Georgia State Senate

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Georgia State Senate
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General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:   January 8, 2024
Session end:   March 28, 2024
Term length:   2 years
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:   Legislature-dominant
Salary:   $17,342/year + per diem
Members
Total:   56
Democrats:   23
Republicans:   33
Other:   0
Vacancies:   0
Leadership
President:   Burt Jones (R)
Maj. Leader:   Steve Gooch (R)
Min. Leader:   Gloria Butler (D)
Elections
Last election:   November 8, 2022
Next election:   November 5, 2024

The Georgia State Senate is the upper chamber of the Georgia General Assembly. Alongside the Georgia House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Georgia state government and works alongside the governor of Georgia to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Georgia State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Georgia State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Atlanta, Georgia.

  • All 56 Georgia Senate seats are up for election in 2024.
    		•
  • All 56 Georgia Senate seats were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Republican majority decreased from 34-22 to 32-23 (with one vacancy).
    		•

  • Georgia has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

    		•

    This page contains the following information on the Georgia State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Georgia State Senate as of April 2024:

    Party As of April 2024
         Democratic Party 23
         Republican Party 33
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 56

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate.[1]

    Leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Georgia State Senate District 1 Ben Watson Republican January 12, 2015
    Georgia State Senate District 2 Derek Mallow Democratic January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 3 Mike Hodges Republican January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 4 Billy Hickman Republican August 21, 2020
    Georgia State Senate District 5 Sheikh Rahman Democratic January 14, 2019
    Georgia State Senate District 6 Jason Esteves Democratic January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 7 Nabilah Islam Parkes Democratic January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 8 Russ Goodman Republican January 11, 2021
    Georgia State Senate District 9 Nikki Merritt Democratic January 11, 2021
    Georgia State Senate District 10 Emanuel Jones Democratic 2005
    Georgia State Senate District 11 Sam Watson Republican February 6, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 12 Freddie Sims Democratic January 12, 2009
    Georgia State Senate District 13 Carden Summers Republican March 9, 2020
    Georgia State Senate District 14 Josh McLaurin Democratic January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 15 Ed Harbison Democratic 1993
    Georgia State Senate District 16 Marty Harbin Republican January 12, 2015
    Georgia State Senate District 17 Brian Strickland Republican January 16, 2018
    Georgia State Senate District 18 John Kennedy Republican January 12, 2015
    Georgia State Senate District 19 Blake Tillery Republican January 9, 2017
    Georgia State Senate District 20 Larry Walker Republican December 18, 2015
    Georgia State Senate District 21 Brandon Beach Republican January 14, 2013
    Georgia State Senate District 22 Harold Jones Democratic January 12, 2015
    Georgia State Senate District 23 Max Burns Republican January 11, 2021
    Georgia State Senate District 24 Lee Anderson Republican January 9, 2017
    Georgia State Senate District 25 Ricky Williams Republican January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 26 David Lucas Sr. Democratic January 14, 2013
    Georgia State Senate District 27 Greg Dolezal Republican January 14, 2019
    Georgia State Senate District 28 Matt Brass Republican January 9, 2017
    Georgia State Senate District 29 Randy Robertson Republican January 14, 2019
    Georgia State Senate District 30 Tim Bearden Republican February 21, 2024
    Georgia State Senate District 31 Jason Anavitarte Republican January 11, 2021
    Georgia State Senate District 32 Kay Kirkpatrick Republican June 2, 2017
    Georgia State Senate District 33 Michael Rhett Democratic January 12, 2015
    Georgia State Senate District 34 Valencia Seay Democratic 2003
    Georgia State Senate District 35 Donzella James Democratic December 13, 2009
    Georgia State Senate District 36 Nan Orrock Democratic 2007
    Georgia State Senate District 37 Ed Setzler Republican January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 38 Horacena Tate Democratic 1999
    Georgia State Senate District 39 Sonya Halpern Democratic January 11, 2021
    Georgia State Senate District 40 Sally Harrell Democratic January 14, 2019
    Georgia State Senate District 41 Kim Jackson Democratic January 11, 2021
    Georgia State Senate District 42 Elena Parent Democratic January 12, 2015
    Georgia State Senate District 43 Tonya Anderson Democratic January 9, 2017
    Georgia State Senate District 44 Gail Davenport Democratic January 10, 2011
    Georgia State Senate District 45 Clint Dixon Republican January 11, 2021
    Georgia State Senate District 46 Bill Cowsert Republican 2007
    Georgia State Senate District 47 Frank Ginn Republican January 10, 2011
    Georgia State Senate District 48 Shawn Still Republican January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 49 Shelly Echols Republican January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 50 Bo Hatchett Republican January 11, 2021
    Georgia State Senate District 51 Steve Gooch Republican January 10, 2011
    Georgia State Senate District 52 Chuck Hufstetler Republican January 14, 2013
    Georgia State Senate District 53 Colton Moore Republican January 9, 2023
    Georgia State Senate District 54 Chuck Payne Republican January 18, 2017
    Georgia State Senate District 55 Gloria Butler Democratic 1999
    Georgia State Senate District 56 John Albers Republican January 10, 2011


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2023
    Salary Per diem
    $23,341.72/year $247/day. Set by the Legislative Services Committee. Vouchered.

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Georgia legislators assume office the second Monday in January.[2]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    Paragraph 3 of Section 2 of Article 3 of the Georgia Constitution states, "At the time of their election, the members of the Senate shall be citizens of the United States, shall be at least 25 years of age, shall have been citizens of this state for at least two years, and shall have been legal residents of the territory embraced within the district from which elected for at least one year."[3]

    Historical party control

    Republicans won control of the Georgia State Senate in 2002. In 2022, they won a 33-23 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the Georgia Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Georgia State Senate election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 41 35 34 34 32 26 22 22 22 20 18 18 18 21 22 23
    Republicans 15 21 22 22 24 30 34 34 34 36 38 38 38 35 34 33

    Before 1992

    Democrats had controlled the Georgia Senate since the end of the Civil War and Reconstruction.


    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Georgia was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: 1992-2002
    • Republican trifecta: 2005-2023
    • Divided government: 2003-2004

    Georgia Party Control: 1992-2024
    Eleven years of Democratic trifectas  •  Twenty years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House D D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Georgia state senators serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. Georgia holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2024

    See also: Georgia State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the Georgia State Senate will take place in 2024. The general election is on November 5, 2024. The primary is May 21, 2024, and the primary runoff is June 18, 2024. The general runoff is December 3, 2024. The filing deadline was March 8, 2024.

    2022

    See also: Georgia State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the Georgia State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for May 24, 2022, and a primary runoff was scheduled for June 21, 2022. A general runoff election was scheduled for December 6, 2022. The filing deadline was March 11, 2022.

    In the 2022 elections, the Republican majority in the Georgia State Senate was reduced from 34-22 to 32-23.[4]

    Georgia State Senate
    Party As of November 8, 2022 After November 9, 2022
         Democratic Party 22 23
         Republican Party 34 32
         Vacancy 0 1
    Total 56 56

    2020

    See also: Georgia State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Georgia State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 9, 2020, and a primary runoff was scheduled for August 11, 2020. A runoff election was scheduled for December 1, 2020. The filing deadline was March 6, 2020.

    In the 2020 elections, the Republican majority in the Georgia State Senate was reduced from 35-21 to 34-22.

    Georgia State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 21 22
         Republican Party 35 34
    Total 56 56

    2018

    See also: Georgia State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Georgia State Senate took place in 2018. An open primary election took place on May 22, 2018, and a primary runoff election took place on July 24, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. A general election runoff was scheduled for December 4, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 9, 2018.[5]

    In the 2018 elections, the Republican majority in the Georgia State Senate was reduced from 37-19 to 35-21.

    Georgia State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 19 21
         Republican Party 37 35
    Total 56 56

    2016

    See also: Georgia State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Georgia State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on May 24, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 11, 2016. All 56 seats in the Georgia State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 39-17 majority. Republicans lost one seat in the election, giving them a 38-18 majority.

    Georgia State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 17 18
         Republican Party 39 38
    Total 56 56

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Georgia General Assembly, the vacant seat must be filled by a special election. If the vacancy occurs during a legislative session, the governor must declare a special election no later than 10 days after the vacancy happens. If the vacancy occurs after the regular legislative session held during the first year of the term of office for members, the governor may order a special election at any time but no later than 60 days before the November general election. If the vacancy occurs between 60 days before the November general election and the next legislative session, the governor is required to order a special election within 10 days.[12]

    The special election must be held no less than 30 days and no later than 60 days after the governor calls for the election. The counties representing the vacant district are responsible for conducting the election.[12]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Georgia Code § 21-2-544

    District map

    See also: Georgia state legislative districts

    The state of Georgia has 56 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.

    The map below shows this district's current boundaries, not those adopted for the 2024 election cycle. To compare the map before redistricting with the one used for the 2024 elections, click here.


    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Georgia

    In Georgia, both congressional and state legislative district lines are drawn by the state legislature. A simple majority in each chamber is required to approve redistricting plans, which are subject to veto by the governor.[13]

    The Georgia Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous. There are no similar requirements for congressional districts.[13][14]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Georgia after the 2020 census

    Governor Kemp (R) signed revised legislative maps into law on December 8, 2023. Legislators in the Georgia House of Representatives voted 98-71 to adopt the new state legislative maps on December 5. The Georgia State Senate voted 32-23 to adopt the state legislative maps on December 1. For more information about the enacted legislative maps, click here.[15][16]

    On October 26, 2023, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled that the state's congressional and legislative district boundaries violated the Voting Rights Act and enjoined the state from using them for future elections.[17] The court directed the Georgia General Assembly to develop new maps by December 8, 2023.[17]

    District map after 2020 redistricting

    Below is the state Senate map in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle. The map on the right was in effect for Georgia’s 2024 state legislative elections.

    Georgia State Senate Districts
    before 2020 redistricting cycle

    Click a district to compare boundaries.

    Georgia State Senate Districts
    after 2020 redistricting cycle

    Click a district to compare boundaries.


    2010

    See also: Redistricting in Georgia after the 2010 census

    On March 16, 2011, the Census Bureau shipped Georgia's local census data to the governor and legislative leaders. The census data showed that the state's population had increased 18.3% between 2000 and 2010, growing to over 9.7 million residents. On August 12, 2011, Republicans released their legislative redistricting plans, and on August 16, 2011, both legislative redistricting plans cleared the House and Senate redistricting committees. The House and Senate approved their respective redistricting plans on August 18. Both chambers approved the other's plan on August 23, with the Senate voting 36-16 to approve, and the House voting 104-56 to approve.[18][19] Governor Nathan Deal signed the maps into law on August 24, 2011, and the Department of Justice pre-cleared the maps on December 23, 2011.

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Georgia State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Georgia by year

    2024

    See also: 2024 Georgia legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 8, 2024, and adjourn on March 28, 2024.

    2023

    See also: 2023 Georgia legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 9, 2023, and adjourn on March 29, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in Georgia

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[28] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Section 4 of Article III of the Georgia Constitution establishes when the Georgia General Assembly, which the Senate is a part of, is to meet in regular session. The General Assembly must convene annually by the second Monday in January, and its sessions can last for only forty legislative days.[29] Prefiling begins November 15 and runs until the start of the session.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Georgia are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 120 of the 180 members in the Georgia House of Representatives and 38 of the 56 members in the Georgia State Senate. Georgia is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?

    Vetoes can be overridden in a special session called by the legislature.[30] Three-fifths of members in both chambers must agree to call for a special session.[31]

    Authority: Article III, Section 5, Paragraph XIII and Article V, Section 2, Paragraph IV of the Georgia Constitution.

    Article III: "If two-thirds of the members to which such house is entitled vote to override the veto of the Governor, the same shall be immediately transmitted to the other house where it shall be immediately considered. Upon the vote to override the veto by two thirds of the members to which such other house is entitled, such bill or resolution shall become law."

    Article V: "In the event the Governor vetoes any such bill or resolution, the General Assembly may, by a two-thirds' vote, override such veto as provided in Article III of this Constitution."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Georgia state budget and finances
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    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[32]

    1. In July of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year, the governor sends budget instructions to state agencies.
    2. In September, agencies submit their budget requests to the governor.
    3. Budget hearings are held with the public in January through February.
    4. In January, the governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature.
    5. The legislature adopts a budget in March or April, effective for the fiscal year beginning on July 1. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.

    The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget to the legislature. In turn, the legislature must pass a balanced budget, and any budget signed into law by the governor must be balanced.[32]

    Georgia is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[32][33]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Georgia state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Georgia State Senate has 28 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Georgia Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article X of the Georgia Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Georgia

    The Georgia Constitution provides two mechanisms for amending the state's constitution— a legislative process and a state constitutional convention. Georgia requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    A two-thirds (66.67%) vote is required during one legislative session for the Georgia State Legislature to place an amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 120 votes in the Georgia House of Representatives and 38 votes in the Georgia State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    Georgia: According to Paragraph IV of Article X of the Georgia Constitution, a constitutional convention can occur in Georgia if a two-thirds majority of the members of both houses of the Georgia General Assembly agree to hold it. That agreement does not need to be put to a vote of the people.[34]



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures were certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list



    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature.

    See also: Georgia 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures were certified for the ballot.
    Georgia Creation of Tax Court Amendment Democrats Republicans
    Senate: Required: 38 Yes votes: 49 (87.50%) No votes: 1 (1.79%) Yes: 20; No: 0 Yes: 29; No: 1
    House: Required: 120 Yes votes: 165 (92.70%) No votes: 0 (0.00%) Yes: 71; No: 0 Yes: 94; No: 0
    Georgia Appropriations of Federal Legal Settlement Funds Amendment Democrats Republicans
    Senate: Required: 38 Yes votes: 49 (87.50%) No votes: 3 (5.36%) Yes: 19; No: 1 Yes: 30; No: 2
    House: Required: 120 Yes votes: 161 (89.94%) No votes: 4 (2.23%) Yes: 70; No: 0 Yes: 91; No: 4
    Georgia Local Option Homestead Property Tax Exemption Amendment Democrats Republicans
    Senate: Required: 38 Yes votes: 42 (75.00%) No votes: 11 (19.64%) Yes: 10; No: 11 Yes: 32; No: 0
    House: Required: 120 Yes votes: 171 (95.53%) No votes: 0 (0.00%) Yes: 74; No: 0 Yes: 97; No: 0

    Noteworthy events

    Decision to self-quarantine for coronavirus on March 19, 2020

    See also: Political incumbents, candidates, and government officials diagnosed with COVID-19 or quarantined due to the coronavirus pandemic, 2020

    On March 19, 2020, all members of the Georgia Senate entered self-quarantine for COVID-19 after State Sen. Brandon Beach tested positive for the virus.[35] COVID-19, also known as coronavirus disease 2019, is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The first confirmed case of the disease in the United States was announced on January 21, 2020. For more on responses to the coronavirus outbreak, click here.

    See also

    Elections Georgia State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    Georgia State Flag-Close Up.jpg
    State Houses-Tile image.png
    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "Constitution of the State of Georgia," accessed February 12, 2021
    2. ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "Georgia Constitution - Article III, Section IV, Paragraph I," accessed January 23, 2024
    3. ↑ Justia, "Constitution of the State of Georgia," accessed February 10, 2023
    4. ↑ One vacancy resulted from the resignation of Dean Burke (R) from District 11.
    5. ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "2018 Elections and voter registration calendar," accessed July 25, 2017
    6. ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed April 21, 2015
    7. ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2008 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
    8. ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2006 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2004 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
    10. ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2002 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "Georgia 2000 Candidates," accessed July 17, 2013
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 The State of Georgia, "Official Code of Georgia," accessed January 23, 2024 (Statute 21-2-544)
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 All About Redistricting, "Georgia," accessed April 23, 2015
    14. ↑ Georgia Constitution, "Article 3, Section 2," accessed April 23, 2015
    15. ↑ Georgia General Assembly, "Legislative and Congressional Reapportionment Office - Proposed Plans," accessed December 11, 2023
    16. ↑ Twitter, "RedistrictNet," December 7, 2023
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Reuters, "US judge orders new congressional map in Georgia, citing harm to Black voters," October 27,, 2023
    18. ↑ Times-Herald, "Redistricting maps pass both House and Senate," August 19, 2011
    19. ↑ Atlanta Business Chronicle, "Ga. lawmakers finalize new legislative district lines," August 23, 2011
    20. ↑ Twitter, "Thomas Wheatley on March 12, 2020," accessed March 12, 2020
    21. ↑ WALB News 10, "Latest Georgia news, sports, business and entertainment at 9:20 p.m. EDT," May 12, 2020
    22. ↑ WRBL, "A preview of the 2015 Georgia legislative session," January 16, 2015
    23. ↑ onlineathens.com, "Budget, education among top Georgia legislative issues," January 12, 2014
    24. ↑ onlineathens.com, "Some win, some lose in Georgia legislative session," May 30, 2013
    25. ↑ The Hill, "Ga. governor signs sweeping gun rights bill," April 23, 2014
    26. ↑ Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "New AJC poll shows voters disapprove of Georgia’s new gun law," May 9, 2014
    27. ↑ ncsl.org, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed April 21, 2015
    28. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    29. ↑ Justia, "Georgia Constitution," accessed April 21, 2015(Article III, Section 4)
    30. ↑ 11 Alive, "Lawmakers: No special session for veto override, please," March 31, 2016
    31. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Special Sessions," May 6, 2009
    32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
    33. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Separation of Powers: Executive Veto Powers," accessed January 26, 2024
    34. ↑ Georgia constitutional convention provisions
    35. ↑ WGAU 98.7FM & AM1340, “Senator tests positive for coronavirus, Athens lawmakers self-quarantine,” March 19, 2020
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