Epoxy Resins

View previous versions

Ha Q. Pham,

Ha Q. Pham

Dow Chemical, Freeport, Texas

Search for more papers by this author

Maurice J. Marks,

Maurice J. Marks

Dow Chemical, Freeport, Texas

Search for more papers by this author

Ha Q. Pham,

Ha Q. Pham

Dow Chemical, Freeport, Texas

Search for more papers by this author

Maurice J. Marks,

Maurice J. Marks

Dow Chemical, Freeport, Texas

Search for more papers by this author

First published: 15 October 2005

https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a09_547.pub2

Citations: 56

Read the full text

About

PDF

Tools

Share a link

Email
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Reddit
Wechat

Abstract

Epoxy resins are reactive intermediates used to produce a versatile class of thermosetting polymers. They are characterized by the presence of a three-membered cyclic ether group commonly referred to as an epoxy group, 1,2-epoxide, or oxirane. The most widely used epoxy resins are diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A derived from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. The outstanding performance characteristics of the thermosets derived from bisphenol A epoxies are largely conveyed by the bisphenol A moiety (toughness, rigidity, and elevated temperature performance), the ether linkages (chemical resistance), and the hydroxyl and epoxy groups (adhesive agents). In addition to bisphenol A, other starting materials such as aliphatic glycols and both phenol and o-cresol novolacs are used to produce specialty resins. Epoxy resins may also include epoxide-bearing compounds based on aromatic amine, triazine, and cycloaliphatic backbones.

A variety of reagents have been described for converting the liquid and solid epoxy resins to the cured state, which is necessary for the development of the ultimate end-use properties. The curing agents or hardeners are categorized as either catalytic or coreactive. Catalytic curing agents initiate resin homopolymerization, either cationic or anionic, as a consequence of using a Lewis acid or base in the curing process. Coreactive curing agents are polyfunctional compounds typically possessing active hydrogens that are employed up to stoichiometric quantities with epoxy resins. The important classes of coreactive curing agents include multifunctional amines and their amide derivatives, polyphenols, polymeric thiols, polycarboxylic acids, anhydrides, phenol–formaldehyde novolacs and resoles, and amino–formaldehyde resins.

The largest single use of epoxy resins is in the protective coatings market where high corrosion resistance and adhesion to substrates are important. Epoxies have gained wide acceptance in protective coatings and in electrical and structural applications because of their exceptional combination of properties such as toughness, adhesion, chemical and thermal resistance, and good electrical properties.

The article contains sections titled:

1.	Introduction
2.	History
3.	Industry Overview
4.	Classes of Epoxy Resins and Manufacturing Processes
5.	Liquid Epoxy Resins (DGEBA)
5.1.	Caustic Coupling Process
5.2.	Phase-Transfer Catalyst Process
6.	Solid Epoxy Resins Based on DGEBA
6.1.	SER Continuous Advancement Process
6.2.	Phenoxy Resins
6.3.	Epoxy-Based Thermoplastics
7.	Halogenated Epoxy Resins
7.1.	Brominated Bisphenol A Based Epoxy Resins
7.2.	Fluorinated Epoxy Resins
8.	Multifunctional Epoxy Resins
8.1.	Epoxy Novolac Resins
8.1.1.	Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin
8.1.2.	Cresol Epoxy Novolacs
8.1.3.	Glycidyl Ethers of Hydrocarbon Epoxy Novolacs
8.1.4.	Bisphenol A Epoxy Novolacs
8.2.	Other Polynuclear Phenol Glycidyl Ether Derived Resins
8.2.1.	Glycidyl Ether of Tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane
8.2.2.	Trisphenol Epoxy Novolacs
8.3.	Aromatic Glycidyl Amine Resins
8.3.1.	Triglycidyl Ether of p-Aminophenol
8.3.2.	Tetraglycidyl Methylenedianiline (MDA)
9.	Specialty Epoxy Resins
9.1.	Crystalline Epoxy Resins Development
9.2.	Weatherable Epoxy Resins
9.2.1.	Hydrogenated DGEBA
9.2.2.	Heterocyclic Glycidyl Imides and Amides
9.2.3.	Hydantoin-Based Epoxy Resins
9.3.	Elastomer-Modified Epoxies
10.	Monofunctional Glycidyl Ethers and Aliphatic Glycidyl Ethers
11.	Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins and Epoxidized Vegetable Oils
12.	Epoxy Esters and Derivatives
12.1.	Epoxy Esters
12.2.	Glycidyl Esters
12.3.	Epoxy Acrylates
12.4.	Epoxy Vinyl Esters
12.5.	Epoxy Phosphate Esters
13.	Characterization of Uncured Epoxies
14.	Curing of Epoxy Resins
15.	Coreactive Curing Agents
15.1.	Amine Functional Curing Agents
15.1.1.	Primary and Secondary Amines
15.1.1.1.	Aliphatic Amines
15.1.1.1.1.	Ketimines
15.1.1.1.2.	Mannich Base Adducts
15.1.1.1.3.	Polyetheramines
15.1.1.2.	Cycloaliphatic Amines
15.1.1.3.	Aromatic Amines
15.1.1.4.	Arylyl Amines
15.1.2.	Polyamides
15.1.3.	Amidoamines
15.1.4.	Dicyandiamide
15.2.	Carboxylic Functional Polyester and Anhydride Curing Agents
15.2.1.	Carboxylic Functional Polyesters
15.2.2.	Acid Anhydrides
15.3.	Phenolic-Terminated Curing Agents
15.4.	Melamine-, Urea-, and Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins
15.5.	Mercaptans (Polysulfides and Polymercaptans) Curing Agents
15.6.	Cyclic Amidines Curing Agents
15.7.	Isocyanate Curing Agents
15.8.	Cyanate Ester Curing Agents
16.	Catalytic Cure
16.1.	Lewis Bases
16.2.	Lewis Acids
16.3.	Photoinitiated Cationic Cure
17.	Formulation Development With Epoxy Resins
17.1.	Relationship Between Cured Epoxy Resin Structure and Properties
17.2.	Selection of Epoxy Resins
17.3.	Selection of Curing Agents
17.4.	Epoxy/Curing Agent Stoichiometric Ratios
17.5.	Catalysts
17.6.	Accelerators
18.	Epoxy Curing Process
18.1.	Characterization of Epoxy Curing and Cured Networks
19.	Formulation Modifiers
19.1.	Diluents
19.2.	Thixotropic Agents
19.3.	Fillers
19.4.	Epoxy Nanocomposites
19.5.	Toughening Agents and Flexiblizers
20.	Coatings Applications
20.1.	Coatings Application Technologies
20.1.1.	Low Solids Solventborne Coatings
20.1.2.	High Solids Solventborne Coatings
20.1.3.	Solvent-Free Coatings (100 % Solids)
20.1.4.	Waterborne Coatings
20.1.5.	Powder Coatings
20.1.6.	Radiation-Curable Coatings
20.2.	Epoxy Coatings Markets
20.2.1.	Marine and Industrial Maintenance Coatings
20.2.2.	Metal Container and Coil Coatings
20.2.3.	Automotive Coatings
20.3.	Inks and Resists
21.	Structural Applications
21.1.	Structural Composites
21.1.1.	Epoxy Composites
21.1.2.	Epoxy Vinyl Ester Composites
21.1.3.	Mineral-Filled Composites
21.2.	Civil Engineering, Flooring, and Construction
21.3.	Electrical Laminates
21.4.	Other Electrical and Electronic Applications
21.4.1.	Casting, Potting, and Encapsulation
21.4.2.	Transfer Molding
21.5.	Adhesives
21.6.	Tooling
22.	Health and Safety Factors
23.	Acknowledgments

Bibliography

“Epoxy Resins” in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology 3rd ed., by Ha Q. Pham and Maurice J. Marks, Dow Chemical, Freeport, TX; 10.1002/0471440264.pst119

1 S. J. Hartman, The Epoxy Resin Formulators Training Manual, The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., New York 1984, p. 1.

Google Scholar
2 H. Lee, K. Neville, Handbook of Epoxy Resins, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York 1967,

Google Scholar
reprinted 1982.

Google Scholar
3 I. G. Farbenindustrie, DE 676 117, 1938,

Google Scholar
US 2 136 928, 1938 (P. Schlack).

Google Scholar
4 Ciba-Geigy Corp., US 2 324 483, 1943 (P. Castan).

Google Scholar
5 DeVoe & Raynolds, US 2 456 408, 1948 (S. O. Greenlee).

Google Scholar
6 D. Swern, Chem. Rev. 45 (1949) 1.
10.1021/cr60140a001
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
7 E. O. C. Greiner, F. Dubois, M. Yoneyama, Epoxy Resins, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Marketing Research Report, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International, Menlo Park, CA 2001.

Google Scholar
8 Dow Chemical data, the Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.

Google Scholar
9 W. L. Faith, D. B. Keyes, R. L. Clark, Industrial Chemistry, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1965, p. 404.

Google Scholar
10 H. H. Szmant, Organic Building Blocks of the Chemical Industry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1989, p. 281.

Google Scholar
11 P. H. Williams, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1st ed., Vol. 3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1965, pp. 857, 865.

Web of Science®Google Scholar
12 W. F. Richey, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed., Vol. 6, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1993, pp. 140, 155.

Google Scholar
13 Shell Oil Co., US 2 714 123, 1955 (G. F. Johnson);

Google Scholar
Solvay & CIE, BE 517 463, 1959.

Google Scholar
14 Showa Denko K. K., JP 88 290 835, 1988 (N. Nagato, H. Mori, R. Ishioka);

Google Scholar
Showa Denko K. K., US 4 634 784, 1987 (N. Nagato, H. Mori, K. Maki, R. Ishioka).

Google Scholar
15 Bisphenol A, Chem Systems Report, Sept. 2002.

Google Scholar
16 General Electric Co., US 4 400 555, 1983 (Mendiretta);

Google Scholar
General Electric Co., WO 00/35847, 2000 (G. M. Kissinger, R. Sato).

Google Scholar
17 W. G. Potter, Epoxide Resins, Springer-Verlag, New York 1970.

Google Scholar
18 Shell Oil Co., US 2 575 558, 1951 (H. A. Newley, E. C. Shokal).

Google Scholar
19 Union Carbide Corp., US 2 943 095, 1960 N. H. Reinking).

Google Scholar
20 Shell Development, US 2 848 435, 1958 L. H. Griffin, J. H. Long);

Google Scholar
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., US 2 921 049, 1960 (H. L. Moroson);

Google Scholar
Union Carbide Corp., US 3 069 434, 1962 (S. P. Spence, A. R. Grover, F. P. Klosek, R. E. Nicolson).

Google Scholar
21 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 499 255, 1985 (C. S. Wang, H. Q. Pham, J. L. Bertram);

Google Scholar
Tohto Kasei K. K., JP 61/195111A, 1986 (T. Ogata, H. Nakanishi, M. Aritomi).

Google Scholar
22 N. S. Enikolopyan, M. A. Markevitch, L. S. Sakhonenko, S. Z. Rogovina, V. G. Oshmyan, J. Polym. Sci., Chem. Ed. 20 (1982) 1231–1245.
10.1002/pol.1982.170200507
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
23 D. O. Bowen, R. C. Whiteside, in R. F. Gould (ed.): Epoxy Resins, Advances in Chemistry Series 92, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1970, p. 48.
10.1021/ba-1970-0092.ch005
Web of Science®Google Scholar
24 Shell Oil Co., US 2 643 239, 1953 (E. C. Shokal, H. A. Newley, T. E. Bradley);

Google Scholar
Shell Development Co.), US 2 879 259, 1959 (R. W. H. Tess).

Google Scholar
25 Devoe & Raynolds Co., Inc., US 2 456 408, 1943 (S. O. Greenlee).

Google Scholar
26 H. Batzer, S. A. Zahir, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 19 (1975) 601.
10.1002/app.1975.070190221
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
27 W. Burchard, S. Bantle, S. A. Zahir, Makromol. Chem. 182 (1981) 145.
10.1002/macp.1981.021820117
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
28 U. Fuchslueger, H. Stephan, H.-J. Grether, M. Grasserbauer, Polymer 40 (1999) 661–673.
10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00285-7
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
29 Ciba-Geigy Corp., US 3 634 323, 1972 (R. M. Moran).

Google Scholar
30 Shell Oil Co., US 3 477 990, 1969 (M. F. Dante, H. L. Parry).

Google Scholar
31 Dow Chemical Co., US 3 948 855, 1976 (W. O. Perry).

Google Scholar
32 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 302 574, 1981 (G. A. Doorakian, J. L. Bertram).

Google Scholar
33 Shell Oil Co., US 4 358 578, 1982 (T. F. Brownscombe).

Google Scholar
34 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 366 295, 1982 (M. C. Tyler Jr., A. L. McCrary).

Google Scholar
35 Dow Chemical Co.), US 4 808 692, 1989 (H. Q. Pham, L. A. Ho).

Google Scholar
36 W. A. Romanchick, J. F. Geibel, Org. Coat. Appl. Polym. Sci. Proc. 46 (1982) 410.

Google Scholar
37 J. F. Geibel, Org. Coat. Plast. Chem. 43 (1980) 545.

CASGoogle Scholar
38 H. Batzer, S. A. Zahir, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 21 (1977) 1843.
10.1002/app.1977.070210712
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
39 D. P. Sheih, D. E. Benton, ASTM Special Technical Publication STP 1119, Analysis of Paints and Related Materials: Current Techniques for Solving Coatings Problems, 1992, pp. 41–56.

Google Scholar
40 Shell International Research, WO 01/16204 A1, 2001 (S. MK. Li);

Google Scholar
Resolution Research Nederland B. V., WO Appl. 01/46287 A1, 2001 (R. R. Dominquez, H. Frank, S. MK. Li).

Google Scholar
41 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 612 156, 1986 (B. W. Heinemeyer, S. D. Tatum).

Google Scholar
42 J. E. White, H. C. Silvis, M. S. Winkler, T. W. Glass, D. E. Kirkpatrick, Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 1791, 1800.
10.1002/1521-4095(200012)12:23<1791::AID-ADMA1791>3.0.CO;2-A
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
43 Shell Oil Co., GB 980 509, 1965.

Google Scholar
44 Dow Chemical Co., US 5 275 853, 1994 (H. C. Silvis, J. E. White).

Google Scholar
45 H. C. Silvis, C. N. Brown, S. L. Kram, J. E. White, Polym. Prepr. 36 (1995) no. 2, 178–179.

CASGoogle Scholar
46 T. Glass, H. Pham, M. Winkler, in Proceedings of the 58th SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibits (ANTEC 2000), Lauderdale, FL 2000.

Google Scholar
47 Dow Chemical Co., US 5 134 201, 1992 (M. N. Mang, J. E. White).

Google Scholar
48 Nan Ya Plastics Corp. Taiwan, US 6 512 075, 2003 (M. J. Tzou).

Google Scholar
49 Tohto Kasei K.K., JP 08198949 A, 1996 (K. Ishihara, T. Sato, K. Aida, T. Hoshono).

Google Scholar
50 J. R. Griffith, CHEMTECH 12 (1982) 290–293.

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
51 the United States of America, US 3 879 430, 1975 (J. R. Griffith, J. G. O'Rear).

Google Scholar
52 T. E. Twardowski, P. H. Geil, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42 (1991) 69.
10.1002/app.1991.070420108
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
53 Devoe & Raynolds, US 2 521 912, 1950 (S. O. Greenlee).

Google Scholar
54 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 785 061, 1988 (C. S. Wang, Z. K. Liao);

Google Scholar
Yuka Shell Epoxy Co., JP 200239346, 2000 (Y. Murata, B. Shigeki).

Google Scholar
55 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 394 497, 1983 (D. L. Nelson, B. A. Naderhoff).

Google Scholar
56 Shell Development Co., US 2 806 016, 1957 (C. G. Schwartzer).

Google Scholar
57 K. L. Hawthorne, F. C. Henson, in R. S. Bauer (ed.): Epoxy Resin Chemistry II, ACS Symposium Series 221, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1983, Chapt. 7, pp. 135–151.
10.1021/bk-1983-0221.ch007
Web of Science®Google Scholar
58 Union Carbide Corp., US 2 951 825, 1960), (N. H. Reinking, B. P. Barth, F. J. Castner).

Google Scholar
59 T. J. Galvin, M. A. Chaudhari, J. J. King, Chem. Eng. Prog. 81 (1985) no. 1, 45–48.

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
60 Shell Internationale Research B. V., JP 3 315 436, 2002 (Y. Murata, Y. Nakanishi, M. Yosumura).

Google Scholar
61 I. Ogura, T. Imada, Dai Nippon Inks & Chemical (DIC) Technical Review No. 5, 1999.

Google Scholar
62 Dow Chemical Co., US 5 463 091, 1995 (J. D. Earls, R. E. Hefner Jr., P. M. Puckett);

Google Scholar
Dow Chemical Co., US 5 266 660, 1993 (R. E. Hefner Jr., J. D. Earls, P. M. Puckett).

Google Scholar
63 H.-J. Sue, J. D. Earls, R. E. Hefner Jr., M. I. Villarreal, E. I. Garcia-Meitin, P. C. Yang, C. H. Cheatham, C. J. G. Plummer, Polymer 39 (1998) 4707–4714.
10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00053-6
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
64 R. S. Bauer, in G. D. Parfitt, A. V. Patsis (eds.): Organic Coatings, Science and Technology, Vol. 5, Marcel Dekker, New York 1983, pp. 1–33.

Google Scholar
65 Henkel & Cie. GmbH, US 3 288 789, 1966 (M. Budnowski, M. Dohr).

Google Scholar
66 Internationale Octrool Maatschappij Octropa, GB 1 381 262, 1975 and

Google Scholar
US 4 147 737, 1979 (A. J. Sein, J. Reitberg, J. M. Schouten).

Google Scholar
67 E. H. Catsiff, R. E. Coulehan, J. F. Diprima, D. A. Gordan, R. Seltzer, in R. S. Bauer (ed.): Epoxy Resin Chemistry, ACS Symposium Series 114, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1979, Chapt. 10, pp. 115–156.
10.1021/bk-1979-0114.ch010
Google Scholar
68 R. Y. Ting, in C. A. May, Y. Tanaka (eds.): Epoxy Resins Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1988, p. 551, 601.

Web of Science®Google Scholar
69 H. Jahn, J. Polym. Sci., Part C 16 (1967) 1829, 1841.
10.1002/polc.5070160357
Google Scholar
70 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 273 921, 1980 (J. L. Bertram, P. S. Sheih).

Google Scholar
71 Union Carbide Corp., US 2 716 123, 1953), (B. Phillips, F. Frostick Jr.).

Google Scholar
72 P. K. T. Ording: Waterborne and Solvent Based Epoxies and Their End User Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1996, pp. 57, 100.

Google Scholar
73 J. C. Kenny, T. Ueno, K. Tsutsui, J. Coat. Technol. 68, (1996) 855;

Google Scholar
T. Agawa, E. D. Dumain, Proc. Waterborne High-Solids Powder Coat. Symp. 24 (1997) 342–353;

Google Scholar
B. V. Gregorovich, I. Hazan, Prog. Org. Coat. 24 (1994) 131.
10.1016/0033-0655(94)85011-9
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
74 G. Webster: Chemistry & Technology of UV & EB Formulation for Coatings, Inks & Paints, Vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1997, pp. 41, 73.

Google Scholar
75 Dow Chemical Co., US 3 367 992, 1968 (C. Bearden);

Google Scholar
Dow Chemical Co., US 3 524 901, 1970 (D. J. Najvar).

Google Scholar
76 T. F. Anderson, V. B. Messick, in G. Pritchard (ed.): Developments in Reinforced Platics 1, Allied Science Publishers Ltd., London 1980, pp. 29–58.
10.1007/978-94-009-8724-1_2
Google Scholar
77 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 397 970, 1983 (K. D. Campbell, H. G. Langer, P. H. Martin).

Google Scholar
78 H. Jahn, P. Goetzky, in C. A. May, Y. Tanaka (eds.): Epoxy Resins Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1988, pp. 1049, 1087.

Google Scholar
79 Annu. Book ASTM Stand. Section 8 (Plastics). Web site: http://www.astm.org.

Google Scholar
80 H. Pasch, R. Unvericht, M. Resch, Angew. Makromol. Chem. 212 (1993) 191–200;
10.1002/apmc.1993.052120117
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
H. Pasch, J. Adrian, D. Braun, GIT Spezial Separation 21 (2001) no. 2, 104–108.

CASGoogle Scholar
81 D. Crozier, G. Morse, Y. Tajima, SAMPE J. 18 (1982) no. 5, 17–22.

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
82 A. Durbetaki, Anal. Chem. 28 (1956) 2000.
10.1021/ac60120a055
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
83 R. Jay, Anal. Chem. 36 (1964) 667.
10.1021/ac60209a037
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
84 B. Dobinson, W. Hofmann, B. Stark, The Determination of Epoxide Groups, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY 1969.
10.1016/B978-0-08-012788-0.50004-5
Google Scholar
85 G. H. Schneer, W. van Gilder, V. E. Hauser, P. E. Schmidt, IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices (1969) ED–15.

Google Scholar
86 H. Lee, K. Neville, Handbook of Epoxy Resins, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York 1967, reprinted 1982.

Google Scholar
87 M. C. Paputa Peck, R. O. Carter III, S. B. A. Qaderi, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 33 (1987) no. 1 77–86;
10.1002/app.1987.070330107
Web of Science®Google Scholar
G. Lachenal, Y. Ozaki, Macromol. Symp. 141 (1999) 283–292.
10.1002/masy.19991410123
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
13th European Symposium on Polymer Spectroscopy, 1998.

Google Scholar
88 W. B. Moniz, C. F. Poranski Jr., Org. Coat. Plast. Chem. 39, (1978) 99–102.

CASGoogle Scholar
89 E. Mertzel, J. L. Koenig, in K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites III, Advances in Polymer Science 75, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 73, 112.
10.1007/BFb0017915
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
90 W. A. Dark, E. C. Conrad, L. W. Crossman Jr., J. Chromatogr. 91 (1974) 247–60.
10.1016/S0021-9673(01)97904-X
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
91 D. J. Crabtree, D. B. Hewitt, Liq. Chromatogr. Polym. Relat. Mater. 8 (1977) 63–77, Chromatographic Science Series.

CASGoogle Scholar
92 G. Eppert, G. Liebscher, J. Chromatogr. 238 (1982) 399.
10.1016/S0021-9673(00)81325-4
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
93 S. A. Zahir, S. Bantle, in R. S. Bauer (ed.): Epoxy Resin Chemistry II, ACS Symposium Series 221. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1983, pp. 245, 262.
10.1021/bk-1983-0221.ch013
Web of Science®Google Scholar
94 D. K. Hadad, in C. A. May, Y. Tanaka (eds.): Epoxy Resins Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1988, pp. 1089, 1172.

Google Scholar
95 W. Lwowski, in A. R. Katritsky, C. W. Rees (eds.): Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vol. 7, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1984, pp. 1, 16.
10.1016/B978-008096519-2.00069-2
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
96 R. E. Parker, N. S. Isaacs, Chem. Rev. 59 (1959) 737, 799.
10.1021/cr50028a006
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
97 Y. Tanaka, R. S. Bauer, in C. A. May, Y. Tanaka (eds.): Epoxy Resins Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1988, pp. 465, 550.

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
98 L. Shechter, J. Wynstra, Ind. Eng. Chem. 48 (1956) 86.
10.1021/ie50553a028
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
99 I. T. Smith, Polymer 2 (1961) 95.
10.1016/0032-3861(61)90010-6
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
100 N. B. Chapman, R. E. Parker, N. S. Issacs, J. Chem. Soc. 2 (1959) 1925.
10.1039/jr9590001925
Web of Science®Google Scholar
101 N. G. Rondan, M. J. Marks, S. Hoyles, H. Pham, paper presented at the 225th ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 2003.

Google Scholar
102 R. F. Eaton, Paint Coat. Ind. (1999) June, 76–80.

Google Scholar
103 L. Shechter, J. Wynstra, R. P. Kurkjy, Ind. Eng. Chem. 48 (1956) ).

Google Scholar
104 K. Horie, H. Hiura, M. Sawada, I. Mita, H. Kambe, J. Polym. Sci., A–1 8 (1970) 1357.
10.1002/pol.1970.150080605
CASADSPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
105 K. Dusek, M. Ilavsky, S. Lunak, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Symp. 53 (1975) 29.
10.1002/polc.5070530107
CASGoogle Scholar
106 C. V. Hare, Protective Coatings: Fundamentals of Chemistry and Composition, Technology Publishing Co., Pittsburg, PA 1994, pp. 187, 238.

Google Scholar
107 CIBA (A.R.L) Ltd., GB 886 767, 1962 (P. Halewood).

Google Scholar
108 W. R. Ashcroft, in B. Ellis (ed.): Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins, 1st ed., Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, U.K. 1993, pp. 37, 71.
10.1007/978-94-011-2932-9_2
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
109 M. Fedtke, F. Domaratius, A. Pfitzmann, Polym. Bull. 23 (1990) 381, 388.
10.1007/BF00294867
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
110 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., US 3 390 124, 1968 (J. B. Kittridge, A. L. Michelli).

Google Scholar
111 M. D. Gilbert, N. S. Schneider, W. J. McKnight, Macromolecules 24 (1991) 360.
10.1021/ma00002a004
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
112 S. A. Zahir, in G. D. Parfitt, A. V. Patsis (eds.): Advances in Organic Coatings Science and Technology, Vol. IV: Sixth International Conference in Organic Coatings Science and Technology, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., Lancaster, PA 1982, p. 83.

Google Scholar
113 M. J. Husband, in P. Oldring, G. Haywood, eds., Resins for Surface Coatings, SITA Technology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., London 1987, pp. 63, 167.

CASGoogle Scholar
114 P. J. Madec, E. Marechal, Makromol. Chem. 184 (1983) 323.
10.1002/macp.1983.021840209
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
115 L. Matejka, J. Lovy, S. Pokorny, K. Bouchal, K. Dusek, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 21 (1983) 2873.
10.1002/pol.1983.170211003
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
116 H. Kunitomo, in Proceedings of the 26th Technical Conference of the Japan Society of Epoxy Resin Technology, Tokyo, July 2002, pp. 19, 33.

Google Scholar
117 A. Gardziella, L. A. Pilato, A. Knop, Phenolic Resins Chemistry, Applications, Standardization, Safety and Ecology, 2nd ed., Springer, Berlin 1999.

Web of Science®Google Scholar
118 A. J. Kirsch, 50 Years of Amino Coatings, American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, NJ 1986.

CASGoogle Scholar
119 T. M. Rees, J. Oil Color Chem. Assoc. 71 (1988) no. 2, 39, 41.

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
120 Jefferson Chemical, US 3 020 262, 1962 (G. P. Speranza);

Google Scholar
Dow Chemical Co., US 4 658 007, 1987 (M. J. Marks, R. A. Plepys).

Google Scholar
121 M. J. Marks, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Sci. Eng.) 58 (1988) 864.

CASGoogle Scholar
122 D. A. Shimp, F. A. Hudock, S. J. Ising, paper presented at 33rd SAMPE, Anaheim, CA, March 7–10, 1988.

Google Scholar
123 B. A. Rozenberg, in K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites II, Advances in Polymer Science 75, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 146, 156.

CASGoogle Scholar
124 F. Ricciardi, W. A. Romanchick, M. M. Joullie, J. Polym. Sci., Polym, Chem. Ed. 21 (1983) 1475.
10.1002/pol.1983.170210520
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
125 M. S. Heise, G. C. Martin, Macromolecules 22 (1989) 99.
10.1021/ma00191a020
CASADSPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
126 J. D. B. Smith, Org. Coat. Plast. Chem. 39 (1978) 42–46.

CASGoogle Scholar
127 R. J. Arnold, Mod. Plast. 41 (1964) no. 4, 149.

CASGoogle Scholar
128 J. J. Harris, S. C. Temin, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 10 (1966) 523.
10.1002/app.1966.070100402
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
129 J. V. Crivello, J. H. W. Lam, Macromolecules 10 (1977) 1307;
10.1021/ma60060a028
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
ACS Symp. Ser. 114, 1 (1979).
10.1021/bk-1979-0114.ch001
Google Scholar
130 R. F. Eaton, K. T. Lamb, paper presented at the 23th International Waterborne, Higher Solids and Powder Coatings Symposium, New Orleans, LA, Feb. 1996.

Google Scholar
131 J. M. Land, A. Aubuchon, C. Pundmann, W. L. Dechent, J. O. Stoffer, Book of Abstracts, 211th ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 24–28, 1996,

Google Scholar
PMSE-181, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1996.

CASGoogle Scholar
132 D. W. Brooker, G. R. Edwards, A. McIntosh, J. Oil Color Chem. Assoc. 52 (1969) 989–1034;

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
G. K. Noren, J. Coat. Technol. 72 (2000) no. 905, 53–59.
10.1007/BF02757876
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
133 J. E. Mark, B. Erman, Rubber Elasticity: A Molecular Primer, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1988.

CASGoogle Scholar
134 T. I. Smith, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Symp. 46 (1974) 97.
10.1002/polc.5070460109
CASGoogle Scholar
135 F. Lohse, R. Schmid, paper presented at the Fifth International Conference in Organic Coatings Science and Technology, Athens, FATIPEC, Liége, Belgium 1979.

Google Scholar
136 I. Ogura, Dainippon Ink & Chemicals (DIC) Technical Review No. 7, 2001. Paper written in Japanese.

Google Scholar
137 T. Kamon, H. Furukawa, in K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites IV, Advances in Polymer Science 80, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 173, 202.
10.1007/3-540-16423-5_15
Web of Science®Google Scholar
138 E. F. Oleinik, in Ref. (137), pp. 50, 99.

Google Scholar
139 W. R. Ascroft, Eur. Coat. J. 4 (1991) 229, 241.

Google Scholar
140 R. S. Bauer, CHEMTECH 10 (1980) Nov., 692.

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
141 C. Rooney, Mod. Paint Coat. 81 (1991) no. 5, 44–50.

CASGoogle Scholar
142 J. K. Gillham, C. A. Grandt, in S. S. Labana (ed.): Chemistry and Properties of Cross-Linked Polymers, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL 1977, pp. 491, 520.
10.1016/B978-0-12-432250-9.50033-2
CASGoogle Scholar
143 J. D. Keenan, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 24 (1979) 2375, 2387.
10.1002/app.1979.070241206
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
144 C. A. May (ed.): Chemorheology of Thermosetting Polymers, ACS Symposium Series 227, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1983.

CASGoogle Scholar
145 D. Adolf, J. E. Martin, Macromolecules 23 (1990) 3700, 3704.
10.1021/ma00217a026
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
146 General Guide to Formulating with Dow Epoxy Resins, the Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI 1983.

Google Scholar
147 B. Ellis, in B. Ellis (ed.): Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins, 1st ed., Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, U.K. 1993, pp. 72, 116.
10.1007/978-94-011-2932-9_3
Web of Science®Google Scholar
148 J. P. Pascault, H. Sautereau, J. Verdu, R. J. J. Williams, Thermosetting Polymers, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 2001.

Google Scholar
149 J. C. Seferis, L. Nicolais (eds.): The Role of Polymer Matrix in Processing and Structural Properties of Composites, Plenum Press, New York 1983, pp. 127–145.

Google Scholar
150 J. K. Gillham, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1986, pp. 519, 524.

CASGoogle Scholar
151 X. Wang, J. K. Gilham, J. Coat. Technol. 64 (1992) 37, 45.

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
152 H. E. Adabbo, R. J. J. Williams, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 27 (1982) 1327, 1334.
10.1002/app.1982.070270422
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
153 J. B. Enns, J. K. Gillham, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 28 (1983) 2567.
10.1002/app.1983.070280810
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
154 C. M. Tung, J. P. Dynes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 27 (1982) 569, 574;
10.1002/app.1982.070270220
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
M. E. Smith, H. Ishida, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 73 (1999) 593, 600.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990725)73:4<593::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-B
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
155 T. Glauser, M. Johansson, A. Hult, Polymer 40 (1999) 5297, 5302.
10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00752-6
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
156 K. Dusek, in K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites III, Advances in Polymer Science 78, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 1, 59.
10.1007/BFb0035356
Web of Science®Google Scholar
157 S. G. Croll, in K. L. Mittal (ed.): Adhesion Aspects of Polymeric Coatings, Plenum Press, New York 1983.

CASGoogle Scholar
158 D. B. Adolf, J. E. Martin, J. Comp. Mater. 30 (1996) no. 1, 13–34.
10.1177/002199839603000102
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
159 J. C. Arnold, Polym. Eng. Sci. 35 (1995) no. 2, 165–169.
10.1002/pen.760350207
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
160 E. S.-W. Kong, in K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites IV, Advances in Polymer Science 80, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 125, 172.
10.1007/3-540-16423-5_14
Web of Science®Google Scholar
161 R. S. Durran, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 131–133 (1990) 497–504;

Google Scholar
D. J. Plazek, Z. N. Frund, J. Polym. Sci., Bert. Polym. Phys. 28 (1990) 431–448.
10.1002/polb.1990.090280401
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
162 S. L. Maddox, J. K. Gillham, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 64 (1997) 55–67.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970404)64:1<55::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-Q
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
163 L. W. Hill, J. Coat. Technol. 64 (1992) no. 808, 29.

CASGoogle Scholar
164 C. Billaud, M. Vandeuren, R. Legras, V. Carlier, Appl. Spectr. 56 (2002) 1413–1421.
10.1366/00037020260377706
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
165 G. Wisanrakkit, J. K. Gilham, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 41 (1990) 2885, 2929.
10.1002/app.1990.070411129
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
166 C. W. Macosko, D. R. Miller, Macromolecules 9 (1976) 199, 206;
10.1021/ma60050a003
CASADSPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
J. Mijovic, C. H. Lee, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 29 (1989) 2155, 2170.
10.1002/app.1989.070381201
Web of Science®Google Scholar
167 C. A. May (ed.): Chemorheology of Themosetting Polymers, ACS Symposium Series 227, American Chemical. Society, Washington, D.C. 1983.

Google Scholar
168 S. D. Senturia, N. F. Sheppard Jr., in K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites IV, Advances in Polymer Science 80, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 1, 47.
10.1007/3-540-16423-5_11
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
169 G. P. Johari, D. A. Wasylyshyn, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. 38 (2000) 122–126.
10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(20000101)38:1<122::AID-POLB15>3.0.CO;2-M
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
170 J. H. Flynn, in H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. G. Overberger, G. Menges, eds. Encyclopedia Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Suppl. Vol., John Wiley & Sons, New York 1989, pp. 715, 723.

Google Scholar
171 Annu. Book ASTM Stand. Web site: http://www.astm.org

Google Scholar
172 J. M. Charlesworth, Polym. Eng. Sci. 28 (1988) 230.
10.1002/pen.760280406
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
173 M. J. Marks, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 66 (1992) 365.

CASGoogle Scholar
174 A. J. Lesser, E. Crawford, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 66 (1997) 387, 395;
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19971010)66:2<387::AID-APP19>3.0.CO;2-V
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
E. Crawford, A. J. Lesser, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 36 (1998) 1371, 1382.
10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199806)36:8<1371::AID-POLB11>3.0.CO;2-4
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
175 C. W. Macosko, D. R. Miller, Macromolecules 9 (1976) 206, 211;
10.1021/ma60050a003
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
D. R. Miller, E. M. Valles, C. W. Macosko, Polym. Eng. Sci. 19 (1979) 272, 283.
10.1002/pen.760190409
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
176 E. D. Crawford, A. J. Lesser, Polym. Eng. Sci. 39 (1999) Feb., 385, 392.
10.1002/pen.11425
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
177 J. G. Williams, Fracture Mechanics of Polymers, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K. 1984.

Google Scholar
178 A. J. Kinloch, in K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites 1, Advances in Polymer Science 72, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 1, 59.

Google Scholar
179 W. J. Cantwell, H. N. Kausch, in B. Ellis (ed.): Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins, 1st ed., Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, U.K. 1993, pp. 144, 174.
10.1007/978-94-011-2932-9_5
CASGoogle Scholar
180 J. M. Charlesworth, Polym. Eng. Sci. 28 (1988) 221.
10.1002/pen.760280405
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
181 E. Urbaczweski-Espuche, J. Galy, J. Ferard, J. Pascault, H. Sautereau, Polym. Eng. Sci. 31 (1991) 1572.
10.1002/pen.760312204
Web of Science®Google Scholar
182 J. Galy, J. Gerard, H. Sautereau, R. Frassine, A. Pavan, Polym. Networks Blends 4 (1994) 105.

CASGoogle Scholar
183 R. A. Dubois, D. S. Wang, D. Sheih, in C. B. Arends (ed.): Polymer Toughening, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1996, pp. 381, 409.

Google Scholar
184 R. A. Dubois, D. S. Wang, Prog. Org. Coat. 22 (1993) 161.
10.1016/0033-0655(93)80021-2
Web of Science®Google Scholar
185 J. P. Pascault, H. Sautereau, J. Verdu, R. J. J. Williams, Thermosetting Polymers, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 2001, p. 400.

Google Scholar
186 L. T. Drzal, in K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites II, Advances in Polymer Science 75, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 3, 32.

Google Scholar
187 R. G. Schmidt, J. P. Bell, in K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites II, Advances in Polymer Science 75, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 33, 71.
10.1007/BFb0017914
Google Scholar
188 Z. W. Wicks Jr., F. N. Jones, S. P. Pappas, Organic Coatings Science and Technology, 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York 1999, pp. 77, 111.

Web of Science®Google Scholar
189 W. Brostow, R. D. Corneliussen (eds.): Failure of Plastics, Hanser, Munich 1989.

Google Scholar
190 Celanese Corp., US 4,051,195, 1977 (M. F. McWhorter).

Google Scholar
191 R. F. Eaton, K. T. Lamb, in SPE Proceedings, Epoxy Resin Formulators Division of the Society of Plastic Industry, Inc., Aspen, CO, May 1996 (Paper 7).

Google Scholar
192 M. DiBenedetto, Mod. Paint. Coat. (Jul. 1980) 39.

Google Scholar
193 J. Melloan, paper presented at the Epoxy Resins Formulators Division of SPI Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Nov. 1983, The Society of Plastics Industry, New York.

Google Scholar
194 Z. Wang, J. Massam, T. J. Pinnavaia, in T. J. Pinnavaia, G. W. Beall (eds.): Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites, John Wiley & Sons, New York 2000, pp. 127, 149.

CASGoogle Scholar
195 J. H. Park, S. C. Jana, Macromolecules 36 (2003) 2758–2768.
10.1021/ma021509c
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
196 Proceedings of POSS (Hybrid Plastics, Inc.) Nanotechnology Conference, Huntington Beach, CA, Sept. 2002.

Google Scholar
197 M. J. Biercuk, M. C. Llaguno, M. Radosavljevic, J. K. Hyun, A. T. Johnson, J. E. Fischer, J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 2767, 2769.
10.1063/1.1469696
CASADSPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
198 R. A. Dubois, P. S. Sheih, J. Coat. Technol. 64 (1992) 51.

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
199 B. L. Burton, J. L. Bertram, in C. B. Arends (ed.): Polymer Toughening, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1996, pp. 339, 379.

Web of Science®Google Scholar
200 H. S. Sue, E. I. Garcia-Meitin, D. M. Pickleman, in N. P. Cheremisinoff (ed.): Rubber-Modified High Performance Epoxies, CRC Press, Boca Raton FL 1993, Chapt. 18, pp. 661, 700.

Google Scholar
201 A. F. Yee, J. Du, M. D. Thouless, in D. R. Paul, C. R. Bucknall (eds.): Polymer Blends, Vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 2000, pp. 226, 267.

Google Scholar
202 Y. Huang, D. L. Hunston, A. J. Kinloch, C. K. Riew, in C. K. Riew, A. J. Kinloch (eds.): Toughened Plastics 1, Advances in Chemistry Series 233, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1993, pp. 1, 35.
10.1021/ba-1993-0233.ch001
CASGoogle Scholar
203 C. K. Riew, E. H. Rowe, A. R. Siefert, ACS Adv. Chem. Ser. 154 (1976) 326.
10.1021/ba-1976-0154.ch027
CASGoogle Scholar
204 H. Chen, N. Verghese, H. Pham, N. Jivraj, paper presented at the 9th Annual International Conference on Composites Engineering, San Diego, CA, July 2002.

Google Scholar
205 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 708 996, 1987 (D. K. Hoffman, C. B. Arends).

Google Scholar
206 H. J. Sue, Polym. Eng. Sci. 31 (1991) 275.
10.1002/pen.760310411
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
207 Dow Chemical Co., US 4 594 291, 1986;

Google Scholar
Dow Chemical Co., US 4 725 652, 1988 (J. L. Bertram, L. L. Walker, V. I. W. Stuart).

Google Scholar
208 J. M. Dean, P. M. Lipic, R. B. Grubbs, R. F. Cook, F. S. Bates, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 39 (2001) 2996, 3010;
10.1002/polb.10062
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
S. Ritzenthaler, F. Court, L. David, Macromolecules 35 (2002) 6245, 6254.
10.1021/ma0121868
CASADSWeb of Science®Google Scholar
209 S. R. White, N. K. Sottos, P. H. Geubelle, J. S. Moore, M. R. Kessler, S. R. Sriram, E. N. Brown, S. Viswanathan, Nature 409 (2001) 794, 797.
10.1038/35057232
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
210 E. O. C. Greiner, F. Dubois, M. Yoneyama, Epoxy Resins, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Marketing Research Report, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International, Menlo Park, CA 2001.

Google Scholar
211 E. Linak, F. Dubois, M. Yoneyama, Epoxy Surface Coatings, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Marketing Research Report, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International, Menlo Park, CA 2001.

Google Scholar
212 E. W. Flick, Contemporary Industrial Coatings, Enviromentally Safe Formulations, Noyes Publishers, Park Ridge, NJ 1985.

CASGoogle Scholar
213 R. F. Eaton, K. T. Lamb, J. Coat. Technol. 68 (1996) 49.

CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
214 PPG Industries, Inc., US 3 984 299, 1976 (R. D. Jerabek);

Google Scholar
PPG Industries, Inc., US 4 009 133, 1977 (J. E. Jones).

Google Scholar
215 SCM Corp., US 4 212 781, 1980 (J. M. Evans, V. W. Ting).

Google Scholar
216 E. C. Galgoci, P. C. Komar, Paints Coat. Ind. (1994) Aug., 50.

Google Scholar
217 D. S. Kincaid, P. Komar, J. R. Hite, paper presented at the 24th International Waterborne, High Solids and Powder Coatings Symposium, New Orleans, LA, 2002.

Google Scholar
218 M. D. Soucek, G. Teng, S. Wu, J. Coat. Technol. 73 (2001) Oct., 117, 125.
10.1007/BF02697996
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
219 E. Linak, A. Kishi, Thermoset Powder Coatings, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Marketing Research Report, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International, Menlo Park, CA, 2002.

Google Scholar
220 R. Amey, R. Farabaugh, Mod. Paint Coat. (1997) June, , 28, 30.

Google Scholar
221 H. Nowack, Proc. PCE 2000 (2000) 365, 375.

Google Scholar
222 P. Horinka, Powder Coating Magazine (Aug. 2002) 33, 48.

Google Scholar
223 K. Buysens, K. Jacques, Eur. Coat. J. (Sept. 2001) 22, 26.

Google Scholar
224 D. L. Steele, Surface Coat. Aus. (Oct. 1992) 6, 12;

Google Scholar
W. Wood, J. Protective Coat. Linings (Apr. 1987) 32, 38.

Google Scholar
225US 5 275 645 1994 L. R. Ternoir, R. E. Foscante, R. L. Gasmens);

Google Scholar
Ameron International Corp., US 5 618 860, 1997 (N. R. Mowrer, R. E. Foscante, J. L. Rojas).

Google Scholar
226 Glidden Co., US 5 508 325, 1996 (G. P. Craun, D. J. Telford, H. J. DeGraaf).

Google Scholar
227 Shell Oil Co., US 4 119 595, 1978 (R. S. Bauer, J. A. Lopez).

Google Scholar
228 J. T. K. Woo, V. Ting, J. Evans, C. Ortiz, G. Carlson, R. Marcinko, in R. S. Bauer (ed.): Epoxy Resin Chemistry 2, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1983, pp. 283, 300.
10.1021/bk-1983-0221.ch015
Google Scholar
229 Glidden Co., US 5 532 297, 1996 (J. T. K. Woo, G. C. Pompighano, D. E. Awarski, K. A. Packard).

Google Scholar
230 P. Newman, The Canmaker (Apr. 2001) 57.

Google Scholar
231 D. Hayes, The Canmaker (Nov. 1998) 37, 40.

Google Scholar
232 Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd., Japan, EP Appl. 493133 A2, 1992 (N. Sato, K. Imazu).

Google Scholar
233 Bisphenol A: Information Sheet from the Global Industry Group, Safety of Epoxy Can Coatings (Oct. 2002) at http://www.bisphenol-a.org;

Google Scholar
Statement from CEPE (European Confederation of Paints, Printing Inks and Artists Colours Manufacturers), Feb. 2000.

Google Scholar
234 P. Hitchin, The Canmaker (Oct. 2001) 43, 46.

Google Scholar
235 BP Corp. North America Inc., US 6 472 480, 2002 (R. L. Anderson);

Google Scholar
Valspar Corp., US 6 235 102 B1, 2002 (G. G. Parekh, L. P. Seibel).

Google Scholar
236 PPG Industries, US 4 650 718, 1987 (D. A. Simpson, D. L. Singer, R. Dobenko, W. P. Blackburn, C. M. Kania).

Google Scholar
237 L. Mauro, 25th FATIPEC Congr. 4 (2000) 1, 10.

Google Scholar
238 BASF, EU Appl. 581175 A2, 1994 (K. Huemke, C. Sinn).

Google Scholar
239 Kansai Paint Co. Ltd; Nippon Packaging K.K., JP 08003483 A2, 1996 (H. Haishi, M. Kume, H. Ishiiand, K. Myawaki).

Google Scholar
240 Nippon Paint, US Appl. 2002139673 A1, 2002 (Y. Kojima, M. Yamada).

Google Scholar
241 Nippon Paint Co., Ltd., Japan, EU Appl. 0974623 A2, 2000 (H. Sakamoto, T. Kawanami, I. Kawakami, T. Kokubun, T. Saito, S. Yoshimatsu).

Google Scholar
242 G. Mauer, D. Singer, PPG Technol. J (1999) 63, 72.

Google Scholar
243 Y. Okude, S. Ishikura, Prog. Org. Coat. 26 (1995) 197, 205.
10.1016/0300-9440(95)00563-3
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
244 G. E. Green, B. P. Stark, S. A. Zahir, J. Macromol. Sci. Revs. Macromol. Chem. 21 (1981/1982) 187.
10.1080/00222358108080018
Google Scholar
245 P. Kelly, G. Pritchard (eds.): Reinforced Plastics Durability, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1999, pp. 282–321.
10.1533/9781845694876.282
CASGoogle Scholar
246 M. R. Thoseby, B. Dobinson, C. H. Bull, Br. Polym. J. 18 (1986) 286.
10.1002/pi.4980180503
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
247 U. Helrold, J. Mason, N. Verghese, H. Chen, H. Reddy, in Proceedings of NACE Corossion 2003 Conference, Houston, TX., March 16–20, 2003.

Google Scholar
248 D. Kriegh (ed.): Epoxies with Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI 1968;

Google Scholar
R. L. McGown, in Proceedings of the 1991 Steel, Structures, Painting Council (SSPC) National Conference and Exhibition, Long Beach, CA.

Google Scholar
249 H. Mihashi, Y. Kaneko, Transactions Mater. Res. Soc. Japan 25 (2000) 557, 560.

CASGoogle Scholar
250 S. Ehrler, PC Fab (Apr. 2002) 32, 38;

Google Scholar
Part 2, PC Fab (May 2002) 32, 36.

Google Scholar
251 W. Christiansen, D. Shirrell, B. Aguirre, J. Wilkins, in Proceedings of the Technical Conference, IPC Printed Circuits Expo 2001, Anaheim, CA, Apr. 2001, pp. SO3-1-1, SO3-1-7.

Google Scholar
252 J. Sharma, M. Choate, S. Peters, in Proceedings of the Technical Conference, IPC Printed Circuits Expo 2002, Long Beach, CA, Mar. 2002, pp. SO5-1-1, SO5-1-8.

Google Scholar
253 D. Sober, in Base Material Basics, IPC Printed Circuits Expo 2002, Long Beach, Ca.

Google Scholar
254 Ciba-Geigy Corp., US 5 506 313, 1996 (P. Flury, C. W. Mayer, W. Scharf, E. Vanoli).

Google Scholar
255 C. S. Cho, L. W. Chen, Y. S. Chiu, Polym. Bull. 41 (1998) no. 1, 45, 52.
10.1007/s002890050331
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
256 D. K. Luttrull, F. E. Hickman III, Future Circuits International, Mar. 2001.

Google Scholar
257 Ciba-Geigy AG, US 3 754 071, 1973 (O. Ernst, E. Kusenberg, E. Hubler, H. R. Aus Der Au).

Google Scholar
258 K. Ito, Y. Nakamura, IEEE Electrical Insulation Mag. 6 (1990) no. 4, 25, 32.
10.1109/57.63056
Google Scholar
259 T. M. Goulding, in A. Pizzi, K. L. Mittal (eds.): Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 2003, pp. 823, 838.

Google Scholar
260 A. F. Lewis, in C. A. May, Y. Tanaka (eds.): Epoxy Resins Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1988, pp. 653, 718.

Google Scholar
261 J. Sheehan, the Epoxy Resin Formulators Training Manual, The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., New York 1984, Chapt. XV, p. 175.

Web of Science®Google Scholar
262 J. Waechter, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 5th ed., Vol. 6, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 2001, Chapts. 82 and 83, pp. 993, 1145.

Google Scholar
263 Epoxy Resin Systems Safe Handling Guide, the Society of Plastics Industry (SPI), Inc., New York, Sept. 1997. Publication No. AE-155.

Google Scholar
Web site: http://www.plasticsindustry.org/about/epoxy/epoxy_guide.htm.

Google Scholar
264 Epoxy Resins and Curing Agents, prepared by the Epoxy Resins Committee of the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME), Jan. 1996. Web site: http://www.apme.org/dashboard/presentation_layer_htm/dashboard.asp.

Google Scholar

General References

B. Ellis (ed.): Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins, 1st ed., Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, U.K. 1993.
10.1007/978-94-011-2932-9
Google Scholar
H. Lee, K. Neville, Handbook of Epoxy Resins, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York 1967.

Google Scholar
Reprinted 1982.

Google Scholar
C. A. May, Y. Tanaka (eds.): Epoxy Resins Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1988.

Google Scholar
B. Sedlacek, J. Kahovec (eds.): Crosslinked Epoxies, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1987.
10.1515/9783110867381
Google Scholar
K. Dusek (ed.): Epoxy Resins and Composites I–IV, Advances in Polymer Science 72, 75, 78, 80, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986.

Google Scholar
Epoxy Resins, Advances in Chemistry Series 92, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1970.

Google Scholar
Epoxy Resin Chemistry, ACS Symposium Series 114, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1979.

Google Scholar
Epoxy Resin Chemistry II, ACS Symposium Series 221, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1983.

Google Scholar
The Epoxy Resin Formulators Training Manual, the Society of Plastics Industry, Inc., New York 1984.

Google Scholar
E. O. C. Greiner, F. Dubois, M. Yoneyama, Epoxy Resins, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Marketing Research Report, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International, Menlo Park, CA 2001.

Google Scholar
J. W. Muskopf, S. B. McCollister, Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th ed., Vol. A9, 1987, pp. 547–563.

Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

Browse other articles of this reference work:

Epoxy Resins

View previous versions

Epoxy Resins

Abstract

Bibliography

General References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Epoxy Resins

View previous versions

Epoxy Resins

Abstract

Bibliography

General References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information