LINKS: Main Page Y-DNA Tree Trunk SNP Index Papers/Presentations Cited Glossary Listing Criteria |
CLADE/SUBCLADE SYMBOLS: Added Redefined |
SNP SYMBOLS: Not on 2008 tree Confirmed within subclade Provisional Private |
R M207/UTY2, M306/S1, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S8, S9
� R* -
� R1 M173/P241, P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238, P242, P286, P294
� � R1* -
� � R1a L62, L63, M420
� � � R1a* -
� � � R1a1 SRY1532.2/SRY10831.2
� � � � R1a1* -
� � � � R1a1a M17, M198
� � � � � R1a1a* -
� � � � � R1a1a1 M56
� � � � � R1a1a2 M157
� � � � � R1a1a3 M64.2, M87, M204
� � � � � R1a1a4 P98
� � � � � R1a1a5 PK5
� � � � � R1a1a6 M434
� � � � � R1a1a7 M458
� � � � � � R1a1a7* -
� � � � � � R1a1a7a M334
� � R1b M343
� � � R1b* -
� � � R1b1 P25
� � � � R1b1* -
� � � � R1b1a M18 (position relative to P297 uncertain)
� � � � R1b1b P297
� � � � � R1b1b* -
� � � � � R1b1b1 M73
� � � � � R1b1b2 M269, S3, S10, S13, S17
� � � � � � R1b1b2* -
� � � � � � R1b1b2a L23/S141, L49
� � � � � � � R1b1b2a* -
� � � � � � � R1b1b2a1 L51
� � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1* -
� � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a L11/S127, L52, P310/S129, P311/S128
� � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a* -
� � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1 M405/S21/U106
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1* -
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1a M467/S29/U198
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1b P107 (position relative to L48 uncertain)
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1c DYS439(null)/L1/S26
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1d L48/S162
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1d* -
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1d1 L47
� � � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1d1* -
� � � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1d1a L44
� � � � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1d1a* -
� � � � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1d1a1 L45, L46, L164
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a1d2 L148
� � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2 P312/S116
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2* -
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2a M65
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2b M153
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2c M167/SRY2627
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2d S28/U152
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2d* -
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2d1 M126 (position relative to L2/S139 uncertain)
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2d2 M160 (position relative to L2/S139 uncertain)
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2d3 L2/S139
� � � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2d3* -
� � � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2d3a L20/S144
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2e S68
� � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2f L21/S145
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2f* -
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2f1 M37
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2f2 M222/USP9Y+3636
� � � � � � � � � � � R1b1b2a1a2f3 P66
� � � � R1b1c M335 (position relative to P297 uncertain)
� R2 M124, P249, P267
Private SNPs
NOTES:
Y-DNA haplogroup R is believed to have arisen approximately 27,000 years ago in Asia. The two currently defined subclades are R1 and R2.
References:
Adams et al, The Case of the Unreliable SNP: Recurrent Back-mutation of Y-chromosomal Marker P25 Through Gene Conversion. (abstract) Forensic Science International 159:14-20, 2006.
Alonso et al, The Place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome Diversity Landscape. (available by subscription) European Journal of Human Genetics, 13:1293-1302, 2005.
Behar et al, Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and Host Non-Jewish European Populations. (pdf) Human Genetics 114:354-365, 2004.
Capelli et al, Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective. (pdf) Annals of Human Genetics, 2005.
Cinnioglu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia. (pdf) Human Genetics, 114:127-148, 2004.
Cruciani et al, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:1197-1214, 2002.
Deng et al, Evolution and Migration History of the Chinese Population Inferred from the Chinese Y-chromosome Evidence. (pdf) Journal of Human Genetics, 49:339-348, 2004.
Flores et al, Reduced Genetic Structure of the Iberian Peninsula Revealed by Y-chromosome Analysis: Implications for Population Demography. (pdf) European Journal of Human Genetics, 12:855-863, 2004.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
Karafet et al, Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 69:615-628, 2001.
Karlsson et al, Y-chromosome Diversity in Sweden - A Long-time Perspective. (pdf) European Journal of Human Genetics, 14:963-970, 2006.
Kayser et al. Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:281-302, 2003.
Kivisild et al, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists in Both Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:313-332, 2003.
McEvoy et al, Y-chromosomes and the Extent of Patrilineal Ancestry in Irish Surnames (abstract) Human Genetics 2006 Jan 12;:1-8 (Epub ahead of print).
Mohyuddin et al, Detection of Novel Y SNPs Provides Further Insights into Y Chromosomal Variation in Pakistan. Journal of Human Genetics, 2006.
Moore et al, A Y-chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland. American Journal of Human Genetics, 78(2):334-338, 2006.
. Myres et al, (2007), Y-chromosome Short Tandem Repeat DYS458.2 Non-concensus Alleles Occur Independently in Both Binary Haplogroups J1-M267 and R1b3-M405. Croatian Medical Journal, 48, 2007.
Nasidze et al, MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics, 69:401-412, 2005.
Regueiro et al, Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. (abstract) Human Heredity, Vol. 61, No 3, 132-143, 2006.
Semino et al, The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo Sapiens Sapiens in Extant Europeans. (pdf) Science, V290:1155-1159, 2000.
Semino et al, Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:265-268, 2002.
Sengupta et al, Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. (available by subscription) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221, 2006.
Shen et al, Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260, 2004.
Sims et al, Sub-Populations Within the Major European and African Derived Haplogroups R1b3 and E3a Are Differentiated by Previously Phylogenetically Undefined Y-SNPs. Human Mutation: Mutation in Brief #940, Online, 2007.
Su et al, Y-chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 65:1718-1724, 1999.
Underhill et al, Separating the Post-Glacial Coancestry of European and Asian Y Chromosomes within Haplogroup R1a. (abstract) European Journal of Human Genetics, 1-6, 2009.
Valone et al, Y SNP Typing of African-American and Caucasian Samples Using Allele-Specific Hybridization and Primer Extension. (pdf) Journal of Forensic Science, 49:4, July 2004.
Wells et al, The Eurasian Heartland: A Continental Perspective on Y-chromosome Diversity. PNAS, Vol. 98; 18:10244-10249, 2001.
Additional Resources:
Dan Draghici, YDNA Haplogroup R1b-U106/S21+ Research Group
David Faux, U152+/S28+ Data
A. A. Foster, Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Distribution and Origins
Proofer Joan, Major R1b Haplotypes in YHRD
Charles Kerchner, R1b and Subclades YDNA Haplogroup Project
John McEwan, Dal Riadic Migration Y Chromosome DNA Genealogy Page
National Geographic Genographic Project, Information on R1a
Cyndi Rutledge, R1a and Subclades YDNA Haplogroup Project
Ron Scott, R1a and R1b-R2: Frequency Distribution of Extended Haplotypes Gathered from YSearch
Sean Silver, The Jewish R1b Project
Richard Stevens, R-P312 and Subclades Project.
Vincent Vizachero, R1b Haplogroup Distribution Maps
David Wilson, R-M222 Haplogroup Project
Dennis Wright, The Irish Type III Website
Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2009:
Contact person for Haplogroup R: Vincent Vizachero.
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