Campus Sexual Assault: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Research From 2000 to 2015
Abstract
Sexual assault is a pervasive problem on university and college campuses in the United States that has garnered growing national attention, particularly in the past year. This is the first study to systematically review and synthesize prevalence findings from studies on campus sexual assault (CSA) published since 2000 (n = 34). The range of prevalence findings for specific forms of sexual victimization on college campuses (i.e., forcible rape, unwanted sexual contact, incapacitated rape, sexual coercion, and studies’ broad definitions of CSA/rape) is provided, and methodological strengths and limitations in the empirical body of research on CSA are discussed. Prevalence findings, research design, methodology, sampling techniques, and measures, including the forms of sexual victimization measured, are presented and evaluated across studies. Findings suggest that unwanted sexual contact appears to be most prevalent on college campuses, including sexual coercion, followed by incapacitated rape, and completed or attempted forcible rape. Additionally, several studies measured broad constructs of sexual assault that typically include combined forms of college-based sexual victimization (i.e., forcible completed or attempted rape, unwanted sexual contact, and/or sexual coercion). Extensive variability exists within findings for each type of sexual victimization measured, including those that broadly measure sexual assault, which is largely explained by differences in sampling strategies and overall study designs as well as measures of sexual assault used in studies. Implications for findings and recommendations for future research on the prevalence of college-based sexual victimization are provided.
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Biographies
Lisa Fedina, MSW, is a graduate research assistant at the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and a PhD student in the School of Social Work at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. Her research interests include sexual violence, intimate partner violence, and trauma, including long-term health consequences of interpersonal violence. She previously served as a victim advocate and case manager for survivors of intimate partner violence, sexual assault, and human trafficking and led community organizing efforts to improve systems responses to survivors.
Jennifer Lynne Holmes, MSW, MS, is a graduate research assistant at the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and a PhD student in the FSU College of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Her main areas of interdisciplinary research interest include victims of violent crimes, particularly intimate partner and family violence, early intervention and prevention research, and the public policy application of criminal justice research. In addition to her research, she has field experience as a certified domestic and sexual violence victim’s advocate and as a guardian ad litem (CASA), in a variety of crisis response and service settings, in both urban and rural locations, serving diverse populations.
Bethany L. Backes, PhD, MSW, MPH, joined the National Institute of Justice in 2008 as a social science analyst in the Violence and Victimization Research Division. She directs NIJ’s program of research on violence against women including research and evaluation on intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and stalking. She led the development of NIJ’s criminal justice researcher–practitioner partnerships program and coordinates NIJ’s victim-specific evaluation and intervention research projects. She holds her PhD in social work from the University of Maryland Baltimore and received her MSW and MPH from the University of Michigan.
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Article first published online: February 22, 2016
Issue published: January 2018
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Introduction to the Special Issue on Common Goals, Different Needs: Im...
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Sexual Violence at University: Are Indigenous Students More at Risk?
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Party frequency, party-safety strategies, and sexual victimization amo...
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Coping with sexual harassment in the Egyptian context: a study on fema...
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Sexual Aggression among Women and Men in an Iranian Sample: Prevalence...
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Sexual Victimization and Mental Health in Female University Students
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Exposure to Campus Messages about Dating and Sexual Violence: A Latent...
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Perceived barriers and rewards to sexual consent communication: A qual...
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Sexual assault predicts unhealthy weight management among college wome...
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Examining Women’s Sexual Assault Victimization Experiences since Enter...
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Gender differences in college student physical activity, and campus re...
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UK university students’ perceptions and negotiations of sexual consent
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Building a Model to Predict Sexual Assault Victimization Frequency Amo...
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The Value and Validity of Self-Reported Survey Data on the Rape Experi...
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Risk and Protective Factors for Men’s Sexual Violence Against Women at...
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Campus Sexual Harassment, Other Violence, and Racism, Oh my! Evidence ...
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The effectiveness of American college sexual assault interventions in ...
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Changes in Risk Perception After Sexual Victimization: Are We ...
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Sexual Assault Victimization: Latinx Identity as a Protective Factor f...
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Correlates of Support Utilization After Experiencing a Sexual Assault ...
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Physical Violence Perpetration Among College Students: Prevalence and ...
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Student-Athletes’, Coaches’, and Administrators’ Perspectives of Sexua...
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Pilot randomized controlled trial using the theory of planned behavior...
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Acceptance of rape myths and psychological symptoms: the indirect effe...
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Barriers to sexual harassment bystander intervention in Ecuadorian uni...
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Perceptions of interest and agency explain disagreements about sexual ...
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“I Felt Powerful and Confident”: Women’s Use of What They Learned in F...
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Friends-Based Protective Strategies and Unwanted Sexual Experiences: A...
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Prevalence of Sexual Victimization Among Female and Male College Stude...
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Dispelling a Myth: Reevaluating the Predictive Validity of Rape Myth A...
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Validity and reliability of the gender equity scale in nursing educati...
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A One-Session Treatment of PTSD After Single Sexual Assault Trauma. A ...
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Bystander Intervention Opportunities and Prosocial Behaviors Among Gen...
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Campus Sexual Violence Victims with Disabilities: Disclosure and Help ...
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Risk Factors for Sexual Assault of Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Co...
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Sexual Violence at University: Are Varsity Athletes More at Risk?
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“Keeping the Wound Open”: Survivor Experiences with Title IX Investiga...
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Violence and the Academic Lives of College Students at the Intersectio...
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Correlates of Bystander Intentions and Behavior among Community Colleg...
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Contributions of Reality TV Consumption to College Women’s Endorsement...
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Prepartying and incapacitated rape: Is drinking a risk factor or an ou...
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Campus Sexual Violence
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Prevention of sexual violence among college students: Current challeng...
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Changing Cognitive Risk Factors for Sexual Aggression: Risky Sexual Sc...
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Evaluative Attitudes May Explain the Link Between Injunctive Norms ...
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She Asked for It: Hardcore Porn, Sexism, and Rape Myth Acceptance
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Sexual Communication and Sexual Consent Self-Efficacy Among College St...
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Mental Health in Elite Student Athletes: Exploring the Link Between Tr...
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Sexual Victimization in Adulthood and Associated Factors Among Men and...
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Predicting emotional abuse among a sample of college students
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College as a Risk Factor for Victimization: Results from the National ...
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Child Sex Trafficking in Higher Education
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Emotional Responses to a Sexual Assault Threat: A Qualitative Analysis...
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The Scope of Rape Victimization and Perpetration Among National Sample...
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Gender, Campus Sexual Violence, Cultural Betrayal, Institutional Betra...
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Alcohol Myopia and High-Risk Sexual Behavior Among College Students
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Sexual Violence in the Context of Higher Education: The Current State ...
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Advocate and Survivor Perspectives on the Role of Technology in Help S...
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Perpetrator characteristics: Implications for programming, policy, and...
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Sexual Assault
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Investigating the relationship between sexting and sexual coercion
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Associations between interpersonal violence victimisation and concussi...
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Web-Based Alcohol and Sexual Assault Prevention Program With Tailored ...
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The prevalence of sexual violence perpetration in sexual minority men:...
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Alcohol and Links with Sexual Aggression
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Workplace gender-based violence and associated factors among universit...
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Does a report = support? A qualitative analysis of college sexual assa...
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Examining Support for University‐to‐Police Reporting Policies for Sexu...
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Pathways from College Students’ Cognitive Scripts for Consensual Sex t...
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The Field School Syllabus
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Oxford Understanding Relationships, Sex, Power, Abuse and Consent Expe...
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Sexual and Relationship Violence Prevention and Response: What Drives ...
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Bystander Intervention Training: Does it Increase Perceptions of Blame...
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An analysis of sexual harassment on Iranian campuses
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LGBTQ and Straight Sexual Assault Survivors’ Interactions with Counsel...
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Intimate Partner Sexual Violence and Mental Health Indicators Among Ch...
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Does Perpetrator Occupation Affect Classification of Sexual Assault?
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Weekly Drinking and Binge Drinking Mediate the Association Between Dri...
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Centering Minoritized Students in Campus Interpersonal Violence Resear...
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Gender Segregation and Its Correlates at Midlife and Beyond
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Polyvictimization and Cybervictimization Among College Students From F...
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Intimate Partner Violence: Childhood Witnessing and Subsequent Experie...
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Gender Role Norm Conformity and Sexual Assault Risk among Male and Fem...
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Sexual Violence at Christian and Secular Universities: Does Institutio...
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Risk Factors for Sexual Violence Among College Students in Dating Rela...
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College Campus Sexual Assault and Female Students With Disabilities
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The “Third-Victimization”: The Cybervictimization of Sexual Assault Su...
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“Empowering, Humbling, and of Course Arousing”: A Qualitative Analysis...
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A Novel Model for Generating Creative, Community-Responsive Interventi...
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Engaging photovoice to complement on sexual assault climate research: ...
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#Metoosocialworkeducation: Exposure to Interpersonal Violence Among So...
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Campus Law Enforcement Resources for Rape Prevention and Responses to ...
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The Frequency of Sexual Perpetration in College Men: A Systematic Revi...
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Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in a Ge...
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The nuanced association between deficient empathy and sexual aggressio...
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Factors predictive of sexual violence: Testing the four pillars of the...
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Measurement and prevalence of sexual harassment in low- and middle-inc...
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Finding the right fit: Mock victims' preferences for police interviewe...
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Perceptions of Sexual Trauma Severity in Men and Women
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Does Question Format Matter in Assessing the Prevalence of Sexual Aggr...
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Too Common to Count? “Mild” Sexual Assault and Aggression among U.S. C...
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She Left the Party: College Students’ Meanings of Sexual Consent
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Bidirectional associations between alcohol use and intimate partner vi...
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Exploring ambivalent rape acknowledgment and posttraumatic stress symp...
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The Constraints of Fear and Neutrality in Title IX Administrators’ Res...
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Not Just an Undergraduate Issue: Campus Climate and Sexual Violence Am...
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Trends in Health and Wellness Peer Educator Training: A Five-Year Anal...
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Distinguishing Between On-Campus and Off-Campus Sexual Victimization: ...
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Exposing Flaws of Affirmative Consent through Contemporary American Te...
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Sensitivity of Sexual Victimization Estimates to Definitional and Meas...
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An Initial Test of the Tactic-First and Item-Order Hypotheses: Account...
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#MeToo for Whom? Sexual Assault Disclosures Before and After #MeToo
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A Retrospective Descriptive Analysis of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner ...
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Supporting survivors of campus dating and sexual violence during COVID...
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Creating conversations about consent through an on-campus, curriculum ...
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‘Rape is a man’s issue:’ gender and power in the era of affirmative se...
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Does sexual orientation moderate the relationship between posttraumati...
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“Why you Touching me? This Is Scary.” Alcohol, Fear, and Miniskirts as...
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Alcohol and Rape on College Campuses
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Drugs and Rape on College Campuses
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Using a Daily Diary Approach to Examine Substance Use and Negative Sex...
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Behavioral modeling: inspiring college students to intervene in instan...
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Beyond roofies
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The Intersection of Gender Identity and Violence: Victimization Experi...
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Physical exercise, mental health problems, and suicide attempts in uni...
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Sexual violence victimisation among university students in Italy: a ge...
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The Selective Shield of Due Process: Analysis of the U.S. Department o...
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The just prevention theory for policymaking on campus sexual assault
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“The Fear is Palpable”: Service Providers’ Perceptions of Mandatory Re...
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Sexual Violence among LGBQ Community College Students: A Comparison wi...
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A Preliminary Examination of Negative Life Events and Sexual Assault V...
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Sexual Assault and Co-Occurrence of Mental Health Outcomes Among Cisge...
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Assessing the Organizational Culture of Higher Education Institutions ...
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Sexual harassment in higher education – a systematic review
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In the Eye of the Reformer: Higher Education Personnel Perspectives on...
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Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault in Early Adulthood: National Esti...
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“Call for Help Immediately”: A Discourse Analysis of Resident Assistan...
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Identifying factors associated with obesity traits in undergraduate st...
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The Intersections of Normative Heterosexuality and Sexual Violence: Un...
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The dark tetrad and mating effort’s influence on sexual coaxing and co...
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Applying the Haddon Matrix to evaluate sexual assault interventions on...
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Reasons for Nondisclosure of Campus Sexual Violence by Sexual and Raci...
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The Effectiveness of an Online Sexual Assault Prevention Program on Co...
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Sexual Victimization and Sexual Harassment among College Students: a C...
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Inequality and Social Justice
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Sexual Assault
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Characteristics of precollege sexual violence victimization and associ...
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Americans’ Views of Efficacy toward Campus Sexual Assault Reform
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Cluster Randomized Trial of a College Health Center Sexual Violence In...
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Matching anonymous participants in longitudinal research on sensitive ...
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Coffee and controversy: How applied psychology can revitalize sexual h...
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An Exploratory Study of Stalking on Christian Campuses: Does that Happ...
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Legitimacy invariance and campus crime: the impact of campus police le...
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Creating and Supporting a Harassment- and Assault-Free Field School
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Type of Judge Influences Judgments of College Women’s Responses to Inc...
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Does Alcohol Use in Large Group Contexts Mediate the Association Betwe...
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Healing is not linear: Using photography to describe the day‐to‐day he...
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Opening the Black Box: Identifying Common Practice Approaches in Urban...
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Cyber and in-person intimate partner violence victimization: Examining...
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Supporting Survivors: The Roles of Rape Myths and Feminism in Universi...
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Adapting a Sexual Violence Primary Prevention Program to Ghana Utilizi...
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Widening the Lens: An Ecological Review of Campus Sexual Assault
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Reimagining the Study of Campus Sexual Assault
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Reimagining the Study of Campus Sexual Assault
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Sexual Violence in the Context of Higher Education: The Current State ...
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Revictimisation of sexually abused children
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Methods for Improving Representativeness in a Web Survey on Sexual Ass...
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Sexual Violence and Major Depression among Women: Evidence for Recipro...
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Examining Responsible Employees’ Perceptions of Sexual Assault Reporti...
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“Consent is sexy”: A poster campaign using sex-positive images and mes...
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“What Should Sex Look Like?” Students’ Desires for Expanding Universit...
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Predicting Sexual Victimization Among College Students in Chile and Tu...
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Legal and Political Responses to Campus Sexual Assault
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Connectedness as a Protective Factor of Sexual Victimization among Uni...
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A Novel Model for Advancing Sexual Assault Education and Prevention on...
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Emotion regulation as a mediator between sleep quality and interperson...
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Hope and Fulfillment After Complex Trauma: Using Mixed Methods to Unde...
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Campus-Level Variation in the Prevalence of Student Experiences of Sex...
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Psychopathic traits, gender, and motivations for sex: Putative paths t...
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Perceived campus safety as a mediator of the link between gender and m...
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Organizational influences on the intimate partner violence and sexual ...
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Dual Measures of Sexual Consent: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the...
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Decreased Nociceptin Receptors Are Related to Resilience and Recovery ...
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#SportToo: Implications of and Best Practice for the #MeToo Movement i...
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Sexual harassment and assault among university students in Norway: a c...
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Development and Validation of the Moral Injury Scales for Youth
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Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: Prevalence and Association with Dista...
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Differential perceptions of a hypothetical sexual assault survivor bas...
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Sexual Assault Victimization, Fear of Sexual Assault, and Self-Protect...
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An Updated Review of Institutions of Higher Education’s Responses to S...
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Deconstructing Incidents of Campus Sexual Assault: Comparing Male and ...
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Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in Chil...
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Interpersonal Violence Prevention and Response on College and Universi...
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Prior Sexual Victimization and Disclosure of Campus Sexual Violence Am...
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Viewers’ Perceptions of Objectified Images of Women in Alcohol Adverti...
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Early Identification of Grooming and Targeting in Predatory Sexual Beh...
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Polyvictimization and the Continuum of Sexual Abuse at a College Campu...
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Sex Trafficking and the Role of Institutions of Higher Education: Reco...
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Situational Contexts and Risk Factors Associated with Incapacitated an...
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Description and initial evaluation of a values-based campus sexual ass...
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Traumatic Life Events and High Risk for the Development of Psychopatho...
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You have to be twice as good and work twice as hard : a ...
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Situações de Violência Interpessoal/Bullying na Universidade: Recortes...
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Interpersonal Violence/Bullying Situations at the University: Academic...
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Caught in a Web of Confusion: Assessing the Readability of University ...
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Does sex education before college protect students from sexual assault...
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Systemic error: measuring gender in criminological research
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Lifetime and Recent Experiences of Violence Among College Women
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To honor and obey: Perceptions and disclosure of sexual assault among ...
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Mental health consequences of sexual assault among first-year college ...
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Exploring Definitions and Prevalence of Verbal Sexual Coercion and Its...
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College Campus Sexual Assault: The Contribution of Peers’ Proabuse Inf...
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Alcohol-related Rape Among University Students
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Sexual Assault Is Just the Tip of the Iceberg: Relationship and Sexual...
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Sexual violence and collegiate athletics: US federal law, adjudication...
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Transforming the Campus Climate: Advancing Mixed-Methods Research on t...
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What Works to Prevent Adolescent Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence?...
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L’invisibilité de la violence sexuelle ordinaire chez les étudiantes u...
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The prevalence of sexual aggression in Turkey: A systematic review
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Challenges in conducting research on sexual violence and ...
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Teaching Social Determinants of Health in an Undergraduate Elective Co...
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Measuring Sexual Violence on Campus: Climate Surveys and Vulnerable Gr...
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Responding to Gendered Violence Among College Students: The Impact of ...
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“It Happens to Girls All the Time”: Examining Sexual Assault Survivors...
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The intersection of interpersonal and self-directed violence among gen...
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Drugs and Rape on College Campuses
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Alcohol and Rape on College Campuses
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