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Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data

Temperature and Precipitation Graph
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Normals Data

The minimum number of years used to calculate these Normals is indicated by a code for each element. A "+" beside an extreme date indicates that this date is the first occurrence of the extreme value. Values and dates in bold indicate all-time extremes for the location.

Data used in the calculation of these Normals may be subject to further quality assurance checks. This may result in minor changes to some values presented here.

YELLOWKNIFE A *
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

62°27'46.000" N
114°26'25.000" W
205.70 m
2204100
71936
YZF

* This station meets WMO standards for temperature and precipitation.

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Normals Station Data
(all elements)
Temperature
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Temperature
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Daily Average (°C) -25.6 -22.9 -16.8 -5.3 4.6 13.3 17.0 14.2 7.2 -1.7 -13.7 -21.8 -4.3 A
Standard Deviation 4.6 4.0 3.5 2.8 2.7 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.7 2.1 4.3 4.9 1.5 A
Daily Maximum (°C) -21.6 -18.1 -10.8 0.4 9.7 18.1 21.3 18.1 10.4 0.9 -10.0 -17.8 0.0 A
Daily Minimum (°C) -29.5 -27.5 -22.7 -11.0 -0.5 8.5 12.6 10.2 4.0 -4.2 -17.5 -25.7 -8.6 A
Extreme Maximum (°C) 3.4 6.2 9.3 20.3 26.1 30.3 32.5 30.9 26.1 19.0 7.8 2.8
Date (yyyy/dd) 1985/ 03 1986/ 28 1993/ 23 1980/ 28 1948/ 31 1990/ 23 1989/ 16 1984/ 02 1951/ 06 1988/ 05 1956/ 23 1944/ 13
Extreme Minimum (°C) -51.2 -51.2 -43.3 -40.6 -22.8 -4.4 0.6 -0.6 -9.7 -28.9 -44.4 -48.3
Date (yyyy/dd) 1947/ 31 1947/ 01 1955/ 02 1967/ 02 1959/ 01 1967/ 03 1951/ 12 1982/ 25 1983/ 29 1972/ 26 1966/ 27 1946/ 25
Precipitation
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Precipitation
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Rainfall (mm) 0.1 0.0 0.2 2.5 13.8 28.9 40.8 39.2 32.7 12.1 0.3 0.2 170.7 A
Snowfall (cm) 19.7 20.0 18.5 10.3 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.5 20.9 36.5 23.5 157.6 A
Precipitation (mm) 14.3 14.1 13.9 11.3 18.4 28.9 40.8 39.3 36.3 30.3 24.8 16.2 288.6 A
Average Snow Depth (cm) 28 34 38 22 0 0 0 0 0 2 14 23 13 C
Median Snow Depth (cm) 27 34 38 23 0 0 0 0 0 2 14 23 13 C
Snow Depth at Month-end (cm) 31 38 37 3 0 0 0 0 1 6 19 26 13 C
Extreme Daily Rainfall (mm) 0.8 0.8 3.0 14.4 34.0 33.6 66.0 82.8 29.7 35.6 7.1 2.2
Date (yyyy/dd) 2006/ 23 1991/ 05 1993/ 23 1996/ 06 1957/ 05 1988/ 28 1988/ 22 1973/ 15 1982/ 07 1967/ 11 1954/ 21 1985/ 20
Extreme Daily Snowfall (cm) 16.4 23.7 16.2 13.0 11.2 3.0 0.0 1.0 15.2 16.0 15.0 20.2
Date (yyyy/dd) 2007/ 06 1982/ 20 1997/ 20 1981/ 07 1979/ 28 1967/ 07 1942/ 01 1982/ 23 1961/ 28 1975/ 29 2006/ 10 2001/ 17
Extreme Daily Precipitation (mm) 14.2 17.5 12.4 14.4 34.0 33.6 66.0 82.8 29.7 35.6 12.2 11.4
Date (yyyy/dd) 2001/ 03 1982/ 20 1995/ 12 1996/ 06 1957/ 05 1988/ 28 1988/ 22 1973/ 15 1982/ 07 1967/ 11 1942/ 22 1958/ 31
Extreme Snow Depth (cm) 69 76 81 69 30 0 0 0 15 33 43 58
Date (yyyy/dd) 1958/ 31 1958/ 27 1958/ 05 1957/ 01 1972/ 03 1955/ 01 1955/ 01 1955/ 01 1961/ 29 1959/ 18 1975/ 25 1974/ 30
Days with Maximum Temperature
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Maximum Temperature
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
<= 0 °C 30.8 28.0 28.3 14.1 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.44 12.6 28.2 30.9 175.2 A
> 0 °C 0.23 0.26 2.7 15.9 29.1 30.0 31.0 31.0 29.6 18.4 1.9 0.08 190.1 A
> 10 °C 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 14.9 28.3 31.0 29.7 15.3 0.92 0.0 0.0 121.9 A
> 20 °C 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 10.7 19.5 10.3 0.81 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.8 A
> 30 °C 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.26 0.15 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.45 A
> 35 °C 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 A
Days with Minimum Temperature
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Minimum Temperature
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
> 0 °C 0.0 0.0 0.04 1.7 15.4 29.9 31.0 30.9 24.9 6.7 0.23 0.0 140.7 A
<= 2 °C 31.0 28.2 31.0 29.6 21.0 0.93 0.04 0.33 9.5 28.2 30.0 31.0 240.8 A
<= 0 °C 31.0 28.2 31.0 28.3 15.6 0.15 0.0 0.07 5.2 24.3 29.8 31.0 224.5 A
< -2 °C 31.0 28.2 30.9 25.7 10.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 18.7 29.5 31.0 206.7 A
< -10 °C 30.5 27.7 28.3 15.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 23.4 30.0 160.9 A
< -20 °C 26.2 22.1 18.8 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.54 11.3 22.0 105.2 A
< - 30 °C 15.5 11.9 6.4 0.41 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 10.2 47.1 A
Days with Rainfall
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Rainfall
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
>= 0.2 mm 0.15 0.07 0.26 1.2 5.3 7.5 9.6 10.4 10.6 5.5 0.58 0.19 51.3 A
>= 5 mm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.19 0.96 1.6 2.3 2.6 1.9 0.58 0.0 0.0 10.2 A
>= 10 mm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.22 0.81 0.93 1.1 0.81 0.19 0.0 0.0 4.1 A
>= 25 mm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.15 0.19 0.07 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.45 A
Days With Snowfall
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days With Snowfall
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
>= 0.2 cm 11.9 11.0 9.2 4.4 2.1 0.07 0.0 0.07 1.2 10.0 16.0 12.8 78.6 A
>= 5 cm 0.62 0.81 0.89 0.78 0.26 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.22 1.0 2.2 0.96 7.8 A
>= 10 cm 0.19 0.11 0.19 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.27 0.35 0.15 1.4 A
>= 25 cm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 A
Days with Precipitation
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Precipitation
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
>= 0.2 mm 10.7 10.0 8.4 5.0 6.6 7.6 9.6 10.5 11.2 13.4 14.4 11.2 118.5 A
>= 5 mm 0.46 0.41 0.59 0.93 1.2 1.6 2.3 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.2 0.50 15.6 A
>= 10 mm 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.33 0.81 0.93 1.1 0.93 0.48 0.08 0.08 5.0 A
>= 25 mm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.15 0.19 0.07 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.45 A
Days with Snow Depth
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Days with Snow Depth
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
>= 1 cm 31.0 28.3 31.0 25.3 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.31 12.6 29.7 31.0 191.5 C
>= 5 cm 30.9 28.3 31.0 23.6 0.96 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.15 6.4 25.8 30.5 177.6 C
>= 10 cm 30.4 28.2 31.0 21.3 0.28 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 2.8 19.8 28.8 162.6 C
>= 20 cm 24.2 24.9 30.1 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.21 7.6 20.1 122.7 C
Wind
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Wind
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Speed (km/h) 10.7 11.6 12.7 13.7 14.1 13.4 12.6 12.9 13.7 14.3 13.3 11.2 12.8 A
Most Frequent Direction E E E E E S S S E E E E E A
Maximum Hourly Speed (km/h) 72 61 61 64 64 68 64 64 72 64 64 57
Date (yyyy/dd) 1957/ 13 1989/ 26 1994/ 27 1960/ 05 1963/ 23 1955/ 19 1962/ 03 1973/ 18 1957/ 07 1959/ 15 1956/ 23 1999/ 24
Direction of Maximum Hourly Speed NW NW NW NW NE N N NE W NW NW NW
Maximum Gust Speed (km/h) 105 98 74 93 87 89 85 80 105 93 113 80
Date (yyyy/dd) 1957/ 15 1990/ 28 1994/ 27 1956/ 19 1959/ 22 1987/ 13 1962/ 03 1973/ 18 1957/ 07 1993/ 27 1956/ 23 1968/ 07
Direction of Maximum Gust W N NW W NW W N N W N W S
Days with Winds >= 52 km/h 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.1 1.8 D
Days with Winds >= 63 km/h 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 D
Degree Days
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Degree Days
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Above 24 °C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.3 A
Above 18 °C 0 0 0 0 0.1 6.3 25.7 11.2 0 0 0 0 43.2 A
Above 15 °C 0 0 0 0 1.2 26 77.9 37.8 0.9 0 0 0 143.8 A
Above 10 °C 0 0 0 0 13.4 114.4 215.7 138.6 20.5 0.3 0 0 503 A
Above 5 °C 0 0 0 1.9 62.7 250.7 370.5 284.7 91 4.8 0 0 1066.3 A
Above 0 °C 0 0.1 0.5 23.3 165 400.3 525.5 439.5 219.1 39.6 0.4 0 1813.3 A
Below 0 °C 791.5 645 519.8 183.7 21.1 0 0 0 2.3 91.5 413.5 674.8 3343.1 A
Below 5 °C 946.5 786 674.3 312.2 73.8 0.4 0 0.2 24.3 211.7 563 829.8 4422.2 A
Below 10 °C 1101.5 927.2 829.3 460.3 179.5 14.1 0.3 9.1 103.7 362.1 713 984.8 5,685 A
Below 15 °C 1256.5 1068.3 984.3 610.3 322.3 75.7 17.4 63.3 234.1 516.9 863 1139.8 7151.9 A
Below 18 °C 1349.5 1152.9 1077.3 700.3 414.2 146 58.2 129.6 323.2 609.9 953 1232.8 8,147 A
Evaporation
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Evaporation
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Lake Evaporation (mm) 4.6 4.8 4.9 3.5 1.7
Bright Sunshine
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Bright Sunshine
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Total Hours 50.6 107.3 188.4 276.4 335.7 373.8 358.0 276.2 157.7 65.0 42.7 24.6 2256.5 D
Days with measurable 15.8 21.4 27.3 27.5 29.6 28.5 30.1 29.5 26.1 17.9 13.0 10.7 277.2 D
% of possible daylight hours 26.8 43.5 51.8 62.2 60.8 63.0 61.2 55.5 40.3 21.0 20.2 15.4 43.5 D
Extreme Daily 7.3 9.8 12.3 17.1 18.7 20.0 19.5 18.0 13.9 10.4 7.9 5.3
Date (yyyy/dd) 2000/ 31 1978/ 26 2002/ 30 1972/ 23 1985/ 31 1977/ 12 1977/ 04 1974/ 01 1979/ 03 1993/ 01 2002/ 05 1971/ 05
Humidex
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Humidex
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Extreme Humidex 2.9 6.1 8.9 20.2 25.6 34.0 35.4 34.3 27.2 18.1 6.3 1.6
Date (yyyy/dd) 1985/ 03 1954/ 06 1993/ 23 2010/ 20 1967/ 29 1955/ 30 1997/ 22 2008/ 09 2009/ 14 1988/ 05 2010/ 05 1999/ 24
Days with Humidex >= 30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 A
Days with Humidex >= 35 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 A
Days with Humidex >= 40 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 A
Wind Chill
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Wind Chill
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Extreme Wind Chill (°C) -64 -61 -57 -53 -32 -11 0 -5 -16 -36 -55 -59
Date (yyyy/dd) 1971/ 29 1957/ 23 1955/ 02 1954/ 06 1959/ 01 1967/ 03 1953/ 01 1982/ 25 1974/ 27 1984/ 31 1957/ 28 1961/ 17
Days with Wind Chill < -20 29.4 26.3 26.0 10.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 18.5 28.2 141.9 A
Days with Wind Chill < -30 24.0 20.0 17.2 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 8.6 19.8 93.2 A
Days with Wind Chill < -40 14.8 11.4 6.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 9.8 44.6 A
Humidity
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Humidity
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Average Vapour Pressure (kPa) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.5 A
Average Relative Humidity - 0600LST (%) 65.4 65.2 66.2 70.6 67.4 65.5 70.3 80.9 85.2 84.7 78.9 69.6 72.5 A
Average Relative Humidity - 1500LST (%) 64.6 61.6 54.7 52.5 45.9 45.2 47.9 55.7 64.7 75.2 77.8 69.2 59.6 A
Pressure
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Pressure
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
Average Station Pressure (kPa) 99.1 99.3 99.2 99.1 99.1 98.8 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.8 99 98.9 A
Average Sea Level Pressure (kPa) 101.9 102 101.9 101.8 101.6 101.3 101.2 101.2 101.3 101.3 101.5 101.7 101.6 A
Visibility (hours with)
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Visibility (hours with)
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
< 1 km 9.8 6.2 2.8 2.2 2.4 2.3 1.3 1.6 4.6 10.8 10.5 6.3 60.6 C
1 to 9 km 111.9 83.2 55.8 29.7 15 17.9 16.2 27.4 28.5 78.5 121 105.6 690.7 C
> 9 km 622.3 588.2 685.5 688 726.7 699.8 726.5 715 687 654.6 588.5 632.2 8014.3 C
Cloud Amount (hours with)
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Cloud Amount (hours with)
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Code
0 to 2 tenths 239 230 284 268.7 235 197.7 157.6 153 134.7 90.5 124.8 225.1 2340.1 C
3 to 7 tenths 125.2 109.2 141.5 151.9 184.9 229 266.5 225.4 166.8 109.2 86.3 120 1915.9 C
8 to 10 tenths 379.9 338.3 318.4 299.4 324.1 293.3 319.9 365.6 418.5 544.4 509 398.8 4509.6 C
Frost-Free
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Frost-Free
Date/Days Code
Average Date of Last Spring Frost May 25 C
Average Date of First Fall Frost Sept 18 C
Average Length of Frost-Free Period 115 Days C
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data
Frost-Free
Probability of last temperature in spring of 0 °C or lower on or after indicated dates 10% 25% 33% 50% 66% 75% 90%
Date Jun 09 Jun 03 May 31 May 28 May 24 May 21 May 14
Probability of first temperature in fall of 0 °C or lower on or before indicated dates 10% 25% 33% 50% 66% 75% 90%
Date Sep 04 Sep 09 Sep 11 Sep 18 Sep 24 Sep 26 Oct 02
Probability of frost-free period equal to or less than indicated period (Days) 10% 25% 33% 50% 66% 75% 90%
Days 96 102 106 112 116 120 134

Legend

  • A = WMO "3 and 5 rule" (i.e. no more than 3 consecutive and no more than 5 total missing for either temperature or precipitation)
  • B = At least 25 years
  • C = At least 20 years
  • D = At least 15 years
Station / Element Metadata

Statistics listed below are provided as a guide to determine the validity of Normals and Extremes calculations. For example, a station with 30 years of record between 1981 and 2010 with no missing years would be a more reliable normal than a station with 15 years of record and 2 missing years. Less than 100% possible observations indicates that out of the total number of observations used, some records were missing.

YELLOWKNIFE A

Province/Territory
NT
62 27 N
Country
CAN
114 26 W
Time Zone
MST
62.46 N
2204100
114.44 W
71936
205.7
YZF
Temperature
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Temperature
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Daily Average (°C) 1981 2007 27 0 9795 100
Standard Deviation 1981 2007 27 0 9795 100
Daily Maximum (°C) 1981 2007 27 0 9795 100
Daily Minimum (°C) 1981 2007 27 0 9795 100
Extreme Maximum (°C) 1942 2007 23853 100
Extreme Minimum (°C) 1942 2007 23851 100
Precipitation
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Precipitation
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Rainfall (mm) 1981 2007 27 1 9707 99.1
Snowfall (cm) 1981 2007 27 1 9707 99.1
Precipitation (mm) 1981 2007 27 1 9707 99.1
Average Snow Depth (cm) 1981 2007 27 1 9391 98.9
Median Snow Depth (cm) 1981 2007 27 1 9391 98.9
Snow Depth at Month-end (cm) 1981 2007 27 1 311 99.7
Extreme Daily Rainfall (mm) 1942 2007 23855 100
Extreme Daily Snowfall (cm) 1942 2007 23823 100
Extreme Daily Precipitation (mm) 1942 2007 23827 100
Extreme Snow Depth (cm) 1955 2007 18910 99.6
Days with Maximum Temperature
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Maximum Temperature
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
<= 0 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
> 0 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
> 10 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
> 20 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
> 30 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
> 35 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Days with Minimum Temperature
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Minimum Temperature
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
> 0 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
<= 2 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
<= 0 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
< -2 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
< -10 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
< -20 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
< - 30 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Days with Rainfall
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Rainfall
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
>= 0.2 mm 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
>= 5 mm 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
>= 10 mm 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
>= 25 mm 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Days With Snowfall
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days With Snowfall
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
>= 0.2 cm 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
>= 5 cm 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
>= 10 cm 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
>= 25 cm 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Days with Precipitation
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Precipitation
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
>= 0.2 mm 1981 2007 27 1 9707 99.1
>= 5 mm 1981 2007 27 1 9707 99.1
>= 10 mm 1981 2007 27 1 9707 99.1
>= 25 mm 1981 2007 27 1 9707 99.1
Days with Snow Depth
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Days with Snow Depth
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
>= 1 cm 1981 2007 27 3 9256 97.4
>= 5 cm 1981 2007 27 3 9256 97.4
>= 10 cm 1981 2007 27 3 9256 97.4
>= 20 cm 1981 2007 27 3 9256 97.4
Wind
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Wind
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Speed (km/h) 1981 2010 30 0 262813 99.9
Most Frequent Direction 1981 2010 30 0 262812 99.9
Maximum Hourly Speed (km/h) 1953 2010 508261 100
Maximum Gust Speed (km/h) 1955 2003 15620 99.5
Days with Winds >= 52 km/h 1981 2003 19 6 6389 99.1
Days with Winds >= 63 km/h 1981 2003 19 6 6389 99.1
Degree Days
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Degree Days
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Above 24 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Above 18 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Above 15 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Above 10 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Above 5 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Above 0 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Below 0 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Below 5 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Below 10 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Below 15 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Below 18 °C 1981 2007 27 1 9738 99.4
Evaporation
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Evaporation
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Lake Evaporation (mm) 1981 1996 16 2 1736 75
Bright Sunshine
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Bright Sunshine
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Total Hours 1981 2003 22 2 173880 95.1
Days with measurable 1981 2003 22 2 173880 95.1
% of possible daylight hours 1981 2003 22 2 173880 95.1
Extreme Daily 1969 2003 276422 98.4
Humidex
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Humidex
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Extreme Humidex 1953 2010 501576 98.7
Days with Humidex >= 30 1981 2010 30 1 260828 99.2
Days with Humidex >= 35 1981 2010 30 1 260828 99.2
Days with Humidex >= 40 1981 2010 30 1 260828 99.2
Wind Chill
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Wind Chill
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Extreme Wind Chill (°C) 1953 2010 508256 100
Days with Wind Chill < -20 1981 2010 30 0 262808 99.9
Days with Wind Chill < -30 1981 2010 30 0 262808 99.9
Days with Wind Chill < -40 1981 2010 30 0 262808 99.9
Humidity
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Humidity
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Average Vapour Pressure (kPa) 1981 2010 30 1 260828 99.2
Average Relative Humidity - 0600LST (%) 1981 2010 30 1 10776 98.3
Average Relative Humidity - 1500LST (%) 1981 2010 30 0 10946 99.9
Pressure
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Pressure
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Average Station Pressure (kPa) 1981 2010 30 0 262793 99.9
Average Sea Level Pressure (kPa) 1981 2010 30 0 262747 99.9
Visibility (hours with)
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Visibility (hours with)
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
< 1 km 1981 2010 30 6 224904 85.6
1 to 9 km 1981 2010 30 6 224904 85.6
> 9 km 1981 2010 30 6 224904 85.6
Cloud Amount (hours with)
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Cloud Amount (hours with)
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
0 to 2 tenths 1981 2010 30 6 224904 85.6
3 to 7 tenths 1981 2010 30 6 224904 85.6
8 to 10 tenths 1981 2010 30 6 224904 85.6
Frost-Free
1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals Element Metadata
Frost-Free
Begin Year End Year Total Number of Years Missing Years Total Count of Observations % of Possible Observations
Average Date of Last Spring Frost 1981 2006 24 1 24 92.3
Average Date of First Fall Frost 1981 2006 24 1 24 92.3
Average Length of Frost-Free Period 1981 2006 24 1 24 92.3
Probability of last temperature in spring <= 0°C, on or after (Date)
10 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
25 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
33 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
50 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
66 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
75 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
90 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
Probability of first temperature in fall <= 0°C, on or before (Date)
10 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
25 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
33 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
50 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
66 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
75 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
90 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
Probability of frost-free period equal to or less than indicated period (Days)
10 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
25 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
33 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
50 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
66 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
75 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3
90 % 1943 2006 63 2 61 95.3

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