Internet Modern History Sourcebook Nationalism
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Nationalism
Nationalism was the most successful political force of the 19th century. It emerged from two main sources: the Romantic exaltation of "feeling" and "identity" [see Herder above all on this] and the Liberal requirement that a legitimate state be based on a "people" rather than, for example, a dynasty, God, or imperial domination. Both Romantic "identity nationalism" and Liberal "civic nationalism" were essentially middle class movements. There were two main ways of exemplification: the French method of "inclusion" - essentially that anyone who accepted loyalty to the civil French state was a "citizen". In practice this meant the enforcement of a considerable degree of uniformity, for instance the destruction of regional languages. The US can be seen to have, eventually, adopted this ideal of civic inclusive nationalism. The German method, required by political circumstances, was todefine the "nation" in ethnic terms. Ethnicity in practice came down to speaking German and (perhaps) having a German name. For the largely German-speaking Slavic middle classes of Prague, Agram etc. who took up the nationalist ideal, the ethnic aspect became even more important than it had been for the Germans. It is debateable whether, in practice, all nationalisms ended up as chauvinistic and aggressive, but the very nature of nationalism requires that boundaries be drawn. Unless these boundaries are purely civic, successful nationalism, in many cases produced a situation in which substantial groups of outsiders were left within "nation-states".
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Cultural Nationalism: The Nation as Positive Focus of Identity
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Liberal Nationalism: The Nation as a Basis for Liberal Democracy
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814): Addresses to the German Nation, 1806 [At this Site]
Political nationalism as a response to Napoleon.
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814): Address to the German Nation, 1807 [At this Site]
- Giuseppe Mazzini (1802-1872): An Essay On the Duties of Man Addressed to Workingmen [At Hanover]
Mazzini is perhaps the premier representative of Liberal Nationalism.
- Giuseppe Mazzini (1802-1872): On Nationality as a Key to Social Development, 1852, excerpts [At this Site]
- Louis Kossuth (1802-1894): Speech in Washington DC, January 7, 1852 [Was At H-net, now Internet Archive]
Kossuth was a leading Hungarian Nationalist.
- Heinrich von Gagern: German Student Movement
- Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847): Justice for Ireland, Speech to House of Commons, Feb 4, 1836 [At this Site]
- Theodor Herzl (1860-1904): On the Jewish State, 1896, excerpts [At this Site]
- Theodor Herzl (1860-1904): The Jewish State, 1896 [At this Site]
- Proclamation of the Irish Republic, Easter 1916 [readable image file of poster] [At this Site]
- Henry W. Massingham: Ireland, 1916--And Beyond, The Atlantic Monthly, December, 1916 [At The Atlantic] [Internet Archive version here]
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Triumphal Nationalism: The Nation as a Claim to Superiority
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