Fig. S1. 3D plot of PCA for comparing palaeosinensis with extant Pantherinae. (a) on PC1, palaeosinensis is grouped in a tight cluster which contains lion/tiger/jaguar, while the snow leopard is separated completely from all others; leopard and clouded leopard are also somewhat separated from the lion/tiger/jaguar cluster, but with clear overlap; (b) on PC2, palaeosinensis is grouped within the lion/tiger/leopard cluster, the jaguar is somewhat separated from others by its proportionally well-developed occiput; (c) on PC3, the snow leopard is distinctly shifted away from all others; (d) on PC4, the tiger is separated somewhat from all others by its proportionally long nasal and wider rostrum, and palaeosinensis is grouped with the lion, although a jaguar is close nearby. In summary, although palaeosinensis shares similarity with all extant Panthera, it is most close to lion.
Fig. S2. When the Late European cave lion is included, PCA extracts three PCs. On PC 1, three main clusters are formed: clouded leopard, leopard/tiger/lion/jaguar and snow leopard, the snow leopard being the most distinct, while palaeosinensis is grouped within the Panthera. On PC3, the leopard is separated from the main Panthera cluster to some extent, while palaeosinensis is localized at the boundary between lion and leopard.
Fig. S3. Plot of stepwise DFA for comparing palaeosinensis with extant Pantherinae and extinct late Pleistocene European cave lion P. (l) spelaea. With the reduction in number of variables, each group shows a relatively wide range, and separation between groups is less marked. Panthera palaeosinensis plots at the boundary between the lion and tiger clusters.
Table S1. Description and abbreviations of the craniodental measurements used in this study.
Table S2. Results of principal component analysis based on 17 shape variables measured from palaeosinensis and 504 extant Pantherinae samples.
Table S3. Factor loadings based on 17 shape variables on palaeosinensis and 504 extant Pantherinae samples (sorted by variable size).
Table S4. Results of principal component analysis based on 17 shape variables on palaeosinensis and 504 extant Pantherinae samples.
Table S5. Factor loadings based on 17 shape variables on palaeosinensis, 4 late Pleistocene European cave lion P. (l) spelaea and 504 extant Pantherinae samples (sorted by variable size).
Table S6. Jack-knifed classification matrix of stepwise DFA on palaeosinensis and 504 extant Pantherinae samples.
Table S7. Pairwise F statistics based on generalized squared distance (D2) between palaeosinensis and modern Pantherinae.
Table S8. Jack-knifed classification matrix of stepwise DFA on palaeosinensis, 4 late Pleistocene European cave lions P. (l.) spelaea and 504 extant Pantherinae samples.
Table S9. Pairwise F statistics based on generalized squared distance (D2) between palaeosinensis and extant Pantherinae and late Pleistocene European cave lion.
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