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From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe

Benjamin MadleyView all authors and affiliations
Volume 35, Issue 3
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265691405054218

Abstract

The German terms Lebensraum and Konzentrationslager, both widely known because of their use by the Nazis, were not coined by the Hitler regime. These terms were minted many years earlier in reference to German South West Africa, now Namibia, during the first decade of the twentieth century, when Germans colonized the land and committed genocide against the local Herero and Nama peoples. Later use of these borrowed words suggests an important question: did Wilhelmine colonization and genocide in Namibia influence Nazi plans to conquer and settle Eastern Europe, enslave and murder millions of Slavs and exterminate Gypsies and Jews? This article argues that the German experience in Namibia was a crucial precursor to Nazi colonialism and genocide and that personal connections, literature, and public debates served as conduits for communicating colonialist and genocidal ideas and methods from the colony to Germany.

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137.
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138.
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139.
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140.
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141.
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147.
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148.
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149.
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153.
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154.
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155.
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156.
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157.
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159.
159. Zimmerer (2004b), op. cit., 25.
160.
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161.
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162.
162. Heinrich Vedder, Kurze Geschichten (Wuppertal-Barmen 1953), 139.
163.
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164.
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165.
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166.
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168.
168. Asher Lee, Goering (New York 1972), 12, 14.
169.
169. Charles Bewley, Hermann Göring (New York 1962), 12; Mosley, The Reich Marshal (New York 1974), 17.
170.
170. Kurt Singer, Göring (London 1940), 18.
171.
171. Browny Mutarifa, of the Windhoek City Council, generously provided this information.
172.
172. Lee, op. cit., 12.
173.
173. Ibid., 14.
174.
174. Erich Gritzbach, Gerald Griffin, trans., Hermann Goering (London 1939), 222.
175.
175. Ibid., 223, 224.
176.
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177. Bewley, op. cit., 241.
178.
178. Koonz, op. cit., 35.
179.
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180.
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181.
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182.
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183.
183. Wistrich, op. cit., 67.
184.
184. Ibid., 130, 302, 280.
185.
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186.
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187.
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188.
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189.
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190.
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191.
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192.
192. Quoted in Baer and Schröter, op. cit., 164.
193.
193. Wistrich, op. cit., 68.
194.
194. Peter Carstens, Introduction, in Maximilian Bayer, Peter Carstens, trans. and ed., The Rehoboth Baster Nation (Basel 1984), 4.
195.
195. Eugen Fischer, Die Rehobother Bastards (Jena 1913).
196.
196. Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide (Chapel Hill, NC 1995), 11.
197.
197. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State (Cambridge 1991), 38.
198.
198. Fischer, op. cit., 302.
199.
199. Ibid., 302.
200.
200. Drechsler (1980), op. cit., 151.
201.
201. Gewald (1999), op. cit., 189-90, n.256.
202.
202. Zimmerer (2000), op. cit., 99-100.
203.
203. Drechsler (1966), op. cit., 349.
204.
204. Burleigh and Wippermann, op. cit., 37-8.
205.
205. Friedlander, op. cit., 13.
206.
206. Hitler, op. cit., 286.
207.
207. Friedlander, op. cit., 12-13.
208.
208. Koonz, op. cit., 200; Max Weinreich, Hitler’s Professors (New Haven, CT 1999), 216-17.
209.
209. Friedlander, op. cit., 25.
210.
210. Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between Unification and Nazism (Cambridge 1989), 502.
211.
211. Burleigh and Wippermann, op. cit., 53; Koonz, op. cit., 107; Weindling, op. cit., 553.
212.
212. Isabel Fonseca, Bury Me Standing (London 1995), 258.
213.
213. Friedlander, op. cit. 251.
214.
214. Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, Mengele (New York 2000), 14.
215.
215. Ibid., 12.
216.
216. Burleigh and Wippermann, op. cit., 54; Lifton, op. cit., 361.
217.
217. Lifton, op. cit., 357.
218.
218. Weindling, op. cit., 564.
219.
219. Posner and Ware, op. cit., 41, 59.
220.
220. Clarence Lusane, Hitler’s Black Victims (New York 2002), 139.
221.
221 . Das Buch der deutschen Kolonien (Leipzig 1937), 18; S.D. Waters, The Royal New ZealandNavy (Wellington 1956), 36.
222.
222. Cigaretten-Bilderdienst Dresden, Deutsche Kolonien (Dresden 1936).
223.
223. Hugo Blumhagen, Südwestafrika (Berlin 1934); Paul Rohrbach, Deutsch-Afrika (Potsdam 1935); Buch der deutschen Kolonien; Fritz Spiesser, Heimkehr (Munich 1943); Hake, op. cit.,n.5, 170.
224.
224. This interpretation of Nazi cinema is borrowed from the work of Sabine Hake. See Hake, op. cit., 163-87.
225.
225. Zimmerer (2004a), op. cit., 68.

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Volume 35, Issue 3
Pages: 429 - 464
Article first published: July 2005
Issue published: July 2005

Keywords

  1. Herero
  2. Holocaust
  3. Konzentrationslager
  4. Lebensraum
  5. Nama

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Benjamin Madley
Yale University, USA
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