Review article
Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible?
John A. Copland,
Melinda Sheffield-Moore,
Nina Koldzic-Zivanovic,
Sean Gentry,
George Lamprou,
Fotini Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou,
Vassilis Zoumpourlis,
Randall J. Urban,
Spiros A. Vlahopoulos,
John A. Copland
Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMelinda Sheffield-Moore
Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNina Koldzic-Zivanovic
School of Pharmacy, University of Charleston, Charleston, VA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSean Gentry
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Lamprou
1st Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Thivon and Levadias, Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorFotini Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou
1st Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Thivon and Levadias, Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorVassilis Zoumpourlis
Biomedical Applications, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorRandall J. Urban
Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Spiros A. Vlahopoulos
Biomedical Applications, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
National Hellenic Research Foundation, Biomedical Applications, 48 Vassileos Constantinou, 11635 Athens, Greece.Search for more papers by this author
John A. Copland,
Melinda Sheffield-Moore,
Nina Koldzic-Zivanovic,
Sean Gentry,
George Lamprou,
Fotini Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou,
Vassilis Zoumpourlis,
Randall J. Urban,
Spiros A. Vlahopoulos,
John A. Copland
Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMelinda Sheffield-Moore
Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNina Koldzic-Zivanovic
School of Pharmacy, University of Charleston, Charleston, VA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSean Gentry
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Lamprou
1st Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Thivon and Levadias, Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorFotini Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou
1st Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Thivon and Levadias, Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorVassilis Zoumpourlis
Biomedical Applications, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorRandall J. Urban
Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Spiros A. Vlahopoulos
Biomedical Applications, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
National Hellenic Research Foundation, Biomedical Applications, 48 Vassileos Constantinou, 11635 Athens, Greece.Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Sex steroids, through their receptors, have potent effects on the signal pathways involved in osteogenic or myogenic differentiation. However, a considerable segment of those signal pathways has a prominent role in epithelial neoplastic transformation. The capability to intervene locally has focused on specific ligands for the receptors. Nevertheless, many signals are mapped to interactions of steroid receptor motifs with heterologous regulatory proteins. Some of those proteins interact with the glucocorticoid receptor and other factors essential to cell fate. Interactions of steroid receptor domain motifs with heterologous proteins affect specific target pathways; consequently, manipulation of specified protein modules complexed with steroid receptors may be a next major step for enhancing molecular targeted therapeutics. In the future, intervention at specific sections of receptor primary sequence may prove therapeutically more efficient in targeting pathways of choice than ligand selectivity can be.
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