Chapter 3
Bat Lyssaviruses
Ivan V. Kuzmin,
Charles E. Rupprecht,
Ivan V. Kuzmin
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCharles E. Rupprecht
Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
Search for more papers by this author
Ivan V. Kuzmin,
Charles E. Rupprecht,
Ivan V. Kuzmin
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCharles E. Rupprecht
Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
Search for more papers by this author
Book Editor(s):Lin-Fa Wang,
Christopher Cowled,
Lin-Fa Wang
Search for more papers by this authorChristopher Cowled
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
Among zoonotic diseases recognized in bats, rabies is one of the best studied, due in part due to its long history of investigation, and because of the significance of rabies for public health. Defined as an acute progressive encephalitis, rabies is caused by a diversity of viruses included in the genus Lyssavirus. Bats are the principal reservoirs for the majority of these pathogens. In the New World, bats maintain circulation of numerous phylogenetic lineages of only one species, Rabies virus. In contrast, Old World bats harbor circulation of several other lyssaviruses. Surveillance records and applied research demonstrate that bats develop rabies and succumb to the disease as do other mammalian hosts. However, circulation patterns of lyssaviruses in bat populations are different from those observed in carnivore populations: bats appear less susceptible, rarely demonstrate “furious” rabies, and do not always excrete virions in saliva. In addition, older historical surveys and a few unsubstantiated experimental studies had suggested the possibility of a “carrier” state in rabies-infected bats, but such speculation requires further corroboration. Vampire bat rabies causes substantial agricultural, economical, and public health concerns in Latin America, where these bats are present from Mexico to Argentina (and parts of the Caribbean). After elimination of dog-mediated rabies in the US and Canada, bats (nonhematophagous) are the major sources of human rabies. Many of the human cases are referred to as “cryptic”, likely because people do not frequently pay the necessary attention to small superficial wounds inflicted by bat teeth. Only limited information on human rabies of bat origin is available in the Old World. One characteristic of bat lyssaviruses is their prominent genetic and antigenic diversity. Conventional rabies biologics may not elicit reliable cross-protection against such viruses. The development of new biologics, coupled with educational campaigns for the general public and health professionals alike, and novel management of the disease in bat populations, may help to alleviate emerging issues associated with bat rabies.
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