Production and Packaging of Non-Carbonated Fruit Juices and Fruit Beverages

Front Cover
Philip R. Ashurst
Springer Science & Business Media, Apr 30, 1994 - Business & Economics - 429 pages
In the period of about five years since the first edition of this book appeared, many changes have occurred in the fruit juice and beverage markets. The growth of markets has continued, blunted to some extent, no doubt, by the recession that has featured prominently in the economies of the major consuming nations. But perhaps the most significant area that has affected juices in particular is the issue of authenticity. Commercial scandals of substantial proportions have been seen on both sides of the Atlantic because of fraudulent practice. Major strides have been made in the development of techniques to detect and measure adulterants in the major juices. A contri bution to Chapter 1 describes one of the more important scientific techniques to have been developed as a routine test method to detect the addition of carbohydrates to juices. Another, and perhaps more welcome, development in non-carbonated beverages during the past few years is the rapid growth of sports drinks. Beverages based on glucose syrup have been popular for many years, and in some parts of the world isotonic products have long featured in the sports arena. A combination of benefits is now available from a wide range of preparations formulated and marketed as sports drinks and featuring widely in beverage markets world-wide. A new chapter reviews their formulation and performance characteristics. Another major trend in the area of fruit-containing non-carbonated bever ages is the highly successful marketing of ready-to-drink products.
 

Contents

Authentication of orange juice
1
112 The market for frozen concentrated orange juice
2
113 Factors affecting adulteration
3
114 Combating fake juice
5
12 Analysis
6
121 Minerals
7
122 Organic acids
10
123 Sugars
11
75 Concentration aroma recovery
213
751 Rising film evaporators
214
753 Centrifugal evaporators
215
755 Aroma recovery
216
76 Pasteurisation
217
77 Fruit juice plant layout
218
773 Handling and washing fruit
219
776 Juice storage
220

124 Isotopic methods
13
125 Photometric methods
16
126 Amino acids
19
127 Methods of limited application
24
128 Future possibilities
26
13 Statistics
28
132 Some problems of statistical interpretation
29
133 Ratios as variates
31
135 Pattern recognition analysis
32
14 Recent developments in orange juice adulteration
34
142 The SNIFNMR method
36
143 Multiisotopic fingerprint of fruit juices
41
144 Further applications of the SNIFNMR method
43
References
45
Chemistry and technology of citrus juices and byproducts
53
213 Citrus growing areas
54
214 Effect of frost
56
22 Composition and structure of citrus fruits and juices of various cultivars
57
222 Organic acids
58
223 Carbohydrates
60
226 Flavonoids
66
227 Lipids
67
24 Citrus juice flavor enhancement with natural citrus volatiles
71
242 Citrus flavor enhancement technology
76
243 Citrus oils and aroma and their recovery
77
25 Pectic substances and relationship of citrus enzymes to juice quality
83
26 Effect of time temperature and other factors on citrus products
85
References
86
Grape juice processing
88
33 The chemistry of grape juice
89
331 Carbohydrates
90
333 Mineral content
91
34 Modern grape juice processing
92
342 Stemmercrusher operation
93
343 Hotbreak process
94
344 Dejuicingpressing operation
95
345 Coarse filtration
97
346 Bulk storage and tartrate precipitation
98
347 Enzyme clarification
99
348 Polish finefiltration
100
349 Hot fill
101
352 Aseptic process
102
354 Sulfur dioxide preservative
104
Tropical fruit juices
106
42 Guava
107
43 Mango
110
44 Passion fruit
114
45 Pineapple
117
46 Other tropical fruits
121
461 Acerola
122
463 Kiwifruit
123
465 Papaya
124
467 Umbu
125
48 The future
127
Growing and marketing soft fruit for juices and beverages
129
521 The market place
130
522 Minimum import prices
132
53 Producing the soft fruit crop
134
54 Blackcurrants
135
543 Manuring
136
544 Varieties
137
546 Planting
139
548 Frost protection
140
5410 Control of fruit quality at harvesting
141
55 Control of fruit pests and diseases
142
552 Selection of pesticides for crop protection
143
562 Arthropods
145
563 Fungi
146
57 Other soft fruits
147
572 Raspberries
148
573 Gooseberries
149
59 The futureblackcurrant research and development R D
151
Apple juice
153
611 Juice extraction
154
612 Pomace disposal
156
62 Natural style and opalescent juices
158
63 Clarified juice and concentrate
160
632 Pulp enzyming
161
633 Fining
162
634 Concentrates
166
635 Hazes and deposits
167
64 Authentication and adulteration
170
65 Composition
174
652 Starch and pectin
176
653 Organic acids
177
655 Polyphenols and colour
179
656 Minerals
183
657 Volatile components
184
658 Other flavour aspects
186
659 Microbiology
188
66 Juice tests
191
67 Note
192
References
193
Equipment for extraction and processing of soft and pome fruit juices
197
72 Juice extraction systems
198
722 Milling
200
723 Pressing
201
724 Comparison of pressing systems
207
73 Pretreatment with pectolytic enzymes
208
74 Postpress clarification
209
743 Earth filtration
210
744 Rotary vacuum filters
211
746 Cartridge filters
212
Processing of citrus juices
221
82 Fruit harvesting and transport
222
84 Fruit transfer from storage bins to extractors
227
85 Juice extraction and finishing
230
852 Finishing
233
86 Juice processing for pasteurized single strength
235
87 Juice processing for concentrate
236
871 Characteristics of 1950s evaporators
238
872 Modern evaporators for citrus fruit
239
88 Essence recovery
243
89 Chilled juice from concentrate
244
810 Pulp wash
245
811 Frozen pulp processing
246
813 Manufacture of livestock feed from citrus peel
247
8131 Peel dryer
249
8132 Waste heat evaporator
250
Further reading
252
Juice enhancement by ion exchange and adsorbent technologies
253
93 Resin chemistry
254
931 Polymer matrices
255
932 Equilibrium of ion exchange
258
94 Adsorbents
261
942 Zeolites
262
95 Applications
264
951 Grape juice
265
952 Apple and pear juice
267
953 Pineapple mill juice
268
954 Reduced acid frozen concentrated orange juice
269
955 Debittered orange juice
270
96 Summary
271
References
272
Processing systems for fruit juice and related products
274
103 Plant configuration
279
1032 Tubular heat exchanger THE
281
1033 Direct steam heating system DSH
283
1034 Scraped surface heat exchanger SSHE
285
104 Other parameters for juice processing
286
1043 Homogenisation
287
1052 Electro shock
288
Acknowledgements
289
Packaging systems for fruit juices and noncarbonated beverages
290
113 The hot fill system
292
114 Filling equipment for gable top cartons
294
115 Aseptic PurePak
297
116 Packing materials for gable top cartons
298
117 Product protection and product pack interaction
304
1174 Aseptic filled juices
305
118 Packaging of frozen concentrated juices FCJ
306
119 Filling in glass containers
307
1110 Plastic containers and pouches
308
References and further reading
309
The formulation of sports drinks
310
122 Sports drinks
311
1222 The sports drink market
312
123 The effect of exercise
313
1232 Fluid
316
1233 Sodium
317
1234 Potassium
318
124 Physiological considerations
319
125 The essentials of a sports drink
320
126 Formulation considerations
322
127 Other nutrients
327
1273 Carnitine
328
1278 Sodium bicarbonate
329
Nutritional value and safety of processed fruit juices
331
132 Composition of fruit juices
332
1322 Inorganic constituents
333
133 Composition of individual fruit juice products
335
1332 Organic acids
337
1333 Vitamins
338
134 Levels of consumption and nutritional significance
339
1341 The glycaemic response to fruit juice
341
135 Fruit juice and dental caries erosion
342
136 Fruit juice safety
344
1362 Metal contamination
352
References
356
Legislation controlling production labelling and marketing of fruit juices and fruit beverages
360
1413 Fruit juice regulations in EFTA countries
365
1414 Fruit juice regulations in USA and Canada
366
1415 Fruit juice regulations in other major countries
368
1416 Fruit juice standards produced by Codex Alimentarius
371
142 Noncarbonated fruit drinks and beverages
372
1422 Fruit drink regulations in EC countries
373
1423 Fruit drink regulations in EFTA countries
378
1424 Fruit drink regulations in USA and Canada
379
1425 Fruit drink regulations in other major countries
381
1426 Fruit drink standards produced by Codex Alimentarius
384
Water and effluent treatment in juice processing
386
1513 Treatment methods
390
152 Effluent management and treatment
396
1522 Measures of effluent strength
398
1523 Mass load determination
399
1526 Drainage
401
1527 Legal and cost aspects
403
1528 Environmental Protection Act
407
1529 Flow and quality measurement
408
15210 Management schemes for effluent
411
15211 Effluent treatment
412
15212 Sludge treatment
420
References
421
Index
423
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