Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies, 1980-2000
Abstract
This article reports a comprehensive overview of new data on the levels of individual membership of political parties in twenty contemporary European democracies. Among the patterns noted in the data is the contrast between large and small democracies, as well as that between new and older democracies. However, the most striking feature to be noted is the sheer extent and consistency of membership decline through to the end of the 1990s. Not only have levels of party membership continued to decline as a proportion of the electorate, a trend which was already apparent at the end of the 1980s, there is now also compelling evidence of a major decline in the absolute numbers of party members across all the long-established European democracies. As these data clearly reveal, parties in contemporary Europe are rapidly losing their capacity to engage citizens.
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1 We may note here that one of the most obvious benefits of the increasing professionalization and internationalization of political science in Europe has been the emergence of networks of like-minded scholars whose support can be relatively easily tapped, not to say exploited, for exercises such as this, and in preparing this report we gratefully acknowledge the help of Lars Bille, Pascal Delwit, Zsolt Enyedi, Andrew Knapp, Petr Kopecký, Andreas Ladner, Darina Malova, Radoslaw Markowski, Leonardo Morlino, Wolfgang C. Müller, Thomas Poguntke, Jan Sundberg, Lars Svasand, Paul Webb and Anders Widfeldt. An earlier and lengthier version of this paper, including material on youth membership in particular, was presented to the conference on Youth and Democracy, International IDEA, Stockholm, 17-19 June 1999.
2 It should also be noted that we do not report any separate figures or estimates regarding levels of activism within the parties, a qualification which is perhaps particularly important since we can anticipate that large numbers of members exist on paper only, and play no active role in regular organizational activities.
3 While we have tried to build as comprehensive a data set as possible, we inevitably miss membership data for some of the smaller parties as well as the more short-lived parties that have contested election during the period with which we are concerned. Given that we have included all of the major parties, however, these missing data are unlikely to have made much difference to the overall national-level patterns summarized here.
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