Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published May 2007

The Influence of Proactive Personality and Stereotype Threat on Women's Entrepreneurial Intentions

Abstract

The primary goal of this study was to examine the role of proactive personality in moderating the influence of the widely-held `masculine' stereotype about entrepreneurs on intentions to become an entrepreneur. Manipulating stereotype threat, results from eighty young women indicated that women with more proactive personality were more significantly affected by exposure to the commonly known stereotype about entrepreneurs and had a significant decrease in entrepreneurial intentions compared to women with less proactive personality. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical significance and practical relevance.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

Acs, Z.J., Arenius, P., Hay, M., & Minniti, M. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2004 executive report. Accessible at www.gemconsortium.org.
Ahl, H. ( 2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new direction . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595-621.
Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 20(1), Academic Press Inc., San Diego, 1-64.
Anna, A.L., Chandler, G.H., Jansen, E., & Mero, N.P. (1999). Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 279-303.
Aronson, J., Lustina, M.J., Good. C., Keough, K., Steele, C.M., & Brown, J. (1999). When white men can't do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29-46.
Baron, R.A., Markman, G.D., & Hirsa, A. (2001). Perceptions of women and men as entrepreneurship: Evidence for differential effects of attributional augmenting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 923.
Bateman, T.S., & Crant, M.J. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates summary. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103-119.
Becherer, R.C., & Maurer, J.G. (1999). The proactive personality disposition and entrepreneurial behavior among small company presidents. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(1), 28-37.
Begley, T.M., Tan, W.L., & Schich, H. (2005). Politico-economic factors associated with interest in starting a business: A multi-country study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 35.
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
Bird, B., & Brush, C. (2002). A gendered perspective on organizational creation . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 41-65.
Blascovich, J., Spencer, S.J., Quinn, D., & Steele, C. (2001). African Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat. Psychological Science, 12(3), 225.
Butter, H.E., & Rosen, B. (1988). Bank loan officers' perceptions of the characteristics of men, women and successful entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(3), 249-259.
Cejka, M.A., & Eagly, A.H. (1999). Gender stereotypic images of occupations correspond to the sex segregation of employment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(4), 413-423.
Crant, M.J. (1995). The proactive personality scale and objective performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(4), 532-538.
Crant, M.J. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 42-50.
Crant, M.J. (2000). Proactive behaviors in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435.
Crant, M.J., & Bateman, T.S. (2000). Charismatic leadership viewed from above: The impact of proactive personality. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(1), 63.
Davies, P.G., Spencer, S.J., & Steele, C.M. (2005). Clearing the air: Identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women's leadership aspirations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(2), 276-287.
Davies, P.G., Spencer, S.J., Quinn, D.M., & Gerhardstein, R. (2002). Consuming images: How television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1615-1628.
De Bruin, A., Brush, C.G., & Welter, F. (2006). Introduction to the special issue: Towards building cumulative knowledge on women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 585.
Dutton, J.E., Ashford, S.J., O'Neill, R.M., Hayes, E., & Wierba, E.E. (1997). Reading the wind: How middle managers assess the context for selling issues to top managers. Strategic Management Journal, 18(5), 407.
Fagenson, E.A., & Marcus, E.C. (1991). Perceptions of the sex-role stereotypic characteristics of entrepreneurs: Women's evaluations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(4), 33-48.
Finkle, T.A., & Deeds, D. (2001). Trends in the market for entrepreneurship faculty, 1989-1998. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(6), 613-630.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. New York: Addison-Wesley.
Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Foo, M.D., Wong, P.K., & Ong, A. (2005). Do others think you have a viable business idea? Team diversity and judges' evaluation of ideas in a business plan competition . Journal of Business Venturing, 20(3), 385-402.
Heilman, M.E. (1983). Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model . Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 269-298.
Heilman, M.E. (1997). Sex discrimination and the affirmative action remedy: The role of sex stereotypes. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(9), 877-889.
Heilman, M.E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657-674.
Heilman, M.E., Block, C.J., Martell, R.F., & Simon, M.C. (1989). Has anything changed? Current characterizations of men, women and managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(6), 935-942.
Heilman, M.E., Wallen, A.S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M.M. (2004). Penalties for success: Reaction to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 416-427.
Hoyt, C.L. (2005). The role of leadership efficacy and stereotype activation in women's identification with leadership. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(4), 2-14.
Inzlicht, M., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2003). Do high-achieving female students underperform in private? The implications of threatening environments on intellectual processing . Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 796-805.
Katz, J.A. (1992). A psychosocial cognitive model of employment status choice. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17(1), 29-37.
Kickul, J., & Gundry, L.K. (2002). Prospecting for strategic advantage: The proactive entrepreneurial personality and small firm innovation. Journal of Small Business Management, 40(2), 85-98.
Kirkman, B.L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58-75.
Kourilsky, M.L., & Walstad, W.B. (1998). Entrepreneurship and female youth: Knowledge, attitudes, gender differences and educational practices. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(1), 77-88.
Krueger, N.F. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1),5-22.
Krueger, N.F. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24 (3): 5-23.
Krueger, N.F., & Brazeal, D.V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91-103.
Krueger, N.F., & Kickul, J. (2006). So you thought the intention model was simple ? Navigating the complexities and interactions of cognitive style, culture, gender, social norms and intensity on the pathways to entrepreneurship, USASBE conference, Tuscon, AZ.
Lee, S.H., & Wong, P.K. (2004). An exploratory study of technopreneurial intentions: A career anchor perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(1), 7.
Marlow, S. (2002). Self-employed women: A part of or a part from feminist theory? Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2(2), 26-37.
Miller, L., & Budd, J. (1999). The development of occupational sex-role stereotypes, occupational preferences and academic subject preferences in children at ages 8, 12 and 16. Educational Psychology, 19(1), 17-35.
Mitchell, R.K., Smith, B., Morse, E.A., Seawright, K.W., Peredo, A.M., McKenzie, B. 2002. Are entrepreneurial cognitions universal? Assessing entrepreneurial cognitions across cultures. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 26 (2), 9-31.
Mueller, S.L., & Thomas, A.S. (2000). A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31, 287-301.
Orser, B. (1994). Sex-role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics: An international perspective. Women in Management Review, 9(4), 11-21.
Pinel, E.C. (1999). Stigma Consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 114-128.
Podsakoff, P.M., & Organ, D.W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-543.
Powell, G.N., Butterfield, A.D., & Parent, J.D. (2002). Gender and managerial stereotypes: Have the times changed? Journal of Management, 28(2), 177.
Powell, G.N., & Graves, L.M. (2003). Women and men in management (3rd. ed.). California: Thousand Oaks .
Schein, V.E. (2001). A global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 675-688.
Schmader, T. (2002). Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 194-201.
Seibert, S.E., Crant, M.J., & Kraimer, M.L. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 416-423.
Shaver, K.G., Gartner, W.B., Crosby, E., Bakalarova, K., & Gatewood, E.J. (2001). Attributions about entrepreneurship: A framework and process for analyzing reasons for starting a business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(2), 5-33.
Shih, M., Pittinsky, T.L., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10(1), 80-83.
Smith, J.L. (2004). Understanding the process of stereotype threat: A review of mediational variables and new performance goal directions. Educational Psychology Review, 16(3), 177-206.
Smith, J.S., & White, P.H. (2002). An examination of implicitly activated, explicitly activated and nullified stereotypes on mathematical performance: It's not just a woman's issue. Sex Roles, 47(3), 179-191.
Spencer, S.J., Steele, C.M., & Quinn, D.M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(1), 4-11.
Steele, C.M. (1992). Race and the schooling of black Americans. The Atlantic Monthly. April.
Steele, C.M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613-629.
Steele, C. (1998). Stereotyping and its threats are real. American Psychologist, 53, 680-681.
Steele, C.M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797-811.
Wilson, F., Marlino, D., & Kickul, J. (2004). Our entrepreneurial future: Examining the diverse attitudes and motivations of teens across gender and ethnic identity. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 177-197.
Zhao, H.S., Seibert, S.E., & Hills, G.E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1265-1272.

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Article first published: May 2007
Issue published: May 2007

Rights and permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Vishal K. Gupta
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Nachiket M. Bhawe
University of Minnesota

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 1295

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016


Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 0

Crossref: 123

  1. Entrepreneurship programmes' effectiveness in fostering entrepreneursh...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. Exploring how gender-anonymous voice avatars influence women’s perform...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. Chempreneurs: Understanding Motivations, Barriers and Intentions in tw...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. Identification of factors influencing entrepreneurial behavior: unveil...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. Revision needed? A social constructionist perspective on measurement s...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  6. Nghiên cứu yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến ý định khởi nghiệp của thanh niên ở kh...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  7. Adding Fuel to the Collective Fire: Stereotype Threat, Solidarity, and...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. The Role of Stereotype Threat, Anxiety, and Emotional Intelligence in ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  9. Gender stereotype perception, perceived social support and self-effica...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. Causal propensity as an antecedent of entrepreneurial intentions
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  11. Modeling the predictors of students’ entrepreneurial intentions: The c...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. The formation of youth entrepreneurial intention in an emerging econom...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  13. Does studying abroad matter? The case of entrepreneurial intention
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. Effect of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance of young...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  15. The Servant Leadership Style of Successful Women Leaders in Entreprene...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  16. Pioneers and Settlers: The Impact of Stereotype Threat and Interventio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  17. Propensity to entrepreneurship and its antecedents: development and va...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  18. Propensão ao empreendedorismo e seus antecedentes: desenvolvimento e v...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  19. Challenges hindering women entrepreneurship sustainability in rural li...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  20. Entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Vietnam: Integrat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  21. Proactivity, mindsets and the development of students’ entrepreneurial...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  22. Study on the Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Colle...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  23. Employee Non-compete Agreements, Gender, and Entrepreneurship
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  24. From COVID-19 Pandemic to Entrepreneurial Behavior: The Mediating Effe...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  25. Stereotype Threat Theory in Organizational Research: Constructive Anal...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  26. Thomas befördert Thomas befördert Thomas – Geschlechterbezogene Stereo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  27. “Think entrepreneur – think male”: the effect of reduced gender stereo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  28. A structural relationship model of gender-role orientation and entrepr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  29. Creativity, Proactive Personality and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Exam...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  30. Resilient Leadership: A Phenomenological Exploration Into How Black Wo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  31. Contextuality of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance:...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  32. Gendered Perspectives on Organizational Creation: Lessons from the Pas...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  33. The Servant Leadership Style of Successful Women Leaders in Entreprene...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  34. Investigating Female Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention in the UK and...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  35. Women Entrepreneurs and Agricultural Start-Ups
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  36. Positive Emotions and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediating Role of...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  37. Antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions of business graduates: an em...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  38. Attitude and Alertness in Personality Traits: A Pathway to Building En...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  39. The influence of personality traits on sustainability-oriented entrepr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  40. Entrepreneurial initiative in Islamic economics – the role of gender. ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  41. Exploring antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among females in a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  42. Do Mass Mediated Stereotypes Harm Members of Negatively Stereotyped Gr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  43. Proaktif Kariyer Adanmışlığı Davranışları Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  44. Entrepreneurial Resilience and Gender: Are They Connected? Contributio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  45. Menace du stéréotype et force de préhension chez les seniors : le rôle...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  46. Career and Non-Career Jobs: Dangling the Carrot
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  47. Assessment of Personality in Career Development and Counseling
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  48. Women on the edge of a breakthrough? A stereotype threat theory of wom...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  49. Personal Cognitive Factors Affecting Career Aspirations of Women Worki...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  50. The Role of Entrepreneurial Stereotypes for Commercial and Social Star...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  51. Entrepreneurial Passion to Entrepreneurial Behavior: Role of Entrepren...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  52. Work and Family Issues
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  53. The Psychology of Women in Entrepreneurship
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  54. Determinants of the Business Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in the...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  55. Appraising entrepreneurship in Qatar under a gender perspective
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  56. Kalıp yargıların girişimcilik niyetine etkisi
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  57. The factors effecting entrepreneurial intention of university students...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  58. The Context Facets of Sustainability Entrepreneurial Orientation (SEO)...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  59. The potential of online coaching to develop female entrepreneurial sel...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  60. The impact of social dominance orientation on female entrepreneurial i...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  61. Proaktif Kişiliğin Kariyer Uyum Yeteneğine Etkisinde Kendini Yetiştirm...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  62. Okul Kültürü ile Politik Beceri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Proa...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  63. Understanding the role of culture and gender stereotypes in women entr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  64. Investissements et projets entrepreneuriaux face aux stéréotypes de ge...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  65. Does student-centered instruction engage students differently? The mod...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  66. Why Female Decision‐Makers Shy away from Promoting Competition
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  67. Willingness towards cognitive engagement: a preliminary study based on...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  68. Empowering Mimicry: Female Leader Role Models Empower Women in Leaders...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  69. Role of biological sex and gender roles on perceived brand personality
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  70. Towards nurturing the entrepreneurial intentions of neglected female b...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  71. What are the antecedents of women’s entrepreneurial orientation?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  72. Challenges and opportunities facing successful women in Morocco
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  73. Blessing in Disguise? Social and Institutional Determinants of Entrepr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  74. Do Women Ask?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  75. “Why Does all the Girls have to Buy Pink Stuff?” The Ethics and Scienc...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  76. Employee voice mechanisms for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender e...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  77. Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Proaktif Kişiliklerinin Çalışma İradesi Algı...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  78. Punctuated Entrepreneurship (Among Women)
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  79. Blurring the Boundaries: The Interplay of Gender and Local Communities...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  80. Exploring antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions of young women in ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  81. Age-Based Reproductive Healthcare Stereotype Threat (HCST) as a Stress...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  82. The influence of sex and gender-role orientation in the decision to be...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  83. Entrepreneurship Education: Innovations and Best Practices
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  84. Why Female Decision-Makers Shy Away From Promoting Competition
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  85. Do young managers in a developing country have stronger entrepreneuria...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  86. Entrepreneurial intentions of university students in an emerging econo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  87. Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  88. Gender and Music Composition: A Study of Music, and the Gendering of M...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  89. Addressing Stereotype Threat is Critical to Diversity and Inclusion in...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  90. Stereotype Threat
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  91. Military Mothers
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  92. Enjeux de la différenciation selon le genre dans l’accompagnement coll...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  93. Entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge acquisition: effects on perf...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  94. Comparing entrepreneurial communities
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  95. Cultural influences in the decision to invest in new ventures: an expl...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  96. Imagined and Unconscious Career Barriers
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  97. The Impact of Education, Economy and Culture on Entrepreneurial Motive...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  98. Is Stereotype Threat a Useful Construct for Organizational Psychology ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  99. The Limited Utility of Stereotype Threat Research in Organizational Se...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  100. Business social networks and academics' entrepreneurial intentions
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  101. Stereotypical Notions of the Entrepreneur: An Analysis from a Perspect...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  102. Reflections for the Future
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  103. When the “Manny” is the Boss. An Exploratory Study into Discrimination...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  104. Personality or environment? A comprehensive study on the entrepreneuri...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  105. Stereotype Threat Reduces Motivation to Improve...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  106. When Contingency is a Resource: Educating Entrepreneurs in the Balkans...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  107. Entrepreneurial Personality in Higher Education
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  108. Work values as predictors of entrepreneurial career intentions
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  109. Beyond Performance: A Motivational Experiences Model of Stereotype Thr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  110. Socio-cultural factors and female entrepreneurship
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  111. Theorizing about gender and entrepreneurship: bridging the gap with so...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  112. A Relational Approach Among Perceived Organizational Support, Proactiv...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  113. Examining successful Iranian women entrepreneurs: an exploratory study
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  114. Self-Efficacy in the Face of Threats to Entrepreneurial Success: Mind-...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  115. SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL PREDICTORS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL CAREER INTENTIO...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  116. L’internalisation des stéréotypes chez les « petits » fonctionnaires :...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  117. Gender and Entrepreneurship as a Career Choice...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  118. Entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  119. Entrepreneurial Drive in the Top Management Team: Effects on Strategic...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  120. Women's reactions to ingroup members who protest discriminatory treatm...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  121. Change driven by nature: A meta-analytic review of the proactive perso...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  122. Taken on Faith? The Impact of Uncertainty, Knowledge Relatedness, and ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  123. Self, Career, and Gender Issues
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:


Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub