Skip to main content
Log in

The global terrestrial carbon cycle

  • Part II Workshop Working Group Papers
  • Published:
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is great uncertainty with regard to the future role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle. The uncertainty arises from both an inadequate understanding of current pools and fluxes as well as the potential effects of rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2 on natural ecosystems. Despite these limitations, a number of studies have estimated current and future patterns of terrestrial carbon storage. Future estimates focus on the effects of a climate change associated with a doubled atmospheric concentration of CO2. Available models for examining the dynamics of terrestrial carbon storage and the potential role of forest management and landuse practices on carbon conservation and sequestration are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alcamo, J.B., de Haan, B., de Vries, B., Klein-Goldewijk, K., Kreileman, E., Krol, M., Leeman, R., Vleoedbeld, M. and Zuidema, G.: 1993, IMAGE 2.0: A comprehensive tool to evaluate policy and scientific issues related to global change,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (in press).

  • Bazzaz, F.A.: 1990,Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21, 167–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolin, B., Bjorkstrom, A., Keeling, C.D., Bacastow, R. and Siegentaler, U.: 1981,Carboncycle modelling, in: Bolin, B. (ed),Carbon Cycle Modelling, Wiley and Sons, pp. 1–28.

  • Botkin, D.B. and Simpson, L.G.: 1993,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Box, E. O.: 1981,Macroclimate and Plant Forms: An Introduction to Predictive Modeling in Phytogeography, Junk Publishers, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S., Lugo, A.E. and Iverson, L.R.: 1992,Water, Air and Soil Pollution 64, 139–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, I.F., Nepstad, D.C., Pires, I.O., Luz, L.M. and Alechandre, A.S.:, 1992,Environmental Conservation 19, 307–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S.: 1993,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Cramer, W. & Leemans, R. (1993). Assessing impacts of climate change on vegetation using climate classification systems, in: Solomon, A.M. and Shugart, H.H. (eds.),Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 190–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, W. and Solomon, A. M.: 1993, Climatic classifcation and future global redistribution of agricultural land,Journal of Climate Research, (in press).

  • Curtis, P.D., Drake, B.G. and Whigham, D.F.: 1989,Oecologia 78, 297–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, P.D., Drake, B.G., Leadley, P., Arp, W. and Whigham, D.F.: 1989,Oecologia 78, 20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M.B.: 1984, Climatic instability, time lags and community disequilibrium, in:Diamond, J. and Case, T.J. (eds)Community Ecology, Harper and Row, New York, pp. 269–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M.B.: 1989,Climatic Change 15, 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M.B. and Botkin, D.B.: 1985,Quat. Res. 23, 327–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, R.K. and Turner, D.P.: 1991,Environmental Pollution 72, 245–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, R.K., Andrasco, K.J., Sussman, F.G., Lavin, M.A., Trexler, M.C. and Vinson, T.S.: 1993a,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Dixon, R.K., Winjum, J.K. and Schroeder, P.E.: 1993b, Conservation and sequestration of carbon: The potential of forest and agrosystem management practices.Global Environmental Change (in press).

  • Dixon, R.K., Winjum, J.K., Andrasko, K.J., Lee, J.J and Schroeder, P.E.: 1993c, Integrated systems: Assessment of promising agroforest and alternative land-use practices to enhance carbon conservation and sequestration,Climatic Change (in press).

  • Eamus, D. and Jarvis, P.G.: 1989,Adv. Ecol. Res. 19, 1–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel, W.R., Killough, G.G., Post, W.M. and Shugart, H.H.: 1984,Ecology 65, 970–983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel, W. R., Shugart, H. H. & Stevenson, M. P.: 1985,Climatic Change 7, 29–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esser, G.: 1991, Osnabruck Biosphere model: structure, construction, results, in: Esser, G. and Overdieck (eds),Modern Ecology: Basic and Applied Aspects, Elsevier, pp. 679–709.

  • Goudriaan, J. and Ketner, P.: 1984,ClimaticChange 6, 167–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grainger, A.: 1988,International Tree Crops Journal 5, 31–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregerson, H., Draper, S. and Elz, D.: 1989,People and trees: The role of social forestry in sustainable development, EDI Seminar Series, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grisebach, A.: 1838,Linnaea 12, 159–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C.: 1993,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Hansen, J., Lacis, A., Rind, D., Russel, G., Stone, P., Fung, I., Reudy, R., and Lerner, J.: 1984, Climate sensitivity: Analysis of feedback mechanisms, In: Hansen, J. and Thompson, R. (eds),Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, Geophysical Monogr.29, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J., Fung, I., Lacis, A., Rind, D., Russell, G., Lebedeff, S., Reudy, R. & Stone, P.: 1988,J. Geophys. Res. 93, 9341–9364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, M.E., Ferrell, W.K. and Franklin, J.F.: 1990,Science 247, 699–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdridge, L. R.: 1947,Life Zone Ecology, Tropical Science Center, San José, Costa Rica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdridge, L.R.: 1959,Science 130, 572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, R.A., Hobbie, J.E., Melillo, J.M., Moore, B., Peterson, B.J., Shaver, G.R. and Woodwell, G.M.: 1983,Ecol. Monogr. 53, 235–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J. and Ephraums (eds): 1990,Climate Change — The IPCC Scientific Assessment, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.

  • Houghton, J.T., Callander, B.A. and Varney, S.K. (eds): 1992,Climate Change 1992 — The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.

  • Humbolt, A. von: 1867,Ideen zu einem Geographie der Pflazen nebst einem naturgemalde der Tropenlander, Tubingen, FRG.

  • Janecek, A., Benderoth, G., Ludeke, M.K.B., Kinderman, J. and Kohlmeier, G.H.: 1989,Ecological Modelling 49, 101–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, G.A. and Neilson, R.P.: 1992,Water, Air and Soil Pollution 64, 365–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlmaier, M.: 1993,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Koppen, W.: 1900,Geogr. Z. 6, 593–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koppen, W.: 1918,Petermanns Geogr. Mitt. 64, 193–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köppen, W.: 1936, Das geographische System der Klimate, in: Köppen, W. and Geiger, R. (eds.),Handbuch der Klimatologie, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, pp. 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krankina, O.N. and Dixon, R.K.: 1993,Forest management options to conserve and sequester terrestrial carbon in the Russian Federation, World Resources Review (in press).

  • Lashof, D.A.: 1987,The Role of the Biosphere in the Global Carbon Cycle: Evaluating Through Biospheric Modeling and Atmospheric Measurement, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R.J.: 1980,J. Geophy. Res. 85, 5529–5554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R.T.: 1987,J. Atm. Sci. 44, 1211–1235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melillo, J.M., McGuire, A.D., Kicklighter, D.W., Moore, B., Vorosmarty, C.J. and Schloss, A.L.: 1993, Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production,Nature (in press).

  • Mitchell, J.F.B.: 1983,Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 109, 113–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, H.A., Drake, B.G., Luxmore, R.J., Ochel, W.C. and Pitelka, L.F.: 1991, Bioscience41, 96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neilson, R.P.: 1993,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Norby, R.J., Gunderson, C.A., Wallschleger, S.D., O'Neill, E.G. and McCracken, M.K.: 1992,Nature 357, 322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberbauer, S.F., Strain, B.R. and Fetcher, N.: 1985,Physiologia Plantarum 65, 352–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochel, W.C. and Strain, B.R.: 1985, Native species responses to increased carbon dioxide concentration, in: Strain, B.R. and Cure, J.D. (eds),Direct Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation, U.S. DOE NTIS, Springfield, Virginia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, J. and Watts, J. A.: 1982,Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation, NDP-017, Carbon Dioxide Information Center, Oak Ridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orr, J: 1993,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Parton, W.J., Stewart, J.W.B. and Cole, C.V.: 1988,Biogeochemistry 5:109–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, W.M., Emanuel, W.R., Zinke, P.J., and Stangenberger, A.G.: 1982,Nature 298, 156–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, W.M., Chavez, F., Mulholland, P.J., Pastor, J., Peng, T.-H., Prentice, K. and Webb III, T.: 1992, Climatic feedbacks in the global carbon cycle, in: Dunnette, D.A. and O'Brien, R.J. (eds),The Science of Global Change: The Imact of Human Activities on the Environment, American Chemical Society, pp. 392–429.

  • Prentice, K.C. and Fung, I.Y.: 1990,Nature 346, 48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, K.C.: 1990, Bioclimatic distribution of vegetation for GCM studies,J. Geophy. Res. (in press).

  • Prentice, I. C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S. P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R. A. & Solomon, A. M.: 1992,Journal of Biogeography 19, 117–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, I.C. and Sykes, M.T.: 1993, Vegetation geography and global carbon storage changes, in: Woodwell, G.M. (ed),Woods Hole Workshop on Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climate System, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, I.C., Monserud, R.A., Smith, T.M. and Emanuel, W.R.: 1992, Modeling large-scalevegetation dynamics, in: Solomon, A.M. and Shugart, H.H. (eds),Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change, Chapman and Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prudhomme, T.I., Ochel, W.C., Hastings, S.J. and Lawrence, W.T.: 1984, Net ecosystem gas exchange at ambient and elevated carbon dioxide concentration in tussock tundra at Toolik Lake, Alaska: an evaluation of methods and initial results, in: McBeath, J.H. (ed), The Potential Effects of Carbon Dioxide-Induced Climatic Changes in Alaska: Proceedings of a Conference, School of Agriculture and Land Resources Management, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raich, J.W., Rastetter, E.B., Melillo, J.M., Kicklighter, D.W., Steudler, P.A., Peterson, B.J., Grace, A.L., Moore, B. and Vorosmarty, C.J.: 1991,Ecological Applications 1:399–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rastetter, E.B., Ryan, M.G., Shaver, G.R., Melillo, J.M., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Hobbie, J.E. and Aber, J.D.: 1991,Tree Physiology 9:101–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotmans, J.: 1990,IMAGE: An integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  • Sampson, R.N.: 1993,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Sanchez, P.A. and Bennites, J.R.: 1987,Science 238, 1521–1527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, M. and Zhao, Z.: 1988,Seasonal climatic changes induced by doubled CO 2 assimulated by the OSU atmospheric GCM/mixed layer ocean model, Oregon St. U.,Corvallis, OR, Climate Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlessinger, W.H.: 1990,Nature 348, 232–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, P.S. and Ladd, L.B.: 1991,Climatic Change 19, 283–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedjo, R.A. and Solomon, A.M.: 1989, Climate and forests, in: Rosenberg, N.J., Easterling, W.E., Crosson, P.R. and Darmstadter, J. (eds.),Greenhouse Warming:Abatement and Adaptation, Resources For The Future, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shugart, H.H.: 1984,A Theory of Forest Dynamics, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S.P., Strain, B.R. and Sharkey, T.D.: 1987,Functional Ecology 1, 139–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.M., Leemans, R. and Shugart, H.H.: 1991a,Climatic Change 21, 367–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.M., Shugart, H.H., Bonan, G.B., and Smith, J.B.: 1992b,Advances in Ecological Research 22, 93–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. M. and Shugart, H. H.: 1993a,Nature 361:523–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. M. and Shugart, H. H.: 1993b,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Solomon, AM. and Shugart, H.H. (eds): 1993,Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change, Chapman and Hall.

  • Sundquist, E.T.: 1993, The global carbon dioxide budget,Science 259, 934–941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tans, P.P., Fung, I.F. and Takahashi, T.: 1990,Science 247, 1431–1438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornthwaite, C.W.: 1931,Geogr. Rev. 21, 633–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornthwaite, C.W.: 1933,Geogr. Rev. 23, 433–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornthwaite, C.W.: 1948,Geogr. Rev. 38, 5–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tissue, D.T. and Oechel, W.C.: 1987,Ecology 68, 401–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troll, C. and Paffen, K.H.: 1964,Erkund. Arch., Wiss Geogr. 18, 5–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vloedbeld, M. and Leemans, R.: 1993,Water, Air and Soil Pollution (this volume).

  • Washington, W. and Meehl, J.: 1984,J. Geophy. Res. 89, 9475–9503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetherald, R. and Manabe, S.: 1986,Climatic Change 8, 5–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, W.E., Garbutt, K., Bazzaz, F.A. and Vousek, P.M.: 1986,Oecologia 69, 454–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winjum, J.K., Dixon, R.K. and Schroeder, P.E.: 1992,Water, Air and Soil Pollution 64, 213–228.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

The information in document has been partially funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review, and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Smith, T.M., Cramer, W.P., Dixon, R.K. et al. The global terrestrial carbon cycle. Water Air Soil Pollut 70, 19–37 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01104986

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01104986

Keywords

Navigation