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First published January 1995

Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party

Abstract

Many recent discussions of the decline of party are predicated on the assumption that the Duverger/socialist mass-party model is the only model for parties. We contend that this assumption is misconceived, that the mass-party model is only one, temporally limited and contingent model, and that it is necessary to differentiate notions of adaptation and change from notions of decline or failure. Following an analysis of how various models of party can be located in terms of the relationship between civil society and the state, we contend that the recent period has witnessed the emergence of a new model of party, the cartel party, in which colluding parties become agents of the state and employ the resources of the state (the party state) to ensure their own collective survival. Finally, we suggest that the recent challenge to party is in fact a challenge to the cartel that the established parties have created for themselves.

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This is a substantially revised version of a paper first presented to the Workshop on Democracies and the Organization of Political Parties, ECPR Joint Sessions, Limerick, 1992, and is based on work that was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. SES 8818439).
1 Thus, for example, Lawson and Merkl (1988: 3), who note that `the phenomenon of major party decline, often remarked in the context of the American political system, is becoming increasingly apparent in other political systems as well'; or Selle and Svåsand (1991: 459-60), who point to a `rather pessimistic' perspective in the literature since the 1970s, reflecting trends that have led some to conclude `that parties no longer function as well as they used to'. Indeed, so common had talk of party decline become, that as early as 1980, Stephen L. Fisher (1980) could write about the `Decline of Parties' thesis without seeming need for further citation. See also Finer (1984).
2 The same can be said of Panebianco's electoral-professional party, which differs from the catch-all party primarily in the sense that its organization is staffed by professionals and consultants rather than by party bureaucrats.
3 It is just these terms that David Mayhew (1974) employs to describe the personal rewards of leadership positions in the American Congress.
4 The UK is a curious case in which the behaviour associated with the cartel party model is becoming less prevalent. While the emphasis on the parliamentary party would appear to facilitate the formation of a cartel, this depends on the strong expectation of alternation in office. Labour's apparent inability ever to get back in office, and the Conservatives' apparent permanent hold on office, have led both to anti-cartel behaviour. Thus, for example, Labour has become more favourably disposed towards proportional representation, which would break the two-party monopoly (now effectively a one-party monopoly) on office, while the Conservatives have become much less willing to share appointments and honours with Labour Party members (see Webb, 1994).

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Article first published: January 1995
Issue published: January 1995

Keywords

  1. cartel party
  2. party organization
  3. party government
  4. democratic theory

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  1226. Introduction
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  1266. Verstaatlichung der Parteien?
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  1268. Die CDU in der Großen Koalition – Unbestimmt erfolgreich
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  1270. Zwei Dekaden Party Change-Forschung. Eine kritische Bilanz
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  1276. The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement
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  1298. Multi-Level Relations in Political Parties: A Delegation Approach
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  1304. Models of Party Organization and Europarties
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  1307. Pour une sociologie du multi-engagement
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  1308. Appendix
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  1310. Democracy and Political Parties...
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  1317. Organizações partidárias e seleção de candidatos no estado de São Paul...
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  1318. Democratic Norms and Party Candidate Selection...
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  1321. Revisiting Naples: clientelism and organized crime
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  1322. On political fragmentation: stay in or stay out? The role of small par...
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  1323. A Model for Party Reform in Korea: Programmatic Party
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  1326. Searching for the Right Organization...
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  1327. Introduction
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