Marcos André Gonçalves
Edward A. Fox
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Abstract
Digital libraries (DLs) are complex information systems and therefore demand formal foundations lest development efforts diverge and interoperability suffers. In this article, we propose the fundamental abstractions of Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, and Societies (5S), which allow us to define digital libraries rigorously and usefully. Streams are sequences of arbitrary items used to describe both static and dynamic (e.g., video) content. Structures can be viewed as labeled directed graphs, which impose organization. Spaces are sets with operations on those sets that obey certain constraints. Scenarios consist of sequences of events or actions that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish a functional requirement. Societies are sets of entities and activities and the relationships among them. Together these abstractions provide a formal foundation to define, relate, and unify concepts---among others, of digital objects, metadata, collections, and services---required to formalize and elucidate "digital libraries". The applicability, versatility, and unifying power of the 5S model are demonstrated through its use in three distinct applications: building and interpretation of a DL taxonomy, informal and formal analysis of case studies of digital libraries (NDLTD and OAI), and utilization as a formal basis for a DL description language.
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Reviews
Mercedes Martinez Gonzalez
Digital libraries are highly interdisciplinary information systems, since issues pertaining to hypertext, information retrieval, database management, and social issues are relevant to their development. This diversity makes these systems interesting, but also complex, making it difficult for a single person to combine all the necessary skills for developing a digital library. As the authors say, "designers of digital libraries are most often library technical staff, with little to no formal training in software engineering, or computer scientists with little background in the research findings about information retrieval or hypertext." As a consequence, it is fairly common, although hardly desirable, to find digital libraries built from scratch. This can result in expensive systems, with poor interoperability levels. The authors claim that the lack of formal models for digital libraries is the main motivation of these development and interoperability problems, and, consequently, they propose one such formal model. The paper starts with a nice introduction to what a digital library is, followed by an informal introduction to the authors' model, three examples of applications of the model, and a formal presentation of it. This structure is quite nice, since it permits readers to address the paper at several levels of depth. The introduction is appropriate for the general audience. When reading the informal definition of the model and the examples of its application, some previous experience with information systems or with the subjects of the applications (Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLT) and Open Archives) would be helpful, though references are included. The formal definitions of the model are, however, clearly for readers really interested in the scientific value of the model, and in working on such types of issues. The model is very ambitious, as is formalizing such complex systems, and one should expect more models (different ones, or extensions of this one) to appear in the future. The model's adoption to describe other digital libraries will be its real test. No matter what the future brings, this paper's contribution to the digital library domain is significant. Online Computing Reviews Service
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