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THE EARLY RELATIONS BETWEEN NEWFOUNDLAND 
AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS 

By H. W. LE MESSURIER, C.M.G. 

In the English Channel, contiguous to the French coast, is a group of 
islands and rocks now known collectively as the Channel Islands, but in 
olden days as the Norman Isles.'- The principal ones are Jersey, Guernsey, 
Alderney, and Sark. These islands are the only portion now remaining 
to England of that territory which formerly was known as the Dukedom 
of Normandy. The King of England is still held by the Channel Islanders 
to be Duke of Normandy.^ The ancient history of these islands is most 
interesting, dating back to long before the Roman occupation of Gaul and 
the subsequent conquest of Albion.' The largest island of the group is 
reminiscent of the Roman invasion of Britain by Claudius in 43 A. D., for 
at that time it was named Caesarea, which has been corrupted into Jersey, 
and several places in the island are still known by immemorial tradition as 
"Le Port de Cesar," "La Petite Cesarie," etc. Near the manor of Die- 
lament one sees the remains of an ancient work, in the known form of a 
Roman camp.* 

Although an appanage of the British Crown the people of these islands 
retain the old Norman laws ; and the officials, with the exception of the Lieu- 
tenant Governor, bear the old Norman designations, and the laws are ad- 
ministered as in Norman days. The inhabitants retain many of the ancient 
customs, and nowhere in Prance will you hear more antique Norman spoken 
than in Jersey and Guernsey. One of the ancient usages still survives. 
When RoUo was Duke of Normandy, in order that peace and justice might 
be maintained in his duchy, his subjects were given the privilege that during 
his life, and after his death, whenever any of them were wronged or in- 
jured in their possessions they could obtain immediate aid by crying Ha! 
Bo, Ha! Ra, a I' aide, mon prince, on me fait tort. This cry may still occa- 
sionally be heard in the Channel Islands, and heed has to be paid to it 
according to the ancient laws."* 

In former days and up to the nineteenth century, the people of these 
islands were great sea rovers. Many of them were engaged in the fisheries, 
and some traded to the Mediterranean and in the course of time followed the 
adventurous Portuguese down the coast of Africa and returned laden with 
spoil. As early as 1246 it is recorded that ships of Jersey and Guernsey 



1 Rev. Philip Falle : An Account of the Island of Jersey, Jersey, 1837, p. 278. 

2 Ihid.. p. 15. 

3 John Fatriarche Ahier: L'Histoire de Jersey, Jersey, 1852. 

4 ma., p. 71. 

5 Chron. de Normand, Chap. XXVI, I'aris, 1711. 

449 



450 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 

were engaged in the fisheries at Iceland, their catch being brought home and 
disposed of to the English and the French." 

It is an old tradition that fishing vessels belonging to Jersey, on their 
way to Iceland to engage in the summer fisheries, when nearing their desti- 
nation were overtaken by a northeast gale which drove them southwest for 
some days until finally they fell in with a land whose waters teemed with 
codfish. They loaded their vessels there and then returned to Jersey. It 
was shortly after this that Cabot made his voyage of discovery in 1497, and 
it was always maintained by the old Jersey settlers in Newfoundland that 
Cabot learned from Jersey fishermen who visited Bristol of the western land 
that they had discovered. Be that as it may, it is a certain fact that the 
Channel Island fishermen were among the first, if not the first, fishermen to 
visit Newfoundland. It has been asserted by Jerseymen that a ship be- 
longing to Du Moulin visited the harbor of St. John's in 1500, and at Bras 
D'Or and Blanc Sablon in Labrador fishing establishments belonging to 
Channel Islanders were in operation very early in the sixteenth century. 

Rut, in the account of his voyage to the New-found-isle, relates that "on 
the third day of August, 1527, entered into a harbour called St. John's, and 
there we found eleven sail of Normands, one Breton and two Portugal 
barks, all a-fishing. ' '^ The Normands were no doubt the fishing people of 
the Norman isles, now known as the Channel Islands. 

In the old Jersey records it is mentioned that in 1591 John Guillaume 
was fined by the Royal Court for selling in France the fish which he had 
brought from Newfoundland. They also inform us that by the end of the 
seventeenth century the Newfoundland-Jersey trade, which had brought a 
large amount of prosperity to Jersey, had declined, owing to the fact that 
Colbert, the prime minister of Louis XIV, had put a high duty on fish im- 
ported into France in foreign vessels. The trade revived, however, about 
1730, and the period from that date to the French Revolution was a very 
prosperous one for Jersey and Newfoundland commerce. In 1731 there 
were seventeen vessels from Jersey engaged in Newfoundland trade; in 
1732 there were twenty-four; in 1771 there were forty -five; and in 1785 
there were fifty-nine vessels. Besides these Jersey vessels there were a 
number of Guernsey vessels engaged in the same trade.^ 

Harrisse, in his history," notes that in May, 1591, the fishermen of 
Guernsey, through one Colin, applied to the municipality of St. Malo for 
permission to fish in Newfoundland, but were refused. This refers to that 
portion of the coast of Newfoundland which came under the jurisdiction of 
the French in 1662 by the secret arrangement made between Charles II and 
the French king, whereby all the southern coast of the island west of Cape 
St. Mary 's was to be held by the French. The Guernsey and Jersey people 

•i Jersey Chronicles in archi%'es of Jersey. 
' Purchas His Pilgrimes, 1625. 

8 Falle : op. cit., and Jonatlian Duncan : The History of Guernsey, London, 1841. 

9 Henry Harrisse : John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America, and Sebastian. His Son. London, 1896. 



NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS 



451 



had, prior to 1662, fished in Placentia and Fortune Bays, and the Villeneuves 
had a fishing establishment at Placentia before the French occupation. 
Jersey Side in Placentia Bay is the only reminder left of the fact that a 
fishing firm from the Channel Islands once occupied this spot. 




Fjg. 1. 

History, as it deals with the discovery of America, gives us records of 
certain expeditions which sailed from the Old World to search for and dis- 
cover lands in the west. Each expedition was fitted out at the expense of 
one of the crowned heads of the maritime states of Europe, and their doings 
were fairly chronicled, but no account was taken of the venturesome fisher- 
man or trader who sailed away in pursuit of the wealth of the seas and 
the accumulation of riches by trading with the barbarians or savages of 



452 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 

little known lands. Yet there is often a record left in the names of places 
which tells us of the people who first discovered the harbors, capes, rivers, 
etc., of a new country, although it may not be chronicled in history. As 
Canon Taylor says,^" ' ' the name of a district or of a town may speak to us 
of events which written history has failed to commemorate." That many 
of the names of places in Newfoundland were given by the people of the 
Channel Islands proves that it was very early known to, and occupied by, 
these adventurous fishermen. 

It has in recent years been asserted by two writers^^ on Newfoundland 
that John Cabot discovered and named St. John 's, the capital of Newfound- 
land, on St. John 's day, 1497, the date on which he first saw the land, of 
America. On an examination of the account of John Cabot's voyage I 
fail to find any authority for this assertion. It has also been contended by 
these writers that Cape Bonavista was the landfall of Cabot, and Judge 
Prowse, the author of the "History of Newfoundland," vigorously main- 
tained that this was the case and relied very strongly on tradition.^^ Messrs. 
Harrisse,^' Dawson,^* Biggar,^^ and others, however, do not agree with Judge 
Prowse and argue that Cape Breton was the land first seen by Cabot. In his 
article on John Cabot in the Encyclopaedia Britannica,^'' as well as in his 
' ' Voyages of the Cabots, ' '^^ H. P. Biggar speaks of the landfall of Cabot as 
some place on the American continent, and not Newfoundland. If New- 
foundland was not the landfall of Cabot, he could not have discovered and 
named St. John's on St. John's day, 1497. 

But supposing that Cape Bonavista was the landfall of Cabot, we have 
it on record that he made the land, with a large island lying off it. There 
is no large island lying off Cape Bonavista nor off St. John's. Cabot had 
been at sea for fifty^seven days in a caravel of fifty tons, and it is certain 
that when he made the land he would at once seek anchorage to obtain 
wood and water and proceed to clean his ship. In those days, when anti- 
fouling paints were unknown, vessels' bottoms had frequently to be cleaned 
during a long voyage. Moreover we are told that Cabot did land and that 
after he landed "the Royal Banner was unfurled and in solemn form Cabot 
took possession of the Country in the name of King Henry VII. . . . Hav- 
ing taken on board wood and water, preparations were made to return home 
as quickly as possible, and he sailed North three hundred miles. ' ' 

St. John's lies eighty miles south of Cape Bonavista; if Cabot had 

1" Isaac Taylor, Canon of York : Names and Places, Rivington, London, 1864, 1865, 1873. 

11 The late D. W. Prowse and the late Archbishop Howley in Newfoundland newspapers and magazines. 

12 D. W. Prowse: A History of Newfoundland from the English, Colonial, and Foreign Records. 
London, 1895. 

13 Henry Harrisse : work cited in footnote 9. 

1^ S. E. Dawson : The Voyages of the Cabots in 1497 and 1498, Trnns. Roual floe, oj Canada : Section IT, 
Vol. 12, 1894. pp. 51-112. 

15 H. P. Biggar: The Voyages of the Cabots and of the Corte-Reals to North America and Greenland 
Revue Hispanique, Vol. 10, 1903, pp. 485-593. 

i« nth edit., 1910-11. 

1' See footnote 15. 



NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS 453 

landed at Cape Bonavista and sailed north he could not have made St. 
John's; if he had sailed south instead of north he could not have reached 
St. John's on St. John's day. St. John's was not named on any of the 
early charts; it first appears in a chart by Desliens^^, 1541, and the name 
was first recorded by Eut. Who then gave that name to the place 1 And 
why should Rut in 1527 speak of it as though it had been known and so 
called for some time? I have no doubt that the name, like many names 
around the coast of Newfoundland, was given by some of the rovers of the 
Channel Islands, most likely by a Jerseyman from the parish of St. John's 
in Jersey. 

On the northeast coast of the island of Jersey there are three places lying 
near each other and in the order named, viz : — St. John 's Bay, Petit Port, 
and Bouley Bay. Can it be mere coincidence that in Newfoundland we 
have St. John's Bay, wherein the harbor of St. John's is situated. Petty 
Harbour, and Bay Bulls (formerly written Boulee Bay and so appearing 
on the old charts), all contiguous and following in the same order as the 
Jersey places 1 I submit that this evidence is strong enough to warrant the 
opinion of Channel Islanders that a Jerseyman named these three places 
St. John 's, Petty Harbour, and Boulee Bay. 

Jersey is divided into twelve parishes, viz: — St. Owen's, St. Peter's, St. 
Brelade's, St. Lawrence's, St. Mary's, St. John's, St. Hillier's, Trinity, St. 
Martin's, St. Saviour's, Grouville, and St. Clement's. Many of these names 
are prominent in Newfoundland, especially in the names of bays and 
inhabited places, such as St. Mary's, St. Mary's Bay, St. Lawrence, St. 
John's, St. John's Bay, Trinity, and Trinity Bay. It may be said that 
these names were universally used by French, Spanish, and Portuguese 
discoverers in naming the new places that they found, but I am strongly 
of opinion that surrounding circumstances and early occupation by Channel 
Islanders prove that the names originated with them. 

On the northeast coast of Newfoundland the majority of places have 
French names. It is difficult to say whether the French are responsible 
for any of them, but many are undoubtedly Channel Island names. Brehat 
Bay, on the eastern shore of the long, narrow peninsula in the north, is one, 
and no doubt reminded a Channel Island fisherman of the place where he 
moored his fishing vessel during the months of winter. In the islands of 
Jersey and Guernsey in those days there were no safe winter harbors or 
mooring places, and Brehat on the Norman coast, southwest of Guernsey, 
was used almost exclusively by the Channel Islanders as a wintering port 
for their vessels. Farther along we find Conche and Croque, two ports 
near together. Croque is the name of a place and of a point on the north- 
west coast of Guernsey, and La Conchee lies just off the point. Gouffre is 
a name to be found both in Jersey and Guernsey, as Le Gouffre. The 
harbor now known as Hilliers was originally called St. Heliers, the name of 

18 Nicholas Desliens of Dieppe. 



ioi THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 

the principal town in Jersey. Blanc Pignon is also of Jersey origin, as is 
Cormorant ; as no such bird as a cormorant was ever found in Newfound- 
land, this island is probably named after a similar island rock lying off the 
coast of Jersey. 

Turning now to the southeastern extremity of the island, we find in Con- 
ception Bay many places the names of which are evidently of Channel 
Island origin. The names Harbour Grace and Carbonear do not appear on 
any maps prior to 1700, and some of the old names such as Frillon and 
Cape L 'Argent have disappeared. Carbonear is a corruption of Char- 
bonier, which was the name given to it by the Jerseymen, as they had char- 
coal pits there at a very early period. A letter written by an old Jersey 
lady early in the eighteenth century speaks of " Charbonier, " referring to 
Carbonear. This letter was written to a gentleman living at Harbour 
Grace and was in the possession of his family until quite recently. At 
Mosquito Cove near Carbonear there was a Jersey establishment very early 
in the history of Newfoundland. 

These fishing establishments were called ' ' rooms, ' '^^ and it is quite usual 
in this country to speak of them as "Jersey rooms," no matter whether 
the proprietors belonged to Jersey or Guernsey. Harbour Grace is no 
doubt an Anglicization of Havre de Grace and was not named by the 
French, as they never resorted to Conception Bay either for fishing or for 
settlement, but it is a well-known fact that at a very early period two Jer- 
sey firms had fishing establishments there. The ground on which the 
Post Office stands and the land adjacent belonged to the Gushue family 
from time immemorial and was known as the "Jersey room." Gushue is a 
corruption of Guizot, the name of a well-known Jersey family. As a proof 
that the Gushues were originally Guizots they can show a piece of plate 
with the name Guizot on it, which has been handed down for generations. 
Near the waterside of this property was a large rock in which an iron ring- 
bolt was fastened, used in mooring ships, and on it were cut names and let- 
ters in old Jersey style. The De Quettevilles had an establishment on the 
south side of Harbour Grace, also known as the "Jersey room," very early 
in the sixteenth century. The house in this property was called the Stone 
House and was built of freestone quarried at an island in the bay. Only 
the foundations now remain. Peter Le Seour, who was a convert to Method- 
ism by Coughlan and who afterwards introduced Methodism into Jersey 
in 1770, carried on a business at Harbour Grace. 

Bay Eoberts was originally Bay de Eoberts; the Eoberts were a Jersey 
family. A prominent hill in this place is still called Prelaux Hill, after 
two Jerseymen who lived there. Near the southeast point of Conception 

w A fishing "room" consisted of owner's or agent's liouse; sliop and store ; warehouses for storing 
flsh; cookroom (a building in which the shoremen, that is the laboring men working on shore at the 
curing and shipping of flsh, lived); cooperage; forge; sail and net lofts; stages, or places in which the 
fish was landed, split, and placed in salt; flakes (erections on which the fish was spread to be dried after 
being in salt for a certain time) ; etc. 



NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS 455 

Bay lies the little fishing village of Bauline ; there can be no doubt that the 
original name was Baleine, after a place in the island of Sark which it very 
much resembles. The names of many of the inhabitants of Conception 
Bay are reminiscent of the Channel Islands. Gushue (Guizot), Puddister 
(Poingdistre), Pasher (Perchard), Hookey (Le Huquet), Le Grow (Le 
Gros), Fillier (Filleul), Hawcoe (Hacquoil), Nichol (NicoUe), Piccott 
(Picot), Furey (Le Huray), Norman, Noel, Le Drew, Gosselin, Grouchey 
(Gruchy), Murrin (Mourant), Cernew (Quenault) are names peculiar to 
Jersey and Guernsey and prove the descent of these people, although many 
of them have no knowledge of where their forefathers came from. It can- 
not be argued that they are of French descent, as no French ever settled in 
Conception Bay or resorted there for fishing, and the people who bear these 
old Norman names have been settled there for generations. 

On the south coast of Newfoundland there are many more Channel 
Island names among the inhabitants. St. Mary's Bay, Cape St. Mary's, 
St. Mary's Harbour, and Colinet are names peculiar to Jersey. The 
NicoUes of Jersey, early in the history of Newfoundland, had a fishing 
establishment at St. Mary's Harbour. St. Mary's was probably named 
by them after the parish of St. Mary's in Jersey, and the bay in which the 
harbor was situated and the cape at its western entrance took their names 
from that of the principal harbor. 

At the eastern entrance to this bay there are two places now called St. 
Shotts and St. Shores which formerly were named St. Jacques and St. 
George. The French pronunciation of these two names is responsible for 
the corruption. These two points might have been named by the French, 
but it is not likely that they would have called a place after the patron 
saint of England, whereas the Channel Islanders would. In Placentia 
Bay, at Placentia, the old French capital, the Villeneuves of Jersey had a 
fishing establishment long before the French occupation, as previously noted 
in this article. From there they moved to Burin and established a business 
which was continued uninterruptedly by Jersey firms until a few years 
ago. Marquise, between Placentia and Argentia, is probably named from 
La Marquise in Guernsey. On the west side of Placentia Bay, we have 
Paradise from Paradis on the Guernsey coast. Petit Fort from the same 
soiirce. Jersey Island lies outside of Rushoon and Bain Harbour. Croney 
Island off Beau Bois is Gros Nez. In Burin, at the entrance to the cove 
where the Jersey premises are situated, lies an island known to past genera- 
tions as Villeneuve Island after the Jersey family which removed from 
Placentia about 1680. Corbin Island and Harbour a few miles southwest 
of Burin bear a well-known Jersey and Guernsey name. At Little St. 
Lawrence the Jersey firm of De Grouchy, NichoUe & Co. had a thriving 
establishment. A drawing of the island on which the principal buildings 
were established appears in the diary of the Duke of Clarence (afterwards 
"William IV) , who visited this place in II. M. S. Pegasus in 1786. St. Law- 



456 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 

rence was probably named after the parish of St. Lawrence in Jersey. 
Lying off the eastern point of Fortune Bay is Jerseyman's Bank, and 
twenty-five miles inside the point is Fortune, evidently named by a Jersey- 
man after Fortunee in Jersey. Farther in the bay is Harbour Mille (pro- 
nounced Millay). In Jersey there is a place called Millais and several 
families of that name. There is a place called Corbin on the west side of 
the bay which is both a Guernsey and Jersey name. Blue Pignon is evi- 
dently Blanc Pignon, after the place of that name in Jersey. Miller's 
Passage is a name which is evidently a corruption, as no person of the name 
of Miller ever lived in the neighborhood or was known to have been there. 
Jersey Harbour was the nearest inhabited place in the early days, and it is 
probable that Mouilliers, after the Jersey name, was the original designation. 
To show how names have been corrupted, that of a place near Miller's Pas- 
sage is now known as Mose Ambrose; the original name was Mon Jambe. 
Jersey Harbour was named by Jerseymen. Pass Island was originally 
Passee Island, whether called after Passee in Guernsey or passe, meaning a 
channel, it is hard to determine; the old French charts give Passee, which 
does not mean a channel. In French passe means pass, channel; passe, 
beyond ; passee, a passage of troops. The name of Pass Island was written 
Passee without any accent marks. "We now come to Hermitage and Her- 
mitage Bay. When this place was named there were no people in New- 
foundland excepting the aboriginal Indians. There is only one way of 
accounting for the name, and that is that it was called so by a Jerseyman 
who saw in an island off Hermitage a resemblance to the Hermitage in 
Jersey off the port of St. Helier. 

There can be no doubt that the people of the Channel Islands early set- 
tled along the south coast of Newfoundland, the family names of these 
people occurring frequently from St. John's to Cape Bay. Messervy, 
Clement, Payn, Tessier, Le Messurier, Grandy (Grandin), Lesbirel, Du- 
maresque, Le Feuvre, Hulon (Huelin), Ayre (Ahier), St. Croix, Cabot, 
De la Cour, Le Grand, Eenouf, Berteau, Du Tot, Le Marquand, Le Drew, 
Bonnell, Knights, Hue, Lambert, Sacrey, Bisson, Beaucamp, Chevalier, 
Vautier, Le Moine, Le Fresne, Corbin, Le Eoux, Carey, Le Scelleur, Sor- 
soliel, Frewing, Angot, Pinel, Ereant, La Fosse, Le Quesne, Falle, Le Eiche, 
Vaudin, La Easignoll, La Blanc, Tupper, Havilland (Du Havilland), 
Fashon (Fashion), Dobree, Thomey (Thoume), Ozanne, Tibbo (Thibault), 
and Siviour are among the names peculiar to Guernsey and Jersey which 
designate many of the inhabitants in the settlements of Placentia, Fortune, 
and Hermitage Bay and along the coast to Cape Eay. In Hermitage Bay 
is a place called Gaultois. The original name was an old Norman word, 
Galtas, which means "like a pinnacle or dormer"; the place itself has 
several pinnacles and is well named. There has been much controversy 
about the name Eamea given to a number of islands which lie southwest of 
Burgeo; it has been written in various ways, Eamie, Eamee, and Eamea. 



NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS 457 

Le Ramee is the name of a place in Guernsey, rames is an old Norman word 
for wild vetches, and vetches are to be found in all these islands. In all 
probability the name Rames was given to them because of the quantity of 
vetches found there. At Rencontre, east of the Ramea Islands, there are 
two hills, at the mouth of a small bay, which are called St. Aubin and St. 
Helier after two towns in Jersey. 

On the western coast of Newfoundland, Bay St. George was probably 
named after the parish in Guernsey of that name, and the island of Guernsey 
at the entrance to Bay of Islands was named by a Guernsey Islander. 

In the foregoing I have endeavored to show the intimate connection 
which the people of the Channel Islands have had with the early history 
of Newfoundland. So far as I know this subject has not been dealt 
with by historians ; in fact, our local authorities Pedley,^" Harvey^^ and 
Prowse^^ in their histories completely ignored the Jersey and Guernsey 
men, although in their time the remembrance of some of the old Jersey 
"rooms" was quite fresh, and some of the Jersey firms were then in exist- 
ence. The De Quettevilles, Clements, Renoufs, Le Messuriers, Payns, Palles, 
Berteaus, De Grouchy, NicoUs, Villeneuves, all had at one time establish- 
ments, the places of which are as well known today as they were one hundred 
years ago. 

Before concluding I wish to note that the Jersey people had an early 
connection also with the continent of America.^^ The state of New Jersey, 
in the United States, was a portion of that tract of country lying between 
the Connecticut River and the eastern side of Delaware Bay as well as all 
the islands between Cape Cod and the Hudson River, which Charles II had 
bestowed upon his brother James on the 12th of March, 1664. To this tract 
the name of Nova Caesarea,^* or New Jersey, was given, in honor of Sir 
George Cartaret of Jersey, who governed the isle from 1643 to 1651 and 
there entertained Prince Charles during his exile from England. The 
Duke of York subsequently transferred to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Cartaret of Jersey all his new possessions. 

Another curious fact, which marks the early connection that the Channel 
Islanders had with America and their knowledge of the intercourse with 
the Indians, is that while the French word for tobacco is tahac, the Channel 
Islanders called it ptim, the name of a very old Indian tribe of America 
which, until very lately, was supposed to be extinct. This word is still in 
use in the Channel Islands. 

20 Rev. Charles Pedley: The History of Newfoundland from the Earliest Times to the Year 1860. 
London, 1863. 

21 Joseph Hatton and Rev. M. Harvey: Newfoundland, the Oldest British Colony: Its History, Its 
Present Condition, and Its Prospects for the Future. London, 1883. 

22 Work cited in footnote 12. 

23 Article " New Jersey," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edit., 1910-11. 

^ Caesarea was the name given to the Island of Jersey by the Romans. Jersey is a corruption 
of Caesarea. See Falle's history (cited in footnote 1), p. 2.