Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published November 2004

McTV: Understanding the Global Popularity of Television Formats

Silvio WaisbordView all authors and affiliations
Volume 5, Issue 4
https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476404268922

Abstract

Globalization has intensified interconnectivity among television industries worldwide. Interconnectivity happens through structural and institutional linkages among television systems and industries worldwide, resulting in an increasingly integrated global business governed by similar practices and goals. The dynamics are reflected in the popularity of television formats. On the surface, global dissemination of formats may suggest not only the global integration of the economy of the industry but also the standardization of content. A dozen media companies are able to do business worldwide by selling the same idea, and audiences seem to be watching national variations of the same show. At a deeper level, however, formats attest to the fact that television still remains tied to local and national cultures. Bringing up examples of Latin American cases, this article argues that television is simultaneously global and national, shaped by the globalization of media economics and the pull of local and national cultures.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

Get Access

References

Allen, Robe. 1995. To be continued: Soap operas around the world. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Alvarado, Manuel. 2000. The “value” of TV drama: Why bother to produce it? Television & New Media 1 (3): 307-319.
Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins of nationalism. London: Verso.
Google Scholar
Andrews, Edward L. 2000. Europe’s “reality” TV: Chains and Big Brother. The New York Times, April 11.
Google Scholar
Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal nationalism. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Biltereyst, Daniel, and Philippe Meers. 2000. The international telenovela debate and the contra-flow argument: A reappraisal. Media, Culture and Society 22 (4): 393-413.
Google Scholar
Cajueiro, Marcelo. 2000. “If it ain’t broke,” Variety, April 3.
Google Scholar
Carter, Bill. 2000. At TV Bazaar, US companies look to buy, not just sell. The New York Times, October 9.
Google Scholar
Craves, Richard. 2000. Creative industries: Contracts between art and commerce. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar
Dayan, Daniel, and Elihu Katz. 1992. Media events: The live broadcasting of history. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar
De Swaan, Abram. 1991. Notes on the merging global language system: Regional, national, and supranational. Media, Culture and Society 13: 309-323.
Google Scholar
Edwards, John. 1985. Language, society and identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Google Scholar
Fernandez, Angel. 2001. El boom de la telenovela. El Mundo (Spain). http://www.elmundo.es/2001/02/22/television/957968.html.
Google Scholar
Fiske, John. 1990. Women and quiz shows: Consumerism, patriarchy, and resisting pleasures. In Television and women’s culture: The politics of the popular, edited by Mary Ellen Brown. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Fry, Andy. 2000. Europe secure as leader of reality programming. Variety, September 25, M4-M8.
Google Scholar
Gitlin, Todd. 1983. Inside prime time. New York: Pantheon.
Google Scholar
Golding, Peter. 1998. Global village or cultural pillage? The Unequal inheritance of the communications revolution. In Capitalism and the information age, edited by Robert W. McChesney, Ellen Meiksins Wood, and John Bellamy Foster. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Google Scholar
Grantham, Bill. 2000. “Some big bourgeois brothel”: Contexts for France’s cultural wars with Hollywood. Bedfordshire, UK: University of Luton Press.
Google Scholar
Guider, Elizabeth. 2000. Two-way transatlantic. Variety, September 25, M1-M2.
Google Scholar
Hall, Stuart, and Paul du Gay. 1996. Questions of cultural identity. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Hils, Miriam. 1998. MTV sings in local lingos. Variety, August 10, p. 24.
Google Scholar
Hoskins, Colin, Stuart McFayden, and Adam Finn. 1997. Global television and film. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Hughes, Janice. 2001. Rewriting the traditional broadcast revenue model. Financial Times (London), June 19, p. 2.
Google Scholar
Jensen, Elizabeth. 2000. The changing face of international TV. Los Angeles Times, October 27, F1.
Google Scholar
Kilborn, Richard. 1993. “Speak my language”: Current attitudes to television subtitling and dubbing. Media, Culture & Society 15: 641-660.
Google Scholar
Koranteng, Juliana. 1999. TV goes local: Pan-regional networks launching local channels. Advertising Age 70 (2): 32-33.
Google Scholar
Langdale, John V. 1997. East Asian broadcasting industries: Global, regional, and national perspectives. Economic Geography 73: 305-321.
Google Scholar
Mar-Molinero, Clare. 2000. The politics of language in the Spanish-speaking world. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Martin-Barbero, Jesus. 1993. Communication, culture and hegemony: From the media to mediations. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Miller, Jeffrey S. 2000. Something completely different: British television and American culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Google Scholar
Miller, Toby, Nitlin Govil, John McMurria, and Richard Maxwell. 2001. Global Hollywood. London: BFI.
Google Scholar
Moran, Albert. 1998. Copycat TV: Globalization, program formats, and cultural identity. Luton, UK: University of Luton Press.
Google Scholar
Morris, Nancy. 1999. US voices in UK radio. European Journal of Communication 14 (1): 37-59.
Google Scholar
Morris, Nancy, and Silvio Waisbord, eds. 2001. Media and globalization: Why the state matters. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.
Google Scholar
Moyes, Jojo. 2000. TV imperialism goes into reverse as British shows invade the US. The Independent (London), August 4.
Google Scholar
Olson, S. R. 1999. Hollywood planet. Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
Google Scholar
O’Regan, Tom. 2000. The international circulation of British television. In British television: A reader, edited by Edward Buscombe, 303-322. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Otnes, Cele. 1996. A critique of daytime television game shows and the celebration of merchandise: The Price is Right. Journal of American Culture 19 (3): 51.
Google Scholar
Pursell, Chris. 2001. To import or to format? That is the question. Electronic Media, January 15, 64.
Google Scholar
Ritzer, George. 1998. The McDonaldization thesis: Explorations and extensions. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Robertson, Roland. 1992. Globalization: Social theory and global culture. London: Sage
Google Scholar
Sanchez-Ruiz, Enrique. 2000. Globalization y convergencia: Retos para las industrias culturales Latinoamericanas. Typescript.
Google Scholar
Scannell, Paddy, and David Cardiff. 1991. Asocial history of British broadcasting: Serving the nation, 1923-1939. Oxford: Blackwell.
Google Scholar
Schneider, Michael. 2000. Whiz quiz hits global jackpot. Variety, July 17.
Google Scholar
Segrave, Kerry. 1998. American television abroad: Hollywood’s attempt to dominate world television. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Google Scholar
Sinclair, John. 1999. Latin American television: A global view. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Sinclair, John, and Stuart Cunningham. 2000. Go with the flow: Diasporas and the media. Television & New Media 1 (1): 11-31.
Google Scholar
Sinclair, John, Elizabeth Jacka, and Stuart Cunningham, eds. 1996. New patterns in global television: Peripheral visions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Skovmand, Michael. 1992. Barbarous TV international. In Media cultures: Reappraising transnational media, edited by Michael Skovmand and Kim Christian Schroeder, 84-103. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Straubhaar, Joseph. 1991. Beyond media imperialism: Asymmetrical interdependence and cultural proximity. Critical Studies in Mass Communication 8: 39-59.
Google Scholar
Tomlinson, John. 1999. Globalization and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar
Trinta, Aluizio R. 1998. News from home: A study of realism and melodrama in Brazilian telenovelas. In The television studies book, edited by Christine Gerghty and David Lusted, 275-286. London: Arnold.
Google Scholar
Tunstall, Jeremy, and David Machin. 1999. The Anglo-American media connection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
van der Bulck, Hilde. 2001. Public service television and national identity as a project of modernity: The example of Flemish television. Media, Culture and Society 23:53-69.
Google Scholar
Waisbord, Silvio. 1998. The ties that still bind: Media and national cultures in Latin America. Canadian Journal of Communication 23:381-411.
Google Scholar
Waisbord, Silvio. 2000a. Industria global, cultural y política locales: La internacionalización de la televisión Latinoamericana. America Latina Hoy (Salamanca) 20 (August): 77-85.
Google Scholar
Waisbord, Silvio. 2000b. Media in Latin America: Between the rock of the state and the hard place of the market. In De-Westernizing media studies, edited by James Curran and Myung-Jin Park. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Waterman, David, and Everett M. Rogers. 1994. The economics of television program production and trade in Far East Asia. Journal of Communication 44 (3): 89-111.
Google Scholar
Weinraub, Bernard. 2000. Sudden explosion of game shows threatens the old TV staples. The New York Times, February 9, E1, E3.
Google Scholar
Whannel, Gary. 1993. Fields in vision. Television sport and cultural transformation. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Volume 5, Issue 4
Pages: 359 - 383
Article first published: November 2004
Issue published: November 2004

Keywords

  1. globalization
  2. television programs
  3. television formats
  4. Latin America
  5. media cultures

Rights and permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Silvio Waisbord
Academy for Educational Development
View all articles by this author

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Television & New Media.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 3329

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016

Altmetric

See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores


Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 0

Crossref: 136

  1. Gastronomic Curiosity and Consumer Behavior: The Impact of Television ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. The Impact of TikTok on the Viralization of the Entertainment Industry
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. Mediations of Political Identities in Arab Animation
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. Uluslararası Televizyon Akışının Platformlaşması Bağlamında Avrupa’da ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. The Good Doctor et le pouvoir d’un format
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  6. Turkish remakes of Korean TV dramas
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  7. VoD platforms and the diversity of European culture: The case of crime...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. Galinha Pintadinha Runs the World: A Made-for-Children Brazilian Carto...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  9. Netflix, library analysis, and globalization: rethinking mass media fl...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. Ramifications of cultural exports for cultural dynamics: assimilation ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  11. Pantallas conectadas: la crisis de TVE y su influencia en el cine naci...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. Global streamers: Placing the transnational at the heart of TV culture
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  13. “It is their job to make sure that the long-term vision for the show …...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. TV series adaptations and their repercussions on consumers: insights f...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  15. The logic of formatting: A case study on transnational television prod...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  16. Following the recipe: Producing The Great British Bake Off in Flanders
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  17. Transnational media consumption dissonance and ambivalent sexism: How ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  18. ‘Northern, not Nordic noir’: A Norwegian case study on crime series an...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  19. Televizyon Programlarının Uluslararası Dolaşımı Bağlamında Türkiye’de ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  20. Introduction
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  21. Cultural Production, Indigeneity and Globalisation
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  22. The Persistence of the Popularity of US Television
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  23. Towards an Integrative Methodological Approach of Film Remake Studies
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  24. The Great Game and the evolving nature of political talk...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  25. The Role of Intertextual Associations in Localization Processes: The ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  26. Resourcefulness, advocacy, gratitude: Three ethnic narratives in Maste...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  27. Global media flows: A qualitative review of research methods in audio-...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  28. Revisiting Culture
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  29. Small places, universal stories. Diversity,film policy and the geograp...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  30. Les séries québécoises: modularité, circulation et transnationalisme
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  31. Public policy, independent television production and the digital chall...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  32. Consumption and Gender
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  33. Justifying Trash: Regulating Reality TV in Israel
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  34. Multiple proximities and national identities: Turkish audiences’ perce...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  35. Global Television Formats and Their Impact on Production Cultures: The...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  36. Cultural Proximity and Genre Proximity: How Do Chinese Viewers Enjoy A...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  37. The Effect of Popular Culture on TV Program Genres Within Globalizatio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  38. Farmers’ proclivity to use soap opera for sourcing agricultural inform...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  39. Mediating a Disney-style Islam: The Emergence of Egyptian Islamic Anim...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  40. The power of the format catalogue...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  41. Big Brother: Viewers Turned Accomplices on Reality TV
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  42. A Crime Drama Between Fidelity and Cultural Specificity
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  43. The Cultural Politics of the Entertainment Media
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  44. Two-way cultural transfer: the case of the Israeli TV series BeTipul a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  45. Introduction: New Food Politics
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  46. Severe weather as a spectacle: the Meteo-Show
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  47. Research for Vitalizing the Exportation of Korean Entertainment Progra...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  48. Flow of Korean TV Format Programs : Comparative Analysis with Complete...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  49. Television and Globalization: The TV Content Global Value Chain
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  50. Drama without Drama: The Late Rise of Scripted TV Formats
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  51. Commercial Da’wah
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  52. Digital humor and the articulation of locality in an age of global flo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  53. Over de grens bekeken. Transmissie van de cultuur van de Lage Landen
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  54. The “Other” Woman in Contemporary Television Drama: Analyzing Intersec...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  55. Küresellik ve Yerellik Arasında Reklam Adaptasyonları: Snickers Örneği
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  56. From The Office to Stromberg...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  57. Television format traffic-public service style
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  58. The Glocal and Global Studies
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  59. International communication and global media: continuity of critical c...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  60. Anatomy of a Format...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  61. The use of international television formats by public service broadcas...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  62. Sabotaging Reality: Exploring Canadian Women’s Participation on Neolib...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  63. Producing Reality: Television Formats and Reality TV in the Canadian C...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  64. The ongoing significance of national media systems in the context of m...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  65. The new normal: from media imperialism to market liberalization – Asia...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  66. Foreign TV Content Analysis: Adaptation, Transformation and Koreanizat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  67. A Study of Korean TV Format Exportation and Localization : Focusing on...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  68. Love to Hate...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  69. Television in Transition
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  70. US Television Travels Abroad: Global TV and the Formatting Trend
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  71. Celebrity Politics: a Theoretical and Historical Perspective
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  72. A Change of Lens: A Call to Compare the Media in China and Russia
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  73. Global migration meets TV format adaptation: The post-Soviet diaspora,...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  74. TV Formatting of the Chinese Ugly Betty...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  75. Extending the Broadcast: Streaming Culture and the Problems of Digital...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  76. Internet Jokes: The Secret Agents of Globalization?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  77. The limitations of localization: A cross-cultural comparative study of...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  78. A multilayered transnational broadcasting television industry: The cas...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  79. The place of television programme formats
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  80. Homegrown reality: locally formatted Israeli programming and the globa...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  81. Innovation im Fernsehen
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  82. European Television Programming
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  83. “Gangnam Style” as Format: When a Localized Korean Song Meets a Global...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  84. Fei Cheng Wu Rao (非诚勿扰): Staging Global China through International Fo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  85. Program Format Franchising in the Age of Reality Television
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  86. Transnationalism and media groups in independent television production...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  87. Cultural Globalization and the Global Spread of English: From ‘Separat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  88. Commentary: Television, Business Entertainment, and Civic Culture
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  89. Stilvarianten – Ästhetische Differenzen und Gemeinsamkeiten in nationa...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  90. Die tschechische Hässliche Katrin als Heldin eines utopischen Kapitali...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  91. The (inter)play of nationality, religiosity and gender: textual mechan...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  92. Global Ugly Betty
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  93. Lifestyling Asia? Shaping modernity and selfhood on life-advice progra...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  94. Glocalized Telenovelas and National Identities...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  95. ‘The show of the millennium’: screening the big-money quiz show and th...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  96. From Global to (G)local: Changing Patterns of Television Program Flows...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  97. Globalisation and the decline of national identity? An exploration acr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  98. From Affective to Aesthetic Economics: Globalization and the Commodifi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  99. Lifestyles, gratifications sought, and narrative appeal: American and ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  100. Traveling style: Aesthetic differences and similarities in national ad...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  101. Export Pioneers in Latin America
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  102. The making of an entertainment revolution: How the TV format trade bec...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  103. Sharing the Joke? ‘Britcom’ Remakes in the United States: A Historical...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  104. Ugly Betty and the Emergence of the Latina/o Producers as Cultural Tra...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  105. Language and cultural identity in the new configuration of the US Lati...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  106. Inventing universal television
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  107. Business on Television: Continuity, Change, and Risk in the Developmen...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  108. The Unexplored Challenges of Television Distribution: The Case of Azte...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  109. Structural Hybridization in Film and Television Production in Hong Kon...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  110. From The Simpsons to “The Simpsons of the South Pacific”: New Zealand’...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  111. Learning modernity: lifestyle advice television in Australia, Taiwan a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  112. Ugly Betty goes global...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  113. ‘Global corporate cultural capital’ as a drag on glocalization: Disney...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  114. Organisation des Fernsehformathandels. Interorganisationale Netzwerke ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  115. Not the Apocalypse: Television Futures in the Digital Age
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  116. Three Dimensionality...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  117. Everyone Needs Idols...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  118. Regional Variations on a Global Theme: Formatting Television for the M...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  119. When TV Formats Migrate: The Languages of Business and Culture
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  120. Global franchising, local customizing: The cultural economy of TV prog...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  121. Changing rooms, biggest losers and backyard blitzes: A history of make...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  122. Makeover on the move: Global television and programme formats
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  123. Shifting Geertz: Toward a Theory of Translocalism in Global Communicat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  124. Property TV: The (re)making of home on national screens
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  125. Jednota, či rozmanitost? Kulturní cíle evropské audiovizuální politiky...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  126. Flowing Networks in the Entertainment Business: Organizing Internation...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  127. Localising Global Television
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  128. Indigeneity, media and cultural globalization...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  129. Vingt-cinq ans de téléréalité
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  130. Fame, Fortune, Fantasi : Ind...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  131. Når publikum blir produsenter. Deltakelse i det kommersielle underhold...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  132. The audience politics of enhanced television formats
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  133. Die (Fernseh-)Fiktion als Gemeinschaftswerk(en) und kulturelle Teilhab...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  134. Anhang
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  135. Die (Fernseh-)Fiktion als Gemeinschaftswerk(en) und kulturelle Teilhab...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  136. Works Cited
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:

Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Subscribe to this journal

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

Start 2 week free trial
Need help?

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub
Download PDF

Also from Sage