The Testing Grounds of Modern Empire: The Making of Colonial Racial Order in the American Ohio Country and the South African Eastern Cape, 1770s-1850s
The Testing Grounds of Modern Empire examines the transformation and the gradual creation of colonial racial order on an American and a South African frontier, respectively. This study focuses on the Ohio Country (a region including parts of present-day western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan) and the South African Eastern Cape (a region located on the southeastern tip of the African continent) in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth century. This book compares and juxtaposes the processes of indigenous dispossession and white efforts at undermining Native American and African sovereignty. While the scenarios in the Ohio Country and the Eastern Cape did not repeat themselves identically in other locations, comparable patterns would emerge in later years as the United States expanded westward and Britain expanded into southern and eastern Africa.
Christoph Strobel explores how various white and indigenous people tried to shape the creation of colonial racial order in the two regions. An emerging compromise among white settlers, government officials, and other white interest groups gradually led to the implementation of systems of colonial racial order in both the Ohio Country and the Eastern Cape by the mid-nineteenth century. This transformation, shaped by violence, conflict, and cooperation, left a legacy that influenced the development of colonization and the contested construction and representation of race in the United States, southern Africa, and around the world. |
Contents
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Introduction
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1 |
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THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TWO COLONIAL REGIONS
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11 |
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WHITE COLONIZERS AND THE MAKING
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37 |
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Humanitarians Settlers and the State The Transformation
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61 |
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NATIVE AMERICANS AFRICANS AND THE MAKING
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89 |
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This Land is Our Land Africans in the Eastern Cape
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117 |
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Common terms and phrases
accommodation African Commercial Advertiser allies American Indians American officials argued ASPIA attacks British Empire Brodhead Cape Colony Cape Town Cape's cattle chiefs Christian colonial forces colonial racial order Colonial South Africa colonists Coshocton Coshocton Delaware Crais cultural D'Urban David Zeisberger early Eastern Cape efforts eighteenth English settler European expansion factions farmers Governor Gqunukhwebe Graham's Town Journal groups growing number History House of Phalo humanitarians ibid increasingly indigenous Iroquois John Johnston Kaffir Kat River Keegan Keiskamma Khoikhoi Khoisan Knox labor land Little Turtle Mfengu military mission missionaries Moravian Native Americans Ndlambe Ngqika nineteenth century North Ohio Country Ohio Indians Ohio River pastoralist Peires political prophet region Revolution Sept settlement Shawnee Smith South Africa South African Commercial southern Africa sovereignty strategies Tenskwatawa territorial treaty Treaty of Greenville undermine United University Press Upper Ohio violence western Xhosa white settlers White Supremacy Wyandot Xhosa leaders York Zeisberger Zuurveld