Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Restricted access

Muscle directly meets the vast power demands in agile lizards

Nancy A Curtin

Nancy A Curtin

Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon SW7 2AZ, UK

[email protected]

Google Scholar

Find this author on PubMed

,
Roger C Woledge

Roger C Woledge

Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon SW7 2AZ, UK

Google Scholar

Find this author on PubMed

and
Peter Aerts

Peter Aerts

Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA)B-2610 Wilirjk, Belgium

Google Scholar

Find this author on PubMed

    Level locomotion in small, agile lizards is characterized by intermittent bursts of fast running. These require very large accelerations, often reaching several times g. The power input required to increase kinetic energy is calculated to be as high as 214 W kg−1 muscle (±20 W kg−1 s.e.; averaged over the complete locomotor cycle) and 952 W kg−1 muscle (±89 W kg−1 s.e.; instantaneous peak power). In vitro muscle experiments prove that these exceptional power requirements can be met directly by the lizard's muscle fibres alone; there is no need for mechanical power amplifying mechanisms.

    References

    • Aerts P . 1998 Bush baby jumping in Galago senegalensis: the quest for an obligate mechanical power amplifier. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 353, 1607–1620. Link, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Aerts P, Van Damme R, D'Aout K& Van Hooydonck B . 2003 Bipedalism in lizards: whole-body modelling reveals a possible spandrel. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 358, 1525–1533. Link, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Askew G.N& Marsh R.L . 2001 The mechanical power output of the pectoralis muscle of blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis): the in vivo length cycle and its implications for muscle performance. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 3587–3600. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Barclay C.J . 1994 Efficiency of fast- and slow-twitch muscles of the mouse performing cyclic contractions. J. Exp. Biol. 193, 65–78. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Bauwens D, Garland T, Casilla A.M& Van Damme R . 1995 Evolution of sprint speed in licertid lizards: morphological, physiological and behavioral covariation. Evolution. 49, 848–863. PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Bennet-Clark H.C& Lucey E.C.A . 1967 The jump of the flea: a study of the energetics and a model of the mechanism. J. Exp. Biol. 47, 59–76. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Brooks S.V& Faulkner J.A . 1988 Contractile properties of skeletal muscles from young, adult and aged mice. J. Physiol. 404, 71–82. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Curtin N.A& Woledge R.C . 1993 Efficiency of energy conversion during sinusoidal movement of white muscle fibres from the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. J. Exp. Biol. 183, 137–147. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Curtin N.A& Woledge R . 1996 Power at the expense of efficiency in contraction of white muscle fibres from dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 593–601. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Hill A.V . 1931 Myothermic experiments on the frog's gastrocnemius. Proc. R. Soc. B. 109, 267–303. LinkGoogle Scholar
    • Huey R.B& Hertz P.E . 1984 Effects of body size and slope on acceleration of a lizard (Stellio stellio). J. Exp. Biol. 110, 113–123. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Irschick D.J& Jayne B.C . 1998 Effects of incline on speed, acceleration, body posture and hindlimb kinematics in two species of lizard Callisaurus draconoides and Uma scoparia. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 273–287. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Irschick D.J& Jayne B.C . 1999 Comparative three-dimensional kinematics of the hindlimb for high-speed bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion of lizards. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 1047–1065. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • James R.S, Altringham J.D& Goldspink D.F . 1995 The mechanical properties of fast and slow skeletal muscles of the mouse in relation to their locomotory function. J. Exp. Biol. 198, 491–502. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Johnson T.P, Swoap S.J, Bennett A.F& Josephson R.K . 1993 Body size, muscle power output and limitations on burst locomotor performance in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. J. Exp. Biol. 174, 199–213. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Josephson R . 1985 Mechanical power output from striated muscle during cyclic contraction. J. Exp. Biol. 114, 493–512. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Lutz G.J& Rome L.C . 1996 Muscle function during jumping in frogs. II. Mechanical properties of muscle: implications for system design. Am. J. Physiol. 271, C571–C578. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Marsh R.L& John-Alder H.B . 1994 Jumping performance of hylid frogs measured with high-speed cine film. J. Exp. Biol. 188, 131–141. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Nelson F.E& Jayne B.C . 2001 The effects of speed on the in vivo activity and length of a limb muscle during the locomotion of the iguanian lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 3507–3522. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Reilly S.M . 1995 Quantitative electromyography and muscle function of the hindlimb during locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarki. Zool.: Anal. Complex Syst. 98, 263–277. ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Roberts T.J& Scales J.A . 2002 Mechanical power output during running accelerations in wild turkeys. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1485–1494. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • Wakeling J.M& Johnston I.A . 1998 Muscle power output limits fast-start performance in fish. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 1505–1526. Crossref, PubMed, ISIGoogle Scholar