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Abstract

The emergence of agriculture in the Near East also involved the domestication of einkorn wheat. Phylogenetic analysis that was based on the allelic frequency at 288 amplified fragment length polymorphism molecular marker loci indicates that a wild group of Triticum monococcum boeoticum lines from the Karacadağ mountains (southeast Turkey) is the likely progenitor of cultivated einkorn varieties. Evidence from archeological excavations of early agricultural settlements nearby supports the conclusion that domestication of einkorn wheat began near the Karacadağmountains.

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REFERENCES AND NOTES

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M. Nesbitt and D. Samuel, in Hulled Wheats, S. Padulosi, K. Hammer, J. Heller, Eds. (Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats, 21 and 22 July 1995, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Italy, 1996) (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, 1996), pp. 41–100.
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D. de Moulins, Cah. l'Euphrate 7, 191 (1993). The abbreviation bc indicates uncalibrated dates from table 2 of Nesbitt and Samuel (3).
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W. van Zeist and G. J. de Roller, Palaeohistoria33/34, 65 (1991/1992); W. van Zeist and J. A. H. Bakker-Heeres, ibid. 26, 171 (1984).
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The primer combinations used (Key Gene, Wageningen, Netherlands) were the following: E36-M36, E37-M40, E42-M32, E42-M33, E42-M38, E40-M40, and E40-M38 (E = Eco RI; M = Mse I). Out of the 288 bands considered 75 were mapped to loci on chromosomes 1 through 7.
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Phylogenetic trees were created by neighbor-joining (NJ) (24), Fitch and Margoliash (FITCH) (25), and restricted maximum likelihood estimation (REML) methods [
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17
Genetic distance NEI 72 was from (26); NEI-UB from
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; and Rogers-W from (27). Other distances are given in (28). The computer program NTSYS was used to calculate genetic distances (28). Trees (16) were generated as follows: NEI 72, NEI-UB, and Rogers-W with NJ and FITCH; average, euclidean, and euclidean squared distances with FITCH. PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) was used in computing trees and for the REML clustering method.
18
Additional results can be found at the Web site On the basis of the Wagner-Parsimony method, 100 phylogenetic trees were calculated for the lines of the Fertile Crescent. The output was used to determine the average mutation rate for each fragment. The data for those 10 or 20% of fragments having the highest mutability were eliminated and new trees computed. The results were almost identical to those discussed.
19
Nesbitt and Samuel (3) reported that in the Konya plain of Turkey, a wild T. m. boeoticum population exists outside of the Fertile Crescent. Two T. m. boeoticum lines sampled at a distance of 50 km from this site were not closely related to cultivated einkorn. Southern Lebanon T. m. boeoticum lines were also fingerprinted and did not show close relations with cultivated einkorns.
20
M. Heun et al., data not shown.
21
The 11 Karacadağ lines were collected as follows: ID 754 (PI 427622), 757 (PI 427626), 758 (PI 427627), 760 (PI 427629), 763 (PI 427632), 765 (PI 427634), 766 (PI 427635), 767 (PI 427636), and 1174 (PI 538540), 52.2 to 52.5 km west of Diyarbakır at 1400 m elevation; and ID 751 (PI 427619) and 752 (PI 427620), 16 km east of Siverek at 1050 m elevation. Lines were collected by B. L. Johnson, Univeristy of California, Riverside, and independently by R. J. Metzger, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). PI = plant introduction number, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID, USA.
22
G. Hillman, in The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, D. R. Harris, Ed. (UCL Press, London, 1996), pp. 159–203.
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Technical help from S. Effgen, M. Harperscheidt, B. Oleimeulen, B. Wachsmuth, S. Empilli, P. Vaccino, and M. Corbellini made this work possible. We also thank P. Starlinger for his critical comments.

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Published In

Science
Volume 278 | Issue 5341
14 November 1997

Submission history

Received: 18 July 1997
Accepted: 2 October 1997
Published in print: 14 November 1997

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Authors

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Ralf Schäfer-Pregl
M. Heun, Agricultural University of Norway, Department of Biotechnological Sciences, Postal Office Box 5040, 1432 As, Norway.
R. Schäfer-Pregl and F. Salamini, Max-Planck-Institut Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany.
D. Klawan, University of Hamburg, Department of Psychology, von-Melle-Park 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
R. Castagna, M. Accerbi, B. Borghi, Istituto Sperimentale Cerealicoltura, Via Mulino 3, I-20079 Sant'Angelo Lodigiano (Milano), Italy.

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