Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Review article
First published December 2006

How Much Health Insurance Is Enough? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance

Abstract

There is little consensus on what constitutes adequate health insurance coverage. The concept of a lack of adequate coverage, or underinsurance, is a matter of ongoing debate. A measure of adequate coverage is of critical importance as the nature of health insurance products evolves. Changes to health coverage include more direct out-of-pocket spending by consumers and a reduction of covered benefits. This article updates and extends an earlier review of underinsurance measurement published in 1993. We present a conceptual approach to measuring underinsurance and provide a review of the empirical findings obtained from the application of these approaches. A discussion of the limitations in the selection of a measurement approach includes a review of the extant data sources used. We recommend a national effort to develop a consistent approach to monitor changes in the economic and structural dimensions of health insurance coverage with a concerted effort to define and measure underinsurance.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

1.
1. Gray literature refers to material that often is not peer-reviewed and disseminated outside the traditional peer-reviewed journal or scholarly book (APA 2005).
2.
2. The expression scope of benefits is from Gerst, Rogson, and Hetherington (1969).

References

Academy for Health Services Research and Health Policy. 2002. State of the states. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s State Coverage Initiatives Program, January 2002.
American Psychological Association (APA). 2005. PsycEXTRAfrequently asked questions. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from http://www.apa.org/psycextra/faq.html%23gray.
Bartlett, D. III. 2000. The growth of the uninsured and the underinsured. Journal of Financial Service Professionals 54(5): 62-66.
Bashshur, R., D. Smith, and R. Stiles. 1993. Defining underinsurance: A conceptual framework for policy and empirical analysis. Medical Care Review 50(2): 199-218.
Bennefield, R. L. 1998. Dynamics of economic well-being: Health insurance, 1993 to 1995. Who loses coverage and for how long? Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
Berk, M., and C. Schur. 1997. A review of the national access-to-care surveys. In To improve health and health care, 1997. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Anthology, edited by S. Isaacs and J. Knickman. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Berk, M., C. Schur, and J. C. Cantor. 1995. Ability to obtain health care: Recent estimates from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation National Access to Care Survey. Health Affairs 14(3): 139-146.
Bilheimer, L. T. 1997. CBO testimony on proposals to expand health coverage for children. Washington, DC: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Health.
Blendon, R., K. Donelan, C. A. Hill, W. Carter, D. Beatrice, and D. Altman. 1994. Paying medical bills in the United States: Why health insurance isn’t enough. The Journal of the American Medical Association 271(12): 949-951.
Blumberg, S. J. 2003. Comparing states using survey data on health care services for children with special health care needs (CSHCN). Ninth Annual Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology Conference, December 12, 2003, Tempe, AZ.
Burgess, J. Jr., and T. Stefos. 1991. Federal provision of health care: Creating access for the underinsured. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 1(4): 364-387.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1998. State-specific prevalence estimates of uninsured and underinsured persons—Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47(3): 51-55.
Christianson, J. B, S. T. Parente, and R. Taylor. 2002. Defined-contribution health insurance products: Development and prospects. Health Affairs 21(1): 49-64.
Collins, S. R., C. Schoen, M. M. Doty, A. L. Holmgren, and S. K. How. 2005. Paying more for less: Older adults in the individual insurance market. The Commonwealth Fund, Task Force on the Future of Health Insurance. Issue Brief publication #841, June 2005.
Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance. 2001. Coverage matters: Insurance and health care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Available at http://books.nap.edu/html/coverage_matters/notice.html.
Congressional Budget Office. 2003. How many people lack health insurance and for how long? Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office. May 2003. Available at http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/42xx/doc4210/05-12-Uninsured.pdf.
Czajka, J. 1999. Analysis of children’s health insurance patterns: Findings from SIPP. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., May. Document No. PR99-64.
Czajka, J., and K. Lewis. 1999. Using national survey data to analyze children’s health insurance coverage: An assessment of issues. Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., May 1999. Available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/Survey%2520Data.htm%23x.
Daniels, N. 2000. Normal functioning and the treatment-enhancement distinction. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 9: 309-322.
Davis, J. 2000. Conceptualizing the lack of health insurance. Health Care Analysis 8(1): 55-64.
Donelan, K., C. M. DesRoches, and C. Schoen. 2000. Inadequate health insurance: Costs and consequences. Medscape General Medicine 2(3): E37-E37.
Economic Research Institute on the Uninsured (ERIU). 2002. A revolving door: How individuals move in and out of health insurance coverage. ERIU Research Highlight Number 1. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, May.
Edwards, J., M. Doty, and C. Schoen. 2002. The erosion of employer-based health coverage and the threat to workers’ health care: Findings from the Commonwealth Fund 2002 Workplace Health Insurance Survey. The Commonwealth Fund, August.
Evans, W., and W. K. Viscusi. 1993. Income effects and the value of health. The Journal of Human Resources 28 (3): 497-518.
Farley, P. 1985. Who are the underinsured? Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly—Health and Society 63 (3): 476-503.
Fox, H., M. McManus, R. Almeida, and R. Graham. 1997. Eligibility options under the State Children’s Health Insurance Program: The Children’s Health Insurance Project. Maternal and Child Health Policy Research Center: Issue Brief 1.
Freedman, S. A., B. R. Klepper, R. P. Duncan, and S. P. Bell III. 1988. Coverage of the uninsured and underinsured: A proposal for school enrollment-based family health insurance. The New England Journal of Medicine 318(13): 843-847.
Gabel, J. 2002. Erosion of private health insurance coverage for retirees: Findings from the 2000 and 2001 Retiree Health and Prescription Drug Coverage Survey. The Commonwealth Fund, April.
Gabel, J., G. Claxton, E. Holve, J. Pickreign, H. Whitmore, K. Dhont, S. Hawkins, and D. Rowland. 2003. Health benefits in 2003: Premiums reach thirteen-year high as employers adopt new forms of cost sharing. Health Affairs 22(5): 117-126.
Gabel, J., L. Levitt, E. Holve, J. Pickreign, H. Whitmore, K. Dhont, S. Hawkins, and D. Rowland 2002. Job-based health benefits in 2002: Some important trends. Health Affairs 21(5): 143-151.
Gerst, A., L. Rogson, and R. Hetherington. 1969. Patterns of satisfaction with health plan coverage: A conceptual approach. Inquiry 6(3): 37-51.
Hayward, R. A., M. F. Shapiro, H. E. Freemen, and C. R. Corey. 1988. Inequalities in health services among insured Americans: Do working-age adults have less access to medical care than the elderly? The New England Journal of Medicine 318(23): 1507-1512.
Institute of Medicine. 2001. Coverage matters: Insurance and health care. Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. 2002. Underinsured in America: Is health coverage adequate? The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, publication number 4060, July.
Kaiser Family Foundation. 2004. 2003 Health insurance survey—Summary and chartpack. Publication number 7203, October.
Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Educational Trust (HRET). 2003. Employer health benefits 2003 annual survey chartpack.
Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services. 2001. Kids now: 10,000 underinsured children immunized.
Kogan, M. D., P. W. Newacheck, L. Honberg, and B. Strickland. 2005. Association between underinsurance and access to care among children with special health care needs in the United States. Pediatrics 116: 1162-1169.
Kuttner, R. 1999. The American health care system: Health insurance coverage. The New England Journal of Medicine 340(2): 163-168.
Lundy, J., B. Finder, and G. Claxton. 2004. Trends and indicators in the changing health care marketplace, 2004 update. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Merlis, M. 2002. Family out-of-pocket spending for health services: A continuing source of financial insecurity. The Commonwealth Fund, publication number 509.
Monheit, A. 1994. Underinsured Americans: A review. Annual Review of Public Health 15: 61-85.
Monheit, A., and C. L. Schur. 1988. The dynamics of health insurance: A tale of two cohorts. Inquiry 25 (3): 315-327.
National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (NS-CSHCN). 2004. The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs chartbook 2001. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at http://mchb.hrsa.gov/chscn/index.htm.
New York State Association of County Health Officials. 1996. Serving the uninsured and underinsured in New York State. Albany, NY: New York State Association of County Health Officials, July. Available at http://www.nysacho.org/Policies/Serving_the_Under___Uninsured_/body_serving_the_under___uninsured_.html.
Newhouse, J. P. 2004. Consumer-directed health plans and the Rand Health Insurance Experiment. Health Affairs 23 (6): 107-113.
Reis, J., S. Sherman, J. Macon, and B. Friedman. 1990. Care for the underinsured: Who should pay? Journal of Nursing Administration 20(3): 16-20.
Rice, D. P. 1991. Ethics and equity in U.S. health care: The data. International Journal of Health Services 21(4): 637-651.
Richmond, J. B., and R. Fein. 1995. The health care mess. A bit of history. The Journal of the American Medical Association 273(1): 69-71.
Rowland, D., and R. Garfield. 2002. Health insurance for unemployed workers. Medscape General Medicine 4(1): 5-5.
Schoen, C., and C. DesRoches. 2000. Uninsured and unstably insured: The importance of continuous insurance coverage. Health Services Research 35 (1 pt. II): 187-206.
Schoen, C., M. M. Doty, S. R. Collins, and A. L. Holmgren. 2005. Insured but not protected: How many adults are underinsured? Health Affairs W5-289-W5-302, June 14.
Schur, C. L., M. M. Doty, and M. L. Berk. 2004. Lack of prescription coverage among the under 65: A symptom of underinsurance. The Commonwealth Fund, Task Force on the Future of Health Insurance. Issue Brief publication #716, February.
Shearer, G. 2000. The health care divide: Unfair financial burdens. Consumers Union. Available at http://www.consumersunion.org/health/divide/divide.htm.
Short, P., and J. Banthin. 1995. New estimates of the underinsured younger than 65 years. The Journal of the American Medical Association 274(16): 1302-1306.
Short, P., and D. Graefe. 2003. Battery-powered health insurance? Stability in coverage of the uninsured. Health Affairs 22(6): 244-255.
Stroupe, K. T., E. D. Kinney, and T. J. J. Kniesner. 2000. Does chronic illness affect the adequacy of health insurance coverage? Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 25(2): 309-341.
Strunk, B. C., and J. D. Reschovsky. 2004. Trends in U.S. health insurance coverage, 2001-2003. Center for Studying Health System Change, Tracking Report No. 9.
Swartz, K., J. Marcotte, and T. D. McBride. 1993. Personal characteristics and spells without health insurance. Inquiry 30(1): 64-76.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2005. Current Population Reports, P60-231, p. 20-20. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, August. Available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05.html.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1988. Medical testing and health insurance. OTA-H-384. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, August.
University of Minnesota Center for Bioethics. 1997. Distributing limited health care resources. Available at http://www.bioethics.umn.edu/publications/Limited_Resources.pdf.
Walden D. C., D. R. Wilensky, and J. A. Kasper. 1985. Changes in health insurance status: Full-year and part-year coverage. National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment. Data Preview 21, National Health Care Expenditure Study. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 85-337.
Woodward, A. 1987. Private health insurance and the underinsured. HealthSpan 4(8): 3-13.
Wu, L. T., and W. E. Schlenger. 2004. Private health insurance coverage for substance abuse and mental health services, 1995 to 1998. Psychiatric Services 55(2): 180-482.

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Article first published: December 2006
Issue published: December 2006

Keywords

  1. health insurance coverage
  2. underinsurance
  3. health surveys

Rights and permissions

Request permissions for this article.
PubMed: 17099121

Authors

Affiliations

Lynn A. Blewett
University of Minnesota
Andrew Ward
University of Minnesota
Timothy J. Beebe
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Medical Care Research and Review.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 204

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016


Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 27 view articles Opens in new tab

Crossref: 26

  1. Can Medicaid be a Solution to the Problem? Underinsurance in Medicaid ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditures Among United States Children: P...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. Trends in Unmet Need for Physician and Preventive Services in the Unit...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. Navigating a fragmented health care landscape: DACA recipients' shifti...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. Not the Last Word: JoeCare: Free Health Insurance Coverage for All
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  6. Comparing Health Care Financial Burden With an Alternative Measure of ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  7. Keeping up with the Cadillacs: What Health Insurance Disparities, Mora...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. Finding Medical Care for Colorectal Cancer Symptoms...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  9. Effects of health and education policy on child development
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. The ABCs of children’s health: potential impact of the Patient Protect...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  11. The Extent of Underinsurance: New Zealand Evidence
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. What Explains Divorced Women's Poorer Health? The Mediating Role of He...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  13. Hospitalization admission rates for low-income subjects with full heal...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. Access to Care Provided by Better Safety Net Systems for the Uninsured...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  15. Health Insurance Status, Medical Debt, and Their Impact on Access to C...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  16. Underinsurance in the United States: An Interaction of Costs to Consum...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  17. A practical guide to undertaking out of programme experience in the Un...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  18. Underinsurance among Children in the United States
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  19. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Families of Children with Down Syn...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  20. The Evolution of Medical Spending Risk
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  21. Persistent Disparities in Access to Care across Health Care Systems
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  22. Measuring Adequacy of Coverage for the Privately Insured...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  23. Cost-Efficient Treatment Options for Uninsured or Underinsured Patient...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  24. Does High-Risk Pool Coverage Meet the Needs of People at Risk for Disa...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  25. Cost‐efficient treatment for uninsured or underinsured patients with h...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  26. The Concept of Underinsurance: A General Typology
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:


Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub