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Degradation Process of Lead Chromate in Paintings by Vincent van Gogh Studied by Means of Synchrotron X-ray Spectromicroscopy and Related Methods. 2. Original Paint Layer Samples

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† Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
‡ Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
§ Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (CNR-ISTM), c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⊥ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, NL-2628CD Delft, The Netherlands
Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France, CNRS UMR171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 Quai François Mitterrand, F-75001 Paris, France
△ Van Gogh Museum, Paulus Potterstraat 7, 1070 AJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
◆ The Netherlands Cultural Heritage Agency (RCE), Movable Heritage Knowledge Sector, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
# European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Polygone Scientifique Louis Néel -6, rue Jules Horowitz - F-38000 Grenoble, France
*Tel: +32 3 820 2373. Fax: +32 3 820 23 76. E-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 4, 1224–1231
Publication Date (Web):February 14, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac1025122
Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    The darkening of the original yellow areas painted with the chrome yellow pigment (PbCrO4, PbCrO4·xPbSO4, or PbCrO4·xPbO) is a phenomenon widely observed on several paintings by Vincent van Gogh, such as the famous different versions of Sunflowers. During our previous investigations on artificially aged model samples of lead chromate, we established for the first time that darkening of chrome yellow is caused by reduction of PbCrO4 to Cr2O3·2H2O (viridian green), likely accompanied by the presence of another Cr(III) compound, such as either Cr2(SO4)3·H2O or (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2 [chromium(III) acetate hydroxide]. In the second part of this work, in order to demonstrate that this reduction phenomenon effectively takes place in real paintings, we study original paint samples from two paintings of V. van Gogh. As with the model samples, in view of the thin superficial alteration layers that are present, high lateral resolution spectroscopic methods that make use of synchrotron radiation (SR), such as microscopic X-ray absorption near edge (μ-XANES) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF) were employed. Additionally, μ-Raman and mid-FTIR analyses were carried out to completely characterize the samples. On both paint microsamples, the local presence of reduced Cr was demonstrated by means of μ-XANES point measurements. The presence of Cr(III) was revealed in specific areas, in some cases correlated to the presence of Ba(sulfate) and/or to that of aluminum silicate compounds.

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