Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published online June 21, 2011

Time machines and virtual portals: The spatialities of the digital divide

Mark GrahamView all authors and affiliations
Volume 11, Issue 3
https://doi.org/10.1177/146499341001100303

Abstract

It is frequently argued that the ‘digital divide’ is one of the most significant development issues facing impoverished regions of the world. Yet, even though the term is inherently spatial, there have been no sustained efforts to examine the geographic assumptions underlying discourses of the ‘digital divide.’ This article traces the history of the term, reviewing some of its tangible effects and placing a focus on the temporal and spatial assumptions underpinning ‘digital divide’ discourses. Alternative formulations of the ‘digital divide’ are offered which take into account the hybrid, scattered, ordered and individualized nature of cyberspaces.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

Get Access
1. This programme is also known as the Schools and Libraries Program of the Universal Service Fund.
2. By the time this article goes to press this figure is likely to greatly underestimate the number of cities with free wifi access.
3. See Walton (1999) for a more alarmist take on this thesis.
4. The premise of the sketch is that ‘if the Internet was a real place, it would be disgusting and intolerable’ (Chapelle, 2004). To prove the point, Chappelle walks around cyberspace (a fixed and distinct place) which is populated by other Internet users from around the world. He is initially looking for a news site, but ultimately gets waylaid by free music, pornographic videos of Paris Hilton and doctors selling male herbal enhancements.
5. See Rye (2008) for complementary findings within the contexts of the Indonesian education system.
6. Fisher and Unwin (2002) offer an interesting collection of writing on virtual environments.
7. This statistic was obtained from the article ‘How many websites are there’ (Anonymous, n.d.) available at boutell.com.

References

Anonymous. n.d: How many websites are there. Available at: http://boutell.com/newfaq/misc/sizeofweb.html, last accessed on 7 April 2011.
Google Scholar
Ayres, J.M. 1999: From the streets to the internet: The cyber-diffusion of contention. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566, 132–43.
Google Scholar
Barber, B.R. 1998: Three scenarios for the future of technology and strong democracy. Political Science Quarterly 113, 573–89.
Google Scholar
Barlow, J.P. 1996: A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. Online report. Davos, Switzerland. Available at: https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html
Google Scholar
Barzilai-Nahon, K. 2006: Gaps and bits: Conceptualizing measurements for digital divide/s. The Information Society 22, 269–78.
Google Scholar
Batty, M. 1997: Virtual geography. Futures 29, 337–52.
Google Scholar
Batty, M. and Miller, H.J. 2000: Representing and visualizing physical, virtual and hybrid information spaces. In Janelle, D.G. and Hodge, D.C., editors, Information, place, and cyberspace. Springer, 133–46.
Google Scholar
Benkler, Y. 2006: The wealth of networks. Yale University Press.
Google Scholar
Berkeley, E.C. 1962: The computer revolution. Doubleday.
Google Scholar
Borgida, E., Sullivan, J. L., Oxendine, A., Jackson, M. S., Riedel, E. and Gangl, A. 2002: Civic culture meets the digital divide: The role of community electronic networks. Journal of Social Issues 58, 125–41.
Google Scholar
Brunn, S. and Dodge, M. 2001: Mapping the ‘worlds’ of the world wide web. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1717–39.
Google Scholar
Cairncross, F. 1997: The death of distance: How the communications revolution will change our lives. Harvard Business School Press.
Google Scholar
Castells, M. 1996: The rise of the network society. Basil Blackwell.
Google Scholar
Castells, M. 1998: The informational city is a dual city: Can it be reversed? In Schon, D.A., Sanyal, B. and Mitchell, W.J., editors, High technology and low-income communities. MIT Press, 25–42.
Google Scholar
Castells, M. 2002: The internet galaxy. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Chakraborty, J. and Bosman, M. 2005: Measuring the digital divide in the United States: Race, income, and personal computer ownership. The Professional Geographer 57, 395–410.
Google Scholar
Chappelle, D. 2004: Chappelle’s show: What if the internet was a real place? USA, Comedy Central.
Google Scholar
Cohen, J.E. 2007: Cyberspace as/and space. Columbia Law Review 107, 210–56.
Google Scholar
Compaine, B.M. (editor) 2001: The digital divide: Facing a crisis or creating a myth?. MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Couclelis, H. 1996: Editorial: The death of distance. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 23, 387–89.
Google Scholar
Crang, M., Crosbie, T. and Graham, S. 2006: Variable geometries of connection: Urban digital divides and the uses of information technology. Urban Studies 43, 2551–70.
Google Scholar
Dahrendorf, R. (editor) 1977: Scientific-technological revolution: Social aspects. Sage Publications.
Google Scholar
Dann, G.E. and Haddow, N. 2007: Just doing business or doing just business: Google, Microsoft, Yahoo! and the business of censoring China’s internet. Journal of Business Ethics 79, 219–34.
Google Scholar
Deibert, R.J. 2003: Black code: Censorship, surveillance, and the militarisation of cyberspace. Millenium: Journal of International Studies 32, 501–30.
Google Scholar
Deva, N. 2008: Keynote speech to OLPC 2008 country workshop. Country Workshop. OLPC. Available at: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Country_workshops/May_2008
Google Scholar
Dodge, M. and Kitchin, R. 2001: Atlas of cyberspace. Addison-Wesley.
Google Scholar
Drissel, D. 2006: Internet governance in a multipolar world: Challenging American hegemony. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 19, 105–20.
Google Scholar
Drucker, P.F. 1969: The age of discontinuity; guidelines to our changing society. Harper and Row.
Google Scholar
Escobar, A. 1995: Encountering development. The making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Faris, R., Wang, S. and Palfrey, J. 2008: Censorship 2.0. Innovations 3, 165–87.
Google Scholar
Faucon, B. 2001: Getting e-commerce to Africa. Red Herring. Online magazine. Available at: http://www.redherring.com/Home/9506
Google Scholar
Ferguson, J. 1994: The anti-politics machine: ‘Develop-ment,’ depoliticization, and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. University of Minnesota Press.
Google Scholar
Ferguson, J. 1999: Expectations of modernity: Myths and meanings of urban life on the Zambian copperbelt. University of California Press.
Google Scholar
Fink, C. and Kenny, C.J. 2003: W(h)ither the digital divide? The World Bank.
Google Scholar
Fisher, P. and Unwin, D. (editors) 2002: Virtual reality in geography. Taylor and Francis.
Google Scholar
Flammia, M. and Saunders, C. 2007: Language as power on the internet. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 58, 1899–903.
Google Scholar
G8 2000: Okinawa charter on Global Information Society. University of Toronto G8 Information Centre.
Google Scholar
Geissinger, S. 2006: Governor: It’s high time we all go digital. Oakland Tribune.
Google Scholar
Gibbons, J. and Ruth, S. 2006: Municipal wi-fi: Big wave or wipeout? Internet Computing, IEEE 10, 66–71.
Google Scholar
Gibson, W. 1984 Neuromancer. HarperCollins.
Google Scholar
Gilbert, M.R. and Masucci, M.M. 2005: Research directions for information and communication technology and society in geography. Geoforum 36, 277–9.
Google Scholar
Gilbert, M.R., Masucci, M.M., Homoko, C. and Bove, A.A. 2008: Theorizing the digital divide: Information and communication technology use frameworks among poor women using a telemedicine system. Geoforum 39, 912–25.
Google Scholar
Gorman, S.P. and Malecki, E.J. 2002: Fixed and fluid: Stability and change in the geography of the internet. Telecommunications Review 26, 389–413.
Google Scholar
Goth, G. 2005: Municipal wireless networks open new access and old debates. Internet Computing, IEEE 9, 8–11.
Google Scholar
Graham, M. 2008a: New silk roads: Promises and perils of the internet in the Thai Silk industry. Department of Geography, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
Google Scholar
Graham, M. 2008b: Warped geographies of development: The internet and theories of economic development. Geography Compass 2, 771–89.
Google Scholar
Graham, M. 2010a: Justifying virtual presence in the Thai Silk industry: Links between data and discourse. Information Technologies and International Development 6, 57–70.
Google Scholar
Graham, M. 2010b: Neogeography and the palimpsests of place: Web 2.0 and the construction of a virtual earth. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 101, 422–36.
Google Scholar
Graham, M. 2011: Cloud collaboration: Peer-production and the engineering of cyberspace. In Brunn, S., editor, Engineering Earth. Springer, 67–83.
Google Scholar
Graham, M. and Khosravi, S. 2002: Reordering public and private in Iranian cyberspace: Identity, politics, and mobilization. Identities: Global Studies in Power and Culture 9, 219–46.
Google Scholar
Graham, S. 1998: The end of geography or the explosion of place? Conceptualizing space, place and information technology. Progress in Human Geography 22, 165–85.
Google Scholar
Grasland, L. and Puel, G. 2007: The diffusion of ICT and the notion of the digital divide: Contributions from Francophone geographers. GeoJournal 68, 1–3.
Google Scholar
Greenfield, A. 2006: Everyware: The dawning age of ubiquitous computing. Peachpit Press.
Google Scholar
Hamade, S.N. 2008: Internet filtering and censorship. Information Technology: New Generations. IEEE.
Google Scholar
Hardy, T. 1994: The proper legal regime for ‘cyberspace’. University of Pittsburgh Law Review 55, 993–1055.
Google Scholar
Hoffman, D.L. and Novak, T.P. 1998: Bridging the racial divide on the internet. Science 280, 390–91.
Google Scholar
Hofheinz, A. 2005: The internet in the Arab world: Playground for political liberalization. International Politics and Society 3, 78–96.
Google Scholar
Internet World Stats 2009: Internet usage statistics, http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm, last accessed on 4 April 2011.
Google Scholar
Jansena, B.J., Spink, A. and Saracevi, T. 2000: Real life, real users, and real needs: A study and analysis of user queries on the web. Information Processing and Management 36, 207–27.
Google Scholar
Jones, B.O. 1982: Sleepers, wake! Technology and the future of work. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Kirk, J. 2008: O3b links with Google for fast satellite internet capacity. New York Times.
Google Scholar
Kirkman, G.S., Cornelius, P.K., Sachs, J.D. and Schwab, K. 2002: The global information technology report 2001–2002: Readiness for the networked world. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Kitchin, R. 1998: Towards geographies of cyberspace. Progress in Human Geography 22, 385–406.
Google Scholar
Kluver, R. and Banerjee, I. 2005: The internet in nine Asian nations. Information, Communication, and Society 8, 30–46.
Google Scholar
Kvasny, L. and Keil, M. 2005: The challenges of re-dressing the digital divide: A tale of two US cities. Information Systems Journal 16, 23–53.
Google Scholar
Macavinta, C. 1998: FCC cuts e-rate funding. cnet news. Available at: http://news.cnet.com/FCC-cuts-E-rate-funding/2100-1023_3-212239.html
Google Scholar
Machlup, F. 1962: The production and distribution of knowledge in the United States. Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Markoff, J. 2006: Intel programme to bridge divide. International Herald Tribune.
Google Scholar
Marvin, C. 1988: When old technologies were new: Thinking about electric communication in the late nineteenth century.Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Mcluhan, M. 1962: The Gutenberg Galaxy: The making of typographic man. University of Toronto Press.
Google Scholar
Mcluhan, M. and Fiore, Q. 1967: The medium is the massage: An inventory of effects. Penguin.
Google Scholar
Mowlana, H. 1997: Global information and world communication. Sage Publications.
Google Scholar
Norris, P. 2001: Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the internet worldwide. Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
NTIA 1998: Falling through the net II: New data on the digital divide. Washington, D.C., National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
Google Scholar
O’Neil, M. 2009: Cyber chiefs: Autonomy and authority in online tribes. Pluto Press.
Google Scholar
OECD 2008: Digital divide. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=4719
Google Scholar
Porter, M.E., Sachs, J.D., Cornelius, P.K., Mcarthur, J.W. and Schwab, K. 2002: The global competitiveness report 2001–2002. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Powell, C.L. 2000: A special message from General Colin L. Powell, U.S.A. (ret.). Businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/adsections/digital/powell.htm, last accessed on 4 April 2011.
Google Scholar
Purcell, F. and Toland, J. 2004: Electronic commerce for the South Pacific: A review of e-readiness. Electronic Commerce Research 4, 241–62.
Google Scholar
Recabarren, M., Nussbaum, M. and Levia, C. 2008: Cultural divide and the internet. Computers in Human Behavior 24, 2917–26.
Google Scholar
Reporters without Borders 2006: List of the 13 Internet enemies. Available at: http://en.rsf.org/list-of-the-13-internet-enemies-07-11-2006,19603, last accessed on 7 April 2011.
Google Scholar
Robins, K. 1995: Cyberspace and the world we live in. In Featherstone, M. and Burrows, R., editors, Cyberpunk/cyberspace/cyberbodies. Sage Publications, 135–56.
Google Scholar
Rostow, W.W. 1960: The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto. Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Rye, S.A. 2008: Exploring the gap of the digital divide. GeoJournal 71, 171–84.
Google Scholar
Schwanen, T. and Kwan, M.P. 2008: The internet, mobile phone and space-time constraints. Geoforum 39, 1362–77.
Google Scholar
Selwyn, N. 2004: Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digital divide. New Media & Society 6, 341–62.
Google Scholar
Senécal, S. 2005: The effect of the web on archives. Archivaria 59, 139–52.
Google Scholar
Servon, L.J. 2002: Bridging the digital divide. Blackwell.
Google Scholar
Shea, T., Ariguzo, G. and White, S.D. 2007: Putting the world in the world wide web: The globalisation of the internet. International Journal of Business Information Systems 2, 75–98.
Google Scholar
Sheppard, E. 2002: The spaces and times of globalization: Place, scale, networks, and positionality. Economic Geography 78, 307–30.
Google Scholar
Singer, H. 1970: Dualism revisited: A new approach to the problems of the dual society in developing countries. Journal of Development Studies 7, 60–75.
Google Scholar
Standage, T. 1998: The Victorian internet: The remarkable story of the telegraph and the nineteenth century’s online pioneers. Weidenfield and Nicolson.
Google Scholar
Stephenson, N. 1992: Snow crash. Penguin.
Google Scholar
Tapia, A., Maitland, C. and Stone, M. 2006: Making IT work for municipalities: Building municipal wireless networks. Government Information Quarterly 23, 359–80.
Google Scholar
Tesla, N. 1993: The fantastic inventions of Nikola Tesla. Adventures Unlimited Press.
Google Scholar
Toffler, A. 1980: The third wave. Bantam.
Google Scholar
Townsend, A.M. 2001: Network cities and the global structure of the internet. American Behavioral Scientist 44, 1697–716.
Google Scholar
Wachowski, L. and Wachowski, A. 1999: The Matrix. Warner Bros.
Google Scholar
Walton, A. 1999: Technology Versus African-Americans. The Atlantic. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/99jan/aftech.htm
Google Scholar
Warf, B. 2001: Segueways into cyberspace: Multiple geographies of the digital divide. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28, 3–19.
Google Scholar
Warschauer, M. 2003a: Dissecting the ‘digital divide’: A case study in Egypt. The Information Society 19, 297–304.
Google Scholar
Warschauer, M. 2003b: Technology and social incusion: Rethinking the digital divide. MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Wertheim, M. 1999: The pearly gates of cyberspace: A history of space from Dante to the internet. Virago Press.
Google Scholar
Withers, C.W.J. and Grout, A. 2006: Authority in space?: Creating a web-based digital map archive. Archivaria 61, 27–46.
Google Scholar
World Bank 2000: The artisan as entrepreneur. WBINews, Summer/Fall, 3. Available at: siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/wbinews.pdf
Google Scholar
Xue, S. 2005: Internet policy and diffusion in China, Malaysia and Singapore. Journal of Information Science 31, 238–50.
Google Scholar
Zook, M. 2000: The economic geography of commercial internet content production in the United States. Environment and Planning A 32, 411–26.
Google Scholar
Zook, M. 2005: The geography of the internet industry: Venture capital, dot-coms, and local knowledge. Blackwell.
Google Scholar
Zook, M. 2006: The geographies of the internet. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 40, 53–78.
Google Scholar
Zook, M. and Graham, M. 2007a: The creative re-construction of the internet: Google and the pri-vatization of cyberspace and digiplace. Geoforum 38, 1322–43.
Google Scholar
Zook, M. and Graham, M. 2007b: Mapping digiplace: Geocoded internet data and the representation of place. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34, 466–82.
Google Scholar

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Volume 11, Issue 3
Pages: 211 - 227
Article first published online: June 21, 2011
Issue published: July 2011

Keywords

  1. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
  2. digital divide
  3. geography
  4. Internet
  5. ICT for development
  6. virtuality

Rights and permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Mark Graham
Oxford Internet Institute University of Oxford, UK
View all articles by this author

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Progress in Development Studies.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 1151

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016

Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 121 view articles Opens in new tab

Crossref: 139

  1. The impact of the metaverse on e-commerce business models – A delphi-b...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. Assembling the Geographic Information Market in the United States
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. Daily mobilities with smartphone apps and their failures: A study in u...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. Algorithms without frontiers? How language-based algorithmic informati...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. The digitalisation of consumption and its geographies
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  6. Research on Spatial Patterns and Mechanisms of Live Streaming Commerce...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  7. Living with Touchscreens: Haptic Geographies of Home in the Digital Co...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. Digital Divide and Youth Development in the Early Twenty-First Century
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  9. Language, Digital Resources and the Sustainable Development Goals
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. Bourdieusian e-capital perspective enhancing digital capital discussio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  11. The Annihilation of Space: A Bad (Historical) Concept
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. Spatial regularities in Internet performance at a local scale: The cas...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  13. À la croisée du virtuel et du matériel
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. Augmented Reality in Urban Places
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  15. Social media and the demotic turn in Africa's media ecology
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  16. Cyber Conflict
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  17. Being On-and-Off-line
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  18. The Cyberdivisions Produced by the Design of VGI under the Platform Ec...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  19. Policing the Digital Divide: Institutional Gate-keeping & Criminalizin...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  20. Exploring selfie practices and their geographies in the digital societ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  21. The three levels of the urban digital divide: Bridging issues of cover...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  22. A new educational normal an intersectionality-led exploration of educa...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  23. The urban digital lifestyle: An analytical framework for placing digit...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  24. Digital geographies of austerity: Young men’s material, affective and ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  25. OER and the Future of Digital Textbooks
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  26. Gender and Rural Entrepreneurship in Digitizing Sub-Saharan Africa
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  27. IMPACT OF DIGITAL INCLUSION ON COUNTRY INFORMATION SECURITY
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  28. “CodePlus”—Measuring Short-Term Efficacy in a Non-Formal, All-Female C...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  29. “Look How Many Gays There Are Here”: Digital Technologies and Non-Hete...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  30. Humanitarian data justice: A structural data justice lens on civic tec...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  31. Digital Social Innovation and Urban Space: A Critical Geography Agenda
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  32. Smart regions: insights from hybridization and peripheralization resea...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  33. Unearthing feminist territories and terrains
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  34. Data inequalities and why they matter for development
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  35. Defining the Geographic and Policy Dynamics of the Digital Divide
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  36. Cyber Conflict
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  37. Cybercrime and Legislation in an African Context
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  38. Game Changer Handy?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  39. Algorithmic Governance
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  40. Individual internet usage and the availability of online content of lo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  41. Rural Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Technology
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  42. The Politics of Access to Information
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  43. Inclusive innovation and the role of technological capability-building...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  44. Smart Villages and Investments to Public Services and ICT Infrastructu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  45. Technology adoption and gender-inclusive entrepreneurship education an...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  46. Smartphone technologies supporting community-based environmental monit...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  47. Spatial analysis of urban digital divide in Kigali, Rwanda
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  48. “May the Force move you”: Roles and actors of information sharing devi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  49. Teaching Digital Divides
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  50. Equal access to online information? Google’s suicide-prevention dispar...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  51. Becoming urban or bypassed in the periurban? An emerging challenge for...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  52. Becoming a personal style blogger: Changing configurations and spatial...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  53. Mining Big Data for Tourist Hot Spots: Geographical Patterns of Online...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  54. Big Data: Hidden Challenges for a Fair Mobility Planning
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  55. Cybercrime and Legislation in an African Context
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  56. The Queer Times of Internet Infrastructure and Digital Systems
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  57. Geographies of e-Government in Europe
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  58. Bibliography
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  59. Variations in the adoption and willingness to use e-services in three ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  60. Digital Divide, Global
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  61. Engaging citizens, depoliticizing society? Training citizens as agents...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  62. Feminist geographies of digital work
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  63. Digital turn, digital geographies?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  64. Defining the Geographic and Policy Dynamics of the Digital Divide
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  65. Spatial disparities of Uber accessibility: An exploratory analysis in ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  66. Scalable Capacity-Building for Geographically Dispersed Learners
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  67. “Leave no one behind”
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  68. Social media, traditional media and party politics in Ghana
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  69. Making corpus data visible: visualising text with research intermediar...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  70. Diversity in volunteered geographic information: comparing OpenStreetM...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  71. Political acclamation, social media and the public mood
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  72. Rural resilience in a digital society: Editorial
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  73. Spatial Characteristics of Twitter Users—Toward the Understanding of G...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  74. Real people, virtual places, and the spaces in between
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  75. Digital Empowerment in Kenya
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  76. Internet in the Middle East: an asymmetrical model of development
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  77. Digital Divides and Social Justice in Technology-Enhanced Learning
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  78. Reversing the Instrumentality of the Social for the Economic: A Critic...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  79. “Leave no one behind”
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  80. An Autonomous Intelligent System for the Private Outdoors Monitoring o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  81. Stacked spaces: Mapping digital infrastructures
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  82. Questioning Big Data: Crowdsourcing crisis data towards an inclusive h...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  83. The use of modern information and communication technologies in smallh...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  84. Exploring the tensions and incongruities of Internet governance in Afr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  85. Digital oases and digital deserts in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  86. Digital Divides in the Era of Widespread Internet Access: Migrant Yout...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  87. Governing Internet Expression: Sketching Out the Borders of a Global D...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  88. Urban Sensing: Potential and Limitations of Social Network Analysis an...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  89. An Autonomous Intelligent System for the Private Outdoors Monitoring o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  90. Developing a Multi-Agency E-Participation Strategy for Disadvantaged C...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  91. Performing the sharing economy
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  92. Big Data for Better Urban Life? – An Exploratory Study of Critical Urb...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  93. Geographical imagination and technological connectivity in East Africa
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  94. Resilience governance and ecosystemic space: a critical perspective on...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  95. Contradictory Connectivity: Spatial Imaginaries and Technomediated ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  96. References
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  97. Developing ethical approaches to data and civil society: from availabi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  98. (Dis)Empowering technologies: ICT for education (ICT4E) in China, past...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  99. Emerging GIS themes and the six senses of the new mind: is GIS becomin...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  100. Alternative GIS (alt.gis) and the Six Senses of the New Mind: Is alt.g...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  101. Geo-Technologies for Spatial Knowledge: Challenges for Inclusive and S...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  102. Young Children at Risk of Digital Disadvantage
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  103. GIS as Media Through the Geoweb
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  104. Development Communication, Popular Pleasure and Media Convergence
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  105. Statistical Analyses of Digital Divide Factors
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  106. An Autonomous Intelligent System for the Private Outdoors Monitoring o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  107. The Politics of Access to Information
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  108. Decreasing the Digital Divide by Increasing E-Innovation and E-Readine...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  109. Geo‐awareness, Geo‐enablement, Geotechnologies, Citizen Science, and S...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  110. Introductory: New media and civic participation in Central Eastern Eur...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  111. Understanding the Role of Communication in Promoting Active and Activi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  112. Broadband speed equity: A new digital divide?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  113. Exploring the Intraurban Digital Divide Using Online Restaurant Review...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  114. Continuous Connectivity, Handheld Computers, and Mobile Spatial Knowle...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  115. Emotion and politics in a mediated public sphere: Questioning democrac...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  116. Urban experience takes an informational turn: mobile internet usage an...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  117. On the Neo in Neogeography
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  118. Web Presence of Academic Geographers: A Generational Divide?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  119. Introduction to: Society and the Internet
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  120. The use of mobile phones by Kenyan export-orientated small-scale farme...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  121. Accessibility cyberscapes and the digital divide
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  122. The Arab Spring in North Africa: Still Winter in Morocco?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  123. Another Politics Is Possible: Neogeographies, Visual Spatial Tactics, ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  124. The Open Access Divide
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  125. Geography and the future of big data, big data and the future of geogr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  126. Augmented reality in urban places: contested content and the duplicity...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  127. Geography/internet: ethereal alternate dimensions of cyberspace or gro...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  128. When Virtual and Material Worlds Collide: Democratic Fashion in the Di...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  129. Imagining a Silicon Savannah? Technological and Conceptual Connectivit...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  130. The use of digital technologies across the adult life span in distance...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  131. Situating Neogeography
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  132. Augmented Realities and Uneven Geographies: Exploring the Geolinguisti...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  133. Volunteered Geographic Information, the Exaflood, and the Growing Digi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  134. Opening Remarks: Hacking and Digital Dissidence
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  135. Semantic Gap between People: An Experimental Investigation Based on Im...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  136. The Technology of Religion: Mapping Religious Cyberscapes
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  137. Featured Graphic: Digital Divide: The Geography of Internet Access
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  138. References
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  139. Cloud Collaboration: Peer-Production and the Engineering of the intern...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:

Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Subscribe to this journal

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

Start 2 week free trial
Need help?

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub
Download PDF

Also from Sage