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First published online October 15, 2014

The Development of Self-Esteem

Ulrich Orth and Richard W. RobinsView all authors and affiliations
Volume 23, Issue 5
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414

Abstract

In this article, we review new insights gained from recent longitudinal studies examining the development of self-esteem and its influence on important life outcomes. The evidence supports the following three conclusions. First, self-esteem increases from adolescence to middle adulthood, peaks at about age 50 to 60 years, and then decreases at an accelerating pace into old age; moreover, there are no cohort differences in the self-esteem trajectory from adolescence to old age. Second, self-esteem is a relatively stable, but by no means immutable, trait; individuals with relatively high (or low) self-esteem at one stage of life are likely to have relatively high (or low) self-esteem decades later. Third, high self-esteem prospectively predicts success and well-being in life domains such as relationships, work, and health. Given the increasing evidence that self-esteem has important real-world consequences, the topic of self-esteem development is of considerable societal significance.

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Published In

Volume 23, Issue 5
Pages: 381 - 387
Article first published online: October 15, 2014
Issue published: October 2014

Keywords

  1. self-esteem
  2. life-span development
  3. long-term stability
  4. life outcomes
  5. longitudinal

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Authors

Affiliations

Ulrich Orth
University of Bern
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Richard W. Robins
University of California, Davis
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Notes

Ulrich Orth, Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]

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