisms of Precommitment
-
TESTING ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE FIELD: THREAT, MORAL APPEAL AND ...
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Be Happy, don't Wait: The Role of Trait Affect in Job Search
-
A field test of the quiet hour as a time management technique
-
The Role of Homework in Student Learning Outcomes: Evidence from a Fie...
-
The Impact of a Flexible Assessment System on Students' Motivation, Pe...
-
Telecommunications Consumers: A Behavioral Economic Analysis
-
Goal-setting and self-control
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Improving Investment Behavior with Pre-Commitment
-
Moving beyond job search quantity...
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Frequent deadlines: Evaluating the effect of learner control on health...
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Finding the Optimal Operating Point for Service Production Processes v...
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Savings, subgoals, and reference points
-
Flexibility or Commitment: Insights from a Reference Dependent Prefere...
-
Deadlines, Work Flows, Task Sorting, and Work Quality
-
How to Commit (If You Must): Commitment Contracts and the Dual-Self Mo...
-
Procrastination as a Tool: Exploring Unconventional Components of Acad...
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Multitasking
-
How different are real and hypothetical decisions? Overestimation, con...
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Studierende schieben Pflichten auf, aber auch persönliche Projekte
-
Trait Procrastination Among Dental Students in India and Its Influence...
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Time-Inconsistent Preferences and Venture Capital Contracting
-
On Gains and Losses, Means and Ends: Goal Orientation and Goal Focus A...
-
Taking reading comprehension exams on screen or on paper? A metacognit...
-
Behavioural economics and its implications for transport
-
Behavioral Economics and Psychology of Incentives
-
Eye Fixations Indicate Men’s Preference for Female Breasts or Buttocks
-
Pure hyperbolic discount curves predict “eyes open” self-control
-
Supporting Self-Regulation by Personal Learning Environments
-
Time Perspective and Procrastination in the Workplace: An Empirical In...
-
The role of consumer self-control in the consumption of virtue product...
-
Using insights from email users to inform organisational email managem...
-
Turning personal calendars into scheduling assistants
-
Increasing workload in a stochastic environment
-
Decisions with endogenous frames
-
Masters of our time: Impatience and self-control in high-level chess g...
-
Service customization: To upgrade or to downgrade? An investigation of...
-
Influencing Financial Behavior: From Changing Minds to Changing Contex...
-
When Do Consumers Eat More? The Role of Appearance Self-Esteem and Foo...
-
SELF-CONTROL PROBLEMS AND CONSUMPTION-SAVING DECISIONS: THEORY AND EMP...
-
Self-Signaling and the Costs and Benefits of Temptation in Consumer Ch...
-
Intertemporal decision making with present biased preferences
-
Influencing behaviour: The mindspace way
-
Inviting Consumers To Downsize Fast-Food Portions Significantly Reduce...
-
References
-
Projektverläufe: Herausforderungen und Ansatzpunkte für die Prozessges...
-
The functional neuroanatomy of decision making: Prefrontal control of ...
-
Time Pressure, Performance, and Productivity
-
The Future is Now: How Joint Decision Making Curbs Hyperbolic Discount...
-
Complexity: A Theoretical Analysis with Implications to Self Regulatio...
-
fMRI Evidence of a Hot-Cold Empathy Gap in Hypothetical and Real Avers...
-
Deadlines in Product Development
-
Flexibility and Payment Discipline in Microfinance
-
Some Observations from Behavioral Economics for Consideration in Promo...
-
The Behavioral Economics of Education: New Directions for Research
-
Frequency of examinations and student achievement in a randomized expe...
-
Give more tomorrow: Two field experiments on altruism and intertempora...
-
Procrastination, prompts, and preferences: Evidence from daily records...
-
Behavioral Decisions and Policy
-
The impact of excess choice on deferment of decisions to volunteer
-
Enhanced active choice: A new method to motivate behavior change
-
MEASURING AND REDUCING COLLEGE STUDENTS' PROCRASTINATION
-
People Use Self-Control to Risk Personal Harm: An Intra-Interpersonal ...
-
Microeconomics and Psychology
-
Financial Incentives for Extended Weight Loss: A Randomized, Controlle...
-
Learning Self-Control *
-
Psychology and Economics: Evidence from the Field. Part I: Nonstandard...
-
Dynamic decision making: what do people do?
-
Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self-reporte...
-
Performance of procrastinators: on the value of deadlines
-
Field and online experiments on self-control
-
Increasing Saving Behavior Through Age-Progressed Renderings of the Fu...
-
Hypothetical and Real Choice Differentially Activate Common Valuation ...
-
Procrastination, participation, and performance in online learning env...
-
Optimal harvesting of fish stocks under a time-varying discount rate
-
Economic Models and Regulatory Remedies for the Problem of Consumer Cr...
-
The Role of Homework in Student Learning Outcomes: Evidence from a Fie...
-
Impatience, Anticipatory Feelings and Uncertainty: A Dynamic Experimen...
-
Delay and Deadlines: Freeriding and Information Revelation in Partners...
-
The Role of Consumers’ Self-Control in the Consumption of Virtue Produ...
-
The Influence of Saving Objectives on Saving: First Response Versus An...
-
L'impact de la pression temporelle sur le traitement des informations
-
The Effects of Time Pressure on Information Processing
-
Promoting prospective self-control through abstraction
-
Procrastination of Enjoyable Experiences
-
Put Your Money Where Your Butt Is: A Commitment Contract for Smoking C...
-
Commitment Devices
-
Betting on weight loss … and losing: personal gambles as commitment me...
-
Behavioural Economics, Hyperbolic Discounting and Environmental Policy
-
A Generalizable Scale of Propensity to Plan: The Long and the Short of...
-
Counteractive Construal in Consumer Goal Pursuit
-
Self-Control and the Development of Work Arrangements
-
Implications of Behavioral Research for the use and Regulation of Cons...
-
References
-
The Cybernetic Process Model of Self‐Control
-
The Planning Fallacy
-
Finishing on time: When do predictions influence completion times?
-
Present-Biased Preferences and Credit Card Borrowing
-
Intertemporal Decision Making with Present Biased Preferences
-
Temptation and Commitment in the Laboratory
-
The Economics of Prospective Memory
-
Optimal Timing in Online Task Deadlines: What if Students Procrastinat...
-
Behavioral Decisions and Policy
-
Decisions with Endogenous Frames
-
Implications of Behavioral Research for the Use and Regulation of Cons...
-
Procrastination and Impatience
-
The Denomination Effect
-
Willpower and Legal Policy
-
Credit Card Debt Puzzles and Debt Revolvers for Self Control*
-
Highbrow Films Gather Dust: Time-Inconsistent Preferences and Online D...
-
Psychology and Economics: Evidence from the Field
-
Pre-commitment and flexibility in a time decision experiment
-
Problematic Instant Messaging Use
-
Endogenous Effective Discounting, Credit Constraints, and Wealth Inequ...
-
Obesity and Hyperbolic Discounting: Evidence and Implications
-
Brief cognitive-behavioural coaching for procrastination: a case serie...
-
What moderates the too‐much‐choice effect?
-
Shaping Consumer Demand through the Use of Contingent Pricing
-
Projektverläufe: Herausforderungen und Ansatzpunkte für die Prozessges...
-
Conceptual Consumption
-
Managing Projects with Present-Biased Agents
-
Procrastination, Prompts, and Preferences: Evidence from Daily Records...
-
Highbrow Films Gather Dust: Time-Inconsistent Preferences and Online D...
-
How behavioral decision research can enhance consumer welfare: From fr...
-
How much time-inconsistency is there and does it matter? Evidence on s...
-
Harnessing Our Inner Angels and Demons: What We Have Learned About Wan...
-
Obesity and time-inconsistent preferences
-
Procrastination on long-term projects
-
Future lock-in: Future implementation increases selection of ‘should’ ...
-
When bonuses backfire: an inaction inertia analysis of procrastination...
-
Reference point adaptation: Tests in the domain of security trading
-
Procrastination and Impatience
-
Time-Inconsistent Risk Preferences in a Laboratory Experiment
-
Little Brother is Watching You: New Paternalism on the Slippery Slopes
-
Goal Setting as a Self-Regulation Mechanism
-
Credit Card Debt Puzzles and Debt Revolvers for Self Control
-
A Model of Consumer Inertia With Applications to Dynamic Pricing
-
Free will, temptation, and self‐control: We must believe in free will,...
-
Smoking Cessation: A Model of Planned vs. Actual Behavior for Time-Inc...
-
Projection Bias in Catalog Orders
-
Procrastination: Associations with achievement goal orientation and le...
-
“Leaky” Rationality: How Research on Behavioral Decision Making Challe...
-
Environmental Preservation and Second-Order Procrastination
-
Understanding Procrastination
-
Time and the marketplace
-
Behavioral Economics and the Federal Trade Commission
-
Free will, temptation, and self-control: We must believe in free will....
-
An Experimental Analysis of Time-Inconsistency in Long-Run Projects
-
Credit Card Debt Puzzles
-
Future Lock-In: Future Implementation Increases Selection of 'Should' ...
-
Path dependent preferences: The role of early experience and biased se...
-
On the distinction between yuppies and hippies: Individual differences...
-
Modeling the Psychology of Consumer and Firm Behavior with Behavioral ...
-
Hyperbolic discounting and the repeated self-control problem
-
Academic procrastination: The pattern and correlates of behavioural po...
-
When do you Want It? Time, Decisions, and Public Policy
-
Improved Self-Control: The Benefits of a Regular Program of Academic S...
-
The heat of the moment: the effect of sexual arousal on sexual decisio...
-
Decision and experience: why don't we choose what makes us happy?
-
Investment under Uncertainty and Time-Inconsistent Preferences
-
The Effect of Bracketing on Spending
-
Developing creativity, motivation, and self-actualization with learnin...
-
The substitutability of external control and self-control
-
Optimizing time limits in retail promotions: an email application
-
Credit Cards: Facts and Theories
-
Willpower and Personal Rules
-
When Goals Are Counterproductive: The Effects of Violation of a Behavi...
-
Self-control, revealed preference and consumption choice
-
When choices give in to temptations: Explaining the disagreement among...
-
Le report d'achat expliqué par le trait de procrastination et le poten...
-
Self-Rationing: Self-Control in Consumer Choice
-
Overestimating Self-control: Evidence from the Health Club Industry
-
Debt Revolvers For Self Control
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