Management and Care of Women With Invasive Cervical Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Resource-Stratified Clinical Practice Guideline
Abstract
Purpose
Methods
Results
Recommendations
Introduction
Treatment | Setting | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic | Limited | Enhanced | Maximal | |
Surgery | Simple (extrafascial) hysterectomy or more extensive hysterectomy can be performed* | Modified radical or radical hysterectomy | Capable of performing most major surgeries, including radical hysterectomy, radical trachelectomy,† pelvic and para-aortic LN sampling, and pelvic exenteration† | Radical hysterectomy, radical trachelectomy, pelvic and para-aortic LN sampling, sentinel node biopsy, and pelvic exenteration; RT, chemotherapy, interventional radiology, palliative care service, and bevacizumab are all available |
Following are not available: PET scan, interventional radiology, sentinel node biopsy/IORT, or bevacizumab | ||||
Chemotherapy | Availability of chemotherapy drugs is unpredictable | Chemotherapy may be available | Chemotherapy available; bevacizumab not available | Chemotherapy available; bevacizumab is available |
RT | No RT available | Limited external RT with no brachytherapy available; in some areas where there is only brachytherapy and no external RT, this will be considered as basic level | RT including external beam and brachytherapy available; interventional radiology not available | RT including external beam and brachytherapy available; interventional radiology available |
Pathology | Pathology services are not available; if there is a way to send pathology for review when needed, that should occur | Pathology services in development | Pathology services in development or not always available | Pathology available |
(There are basic pathology and frozen section services; consultations are not readily available) | (Pathology services including frozen sections are available; tumor registry and regular multidisciplinary conferences are not consistently available in the region) | (Full pathology services including diagnosis, consultation, tumor registry, and multidisciplinary conferences are available) | ||
(Basic pathology may be available, but diagnosis is often delayed for more than 1 month; there are no frozen sections or pathology consultations in the region) | ||||
Palliative care | Palliative care service is in development; basic palliative care, including pain and symptom management, should be provided‡ | Pain and symptom management available; palliative care service is in development | Palliative care service not always available | Palliative care service available |
Guideline Questions
Methods
Guideline Development Process
Guideline Disclaimer
Guideline and Conflicts of Interest
Results
ASCO Methodologic Review
Final Recommendations
Setting | |||
---|---|---|---|
Basic | Limited | Enhanced | Maximal |
History and physical examination, CBC, cervical biopsy, cone biopsy, and LFT/renal function studies | History and physical examination, CBC, cervical biopsy, pathologic review, cone biopsy, and LFT/renal function studies | History and physical examination, CBC, cervical biopsy, pathologic review, cone biopsy, and LFT/renal function studies | History and physical examination, CBC, cervical biopsy, pathologic review, cone biopsy, and LFT/renal function studies |
Imaging (optional in ≤ stage IB1 disease): chest x-ray | Imaging (optional in ≤ stage IB1): chest x-ray, CT (specifically CT of abdomen and pelvis for women with advanced-stage disease for treatment planning purposes) | Imaging (optional in ≤ stage IB1): chest x-ray, CT, or MRI | Imaging (optional in ≤ stage IB1): chest x-ray, CT, or MRI or PET-CT |
Smoking cessation and counseling; may offer HIV testing | Smoking cessation and counseling; may offer HIV testing | Smoking cessation and counseling; may offer HIV testing | Smoking cessation and counseling; may offer HIV testing |
Optional: EUA cystoscopy/proctoscopy only if suspicion of bladder or rectum invasion by CT or MRI | Optional: EUA cystoscopy/proctoscopy only if suspicion of bladder or rectum invasion by CT or MRI | ||
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based |
Overall evidence quality: intermediate | Overall evidence quality: high | Overall evidence quality: high | Overall evidence quality: high |
Strength of recommendation: moderate | Strength of recommendation: moderate | Strength of recommendation: strong | Strength of recommendation: strong |
Type of Disease | Setting | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic | Limited | Enhanced | Maximal | |
IA1, LVSI negative, FS (see Discussion) | 1A1 (negative margins): cone biopsy* (with scalpel) | 1A1 (negative margins): cone biopsy | 1A1 (negative margins): cone biopsy | 1A1 (negative margins): cone biopsy |
Repeat cone biopsy or extrafascial hysterectomy for positive margins | Repeat cone biopsy or extrafascial hysterectomy for positive margins | Repeat cone biopsy or extrafascial hysterectomy for positive margins | Repeat cone biopsy or extrafascial hysterectomy for positive margins | |
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: high | Evidence: low | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | |
Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | |
IA1, LVSI positive, FS | Cone biopsy in selected cases, if follow-up possible | Cone biopsy | Cone biopsy plus PLND (see Discussion regarding current evidence on FS for women desiring fertility preservation) | Cone biopsy plus PLND |
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | |
Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | |
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | |
OR radical trachelectomy plus PLND | OR radical trachelectomy plus PLND (may offer ± SLN) | |||
Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | |||
Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | |||
Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: moderate | |||
IA1, non-FS (no LVSI) | Cone biopsy (if follow-up possible) OR extrafascial hysterectomy,† then observe after initial cone biopsy, repeat cone, or extrafascial hysterectomy if margins are positive | Cone biopsy (if follow-up possible); observe (after cone biopsy)‡ OR extrafascial hysterectomy† (extrafascial hysterectomy OR modified radical hysterectomy plus PLND OR if positive margins repeat conization§) | Cone biopsy‡ OR extrafascial hysterectomy† (extrafascial hysterectomy OR modified radical hysterectomy plus PLND OR if positive margins repeat conization§) | Cone biopsy‡ OR extrafascial hysterectomy† (extrafascial hysterectomy OR modified radical hysterectomy plus pelvic LN sampling if positive margins [may offer ± SLN] OR repeat conization§) |
Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: high | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | |
Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | |
IA1, non-FS (with LVSI) | As above | Stage IA1 (with LVSI) and stage IA2: modified radical hysterectomy | Stage IA1 (with LVSI) and stage IA2: modified radical hysterectomy (when positive margins on repeat cone) plus PLND ± PANB (pelvic irradiation plus brachytherapy [with LVSI] if patient is not eligible for surgery) | Stage IA1 (with LVSI) and stage IA2: modified radical hysterectomy plus PLND ± PANB (may offer ± SLN OR pelvic irradiation plus brachytherapy [if patient is not eligible for surgery]) |
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: low | Evidence: low | Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | |
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: moderate | |
IA2, FS | Cone biopsy (if follow-up possible) | Cone biopsy (if follow-up possible) | Cone biopsy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling‡ | Cone biopsy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling‡ |
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: low | Evidence: low | Evidence: low | Evidence: low | |
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | |
Radical trachelectomy plus PLND | Radical trachelectomy plus PLND | |||
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |||
Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | |||
Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: moderate | |||
IA2, non-FS | Cone biopsy (if follow-up possible) or extrafascial hysterectomy (non-FS) | Cone biopsy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling‡ | Cone biopsy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling‡ | See above |
Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | ||
Evidence: low | Evidence: low | Evidence: low | ||
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | ||
Extrafascial hysterectomy | Modified radical hysterectomy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling§ | Modified radical hysterectomy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling§ | Modified radical hysterectomy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling§ | |
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: low | Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | |
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: moderate | |
OR pelvic RT and brachytherapy | OR pelvic RT and brachytherapy | |||
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |||
Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | |||
Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: moderate | |||
IB1, FS | No recommendation | No recommendation | Radical trachelectomy plus PLND (if adding trachelectomy > 2 cm) | Radical trachelectomy plus pelvic LN sampling; may offer SLN |
Adjuvant therapy may be needed for patients with tumors > 2 cm with risk factors (see Appendix Table A4)37 | ||||
Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |||
Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | |||
Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: moderate | |||
IB1, non-FS | Extrafascial hysterectomy | Radical hysterectomy plus PLND or radical hysterectomy (see Note) with adjuvant RT or RT with concurrent low-dose chemotherapy (concurrent chemoRT) if needed | Radical hysterectomy plus PLND | Radical hysterectomy plus PLND; may offer SLN |
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: insufficient | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | Evidence: high (SLN option, low) | |
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: moderate to strong | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong (weak) | |
NACT if available, then extrafascial hysterectomy | ChemoRT or RT followed by extrafascial or radical hysterectomy (see Note) ± PLND ± PANB¶ | Pelvic RT plus brachytherapy plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy | Pelvic RT plus brachytherapy plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy | |
Type of recommendation: consensus based | If no RT is available but chemotherapy is available, NACT may be used to shrink the tumor to make it removable by surgery (extrafascial or modified radical hysterectomy [see Note] ± PLND ± PANB¶) | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: insufficient | If the patient’s tumor does not shrink and is not resectable with negative margins, palliative measures, including best supportive care, ± chemotherapy should be offered | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | |
Recommendation: weak | Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | |
Note | Evidence: low Recommendation: weak | Wherever radical hysterectomy with concurrent chemoRT is listed as a surgical option above, extrafascial hysterectomy is recommended if there is residual disease after RT or chemoRT with a boost of 68 Gy or initial tumor > 6 cm | ||
Radical hysterectomy may be used after RT or chemoRT to a dose of 50 Gy | ||||
IB2 and IIA2 | If chemotherapy is available, use NACT followed by extrafascial hysterectomy; if chemotherapy is not available, extrafascial hysterectomy (modification as deemed necessary) may be performed if the surgical capacity is present | If chemotherapy is available, NACT followed by radical hysterectomy (see Note) plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling may be an option§‖ | Pelvic RT plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy plus brachytherapy | Pelvic RT plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy plus brachytherapy |
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: low | Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | |
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | |
If EBRT is available, but not brachytherapy, then chemoRT followed by extrafascial hysterectomy or RT (if chemotherapy not available) followed by extrafascial hysterectomy (see Note) | Pelvic RT plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy plus brachytherapy plus adjuvant hysterectomy; adjuvant hysterectomy is not recommended except if evidence of residual disease | Pelvic RT plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy plus brachytherapy plus adjuvant hysterectomy; adjuvant hysterectomy is not recommended except if evidence of residual disease | ||
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | ||
Evidence: low | Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | ||
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | ||
OR if no EBRT is available, then brachytherapy and concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy followed by radical hysterectomy (see Note)‖ | ||||
When brachytherapy is not available, extrafascial or radical hysterectomy is recommended only when there is persistent central pelvic disease and selective lymphadenectomy or LN biopsy for suspicious lesions | ||||
Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | ||||
Evidence: low to intermediate | ||||
Recommendation: weak to moderate | ||||
Radical hysterectomy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling | Radical hysterectomy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling‡ and adjuvant RT or chemoRT if needed | Radical hysterectomy plus PLND ± para-aortic LN sampling and adjuvant RT or chemoRT if needed (plus RT ± concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy after hysterectomy if risk factors)‡ | ||
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | ||
Evidence: low | Evidence: low | Evidence: low | ||
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | ||
Note | With risk factors on pathology specimen: adjuvant chemotherapy after hysterectomy (Sedlis et al37 criteria used in United States) | With risk factors on pathology specimen: adjuvant RT ± chemotherapy after hysterectomy | With risk factors on pathology specimen: adjuvant RT ± concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy after hysterectomy | With risk factors on pathology specimen: adjuvant RT ± concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy after hysterectomy |
Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | Adjuvant RT (intermediate risk) or with concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy (high risk) in a referral center | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: insufficient | Wherever radical hysterectomy with concurrent chemoRT listed as a surgical option above, extrafascial hysterectomy is recommended if there is residual disease after RT or chemoRT with a boost of 68 Gy or initial tumor > 6 cm | Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | |
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: moderate | ||
Radical hysterectomy may be used after RT or chemoRT to a dose of 50 Gy | ||||
Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | ||||
Evidence: low | ||||
Recommendation: weak | ||||
IIA1 | See IB1 | See IB1 | See IB1 | See IB1 |
IIA2 | See IB2 | See IB2 | See IB2 | See IB2 |
Type of Disease | Setting | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic | Limited | Enhanced | Maximal | |
IIB and IIIA | NACT followed by extrafascial hysterectomy (modification as deemed necessary) | ChemoRT or RT* followed by extrafascial or modified hysterectomy ± PLND† ± PANB | Pelvic RT plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy plus brachytherapy | Pelvic RT plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy plus brachytherapy |
NACT followed by extrafascial or modified hysterectomy ± PLND† ± PANB* | Adjuvant hysterectomy is an option only if residual disease after chemoRT | Adjuvant hysterectomy is an option only if residual disease after chemoRT | ||
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: insufficient | Evidence: low to intermediate | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | |
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak to moderate | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | |
Extrafascial hysterectomy when chemotherapy is not consistently available | Extrafascial or modified hysterectomy plus pelvic LND ± para-aortic LN sampling‡ plus adjuvant therapy | |||
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: consensus based | |||
Evidence: insufficient | Evidence: insufficient | |||
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | |||
Palliative care | ||||
Type of recommendation: consensus based | ||||
Evidence: intermediate | ||||
Recommendation: strong | ||||
IIIB to IVA | Palliative care | ChemoRT or RT* followed by extrafascial or radical hysterectomy (see Note) ± PLND† ± PANB | Pelvic RT plus brachytherapy plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy (in some cases extended-field RT) | Pelvic RT plus brachytherapy plus concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy (in some cases extended-field RT) |
NACT (followed by radical hysterectomy plus PLND† ± PANB may be an option) and/or palliative care | AND/OR palliative care | AND/OR palliative care (options before palliative care alone include: RT boost, salvage surgery, or chemotherapy) | ||
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence and consensus based | |
Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: low to intermediate | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | |
Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: weak to moderate | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | |
NACT followed by extrafascial hysterectomy | RT ± concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy (may offer systemic adjuvant chemotherapy) | RT + brachytherapy ± concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy (may offer systemic adjuvant chemotherapy) | RT + brachytherapy ± concurrent low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy (may offer systemic adjuvant chemotherapy) | |
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: insufficient | Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: intermediate | |
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: weak | |
Note | Wherever radical hysterectomy with concurrent chemoRT listed as a surgical option above, extrafascial hysterectomy is preferred if there is residual disease or initial tumor > 6 cm | |||
Type of recommendation: consensus based | ||||
Evidence: intermediate | ||||
Recommendation: weak | ||||
IVB | Palliative care and chemotherapy (if available) | Palliative care and/or chemotherapy ± individualized RT (palliative care may include palliative RT) | Chemotherapy ± individualized RT AND/OR palliative care | Chemotherapy ± bevacizumab ± individualized RT AND/OR palliative care |
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |
Evidence: high | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | |
Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | |
Recurrent | Palliative care | Depending on previous RT and either “no prior RT or failure outside of previously treated field”16(CERV-11) then may offer tumor-directed RT plus platinum-based chemotherapy | Depending on previous RT and central v noncentral disease: | Depending on previous RT and central v noncentral disease: |
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Central disease: chemoRT or RT ± brachytherapy if no prior RT | Central disease: chemoRT or RT ± brachytherapy if no prior RT | |
Evidence: high | Evidence: high | If central and prior RT: exenteration | If central and prior RT: exenteration | |
Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | Noncentral: chemotherapy, tumor-directed RT, and palliative care | Noncentral: chemotherapy, tumor-directed RT, and palliative care | |
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | |||
Evidence: high | Evidence: high | |||
Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | |||
AND/OR central disease: chemotherapy | Prior RT plus central disease: pelvic exenteration OR radical hysterectomy OR brachytherapy [latter two “in carefully selected patients with small (< 2 cm) lesions”15 (CERV-11)] | Prior RT plus central disease: pelvic exenteration ± intraoperative RT OR radical hysterectomy OR brachytherapy [latter two “in carefully selected patients with small (< 2 cm) lesions”15 (CERV-11)] | ||
Type of recommendation: consensus based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | ||
Evidence: insufficient | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | ||
Recommendation: weak | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | ||
Note | This is best managed with exenteration (type of surgery that is not feasible to perform in low-resource setting) | |||
Prior RT plus noncentral disease: chemotherapy or best palliative care | Prior RT plus noncentral disease: tumor-directed RT ± chemotherapy or best palliative care | Prior RT plus noncentral disease: tumor-directed RT ± chemotherapy OR resection with intraoperative RT for close or positive margins OR clinical trial OR chemotherapy plus bevacizumab AND/OR palliative care | ||
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | ||
Evidence: high | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | ||
Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong | ||
Note | Before palliative care alone, try options such as RT boost, salvage surgery, or chemotherapy | |||
If recurrence after any of the above, then clinical trial OR chemotherapy OR best supportive care | ||||
Type of recommendation: evidence based | ||||
Evidence: high | ||||
Recommendation: strong |
Setting | |||
---|---|---|---|
Basic | Limited | Enhanced | Maximal |
Single-agent platinum-based therapy (cisplatin or carboplatin) | Cisplatin or carboplatin, cisplatin plus paclitaxel, or carboplatin plus paclitaxel | Cisplatin plus paclitaxel or carboplatin plus paclitaxel (highest-level evidence for cisplatin: CCO4) | Cisplatin plus paclitaxel plus bevacizumab or carboplatin plus paclitaxel plus bevacizumab |
Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based | Type of recommendation: evidence based |
Evidence: intermediate | Evidence: high | Evidence: high | Evidence: high |
Recommendation: moderate | Recommendation: moderate to strong | Recommendation: strong | Recommendation: strong |
Options for Follow-Up for All Settings |
---|
Follow-up should be based on each individual’s risk of cervical cancer recurrence; high-quality evidence is lacking on the best methods of post-treatment surveillance; some guidance is offered in other guidelines5 and is provided here as guidance rather than as recommendations: |
After 1 to 2 years, every 3 to 6 months |
After 3 to 5 years, every 6 to 12 months |
After ≥ 5 years, every year based on risk of recurrence |
Type of recommendation: consensus based |
Evidence: insufficient |
Recommendation: weak |
Pelvic and physical examination |
Imaging and laboratory tests based on symptoms or suspicion |
Patient education |
Cytology may be offered, if available, every 3 years after cone biopsy, radical hysterectomy, or trachelectomy; cytology should not be performed after RT |
In patients at high risk for locoregional failure, PET-CT 3 months after therapy is optional |
Type of recommendation: consensus based |
Evidence: insufficient |
Recommendation: weak |
Work-Up
Treatment
Discussion of Selected Treatment Issues
Early-Stage and Locally Advanced Disease
Late-Stage or Advanced Disease
Lymphadenectomy
Radiation Therapy in Resource-Constrained Settings
Clinical Question R1
Recommendation R1A: Basic setting.
Recommendation R1B: Limited-resource settings, with limited EBRT and no brachytherapy available.
Discussion of R1.
Clinical Question R2
Recommendation R2A: Limited setting.
Recommendation R2B: When brachytherapy is not available or there is residual tumor after radiotherapy.
Recommendation R2C.
Discussion of R2.
First Author and Year of Publication | Design | RT | No. of Patients | Proportion of Women With Complaints That Showed Partial (> 50%) or Complete Improvement | Toxicity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dose per Fraction (Gy) | No. of Fractions | Bleeding | Pain | Discharge | |||||||
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | ||||||
Boulware, 1979 | Observational retrospective | 10 | 1 | 86a | 39 of 86 | 45 | 14 of 31 | 42 | 8 of 86 acute | ||
10 | 2b | 55 | 47 of 55 | 85 | 13 of 22 | 59 | 15 of 86 late | ||||
10 | 3b | 20 | 20 of 20 | 100 | 5 of 8 | 63 | |||||
Hodson, 1983 | Observational retrospective | 10 | 3c | 14 | 9 of 9 | 100 | 3 of 3 | 100 | 1 of 1 | 100 | 2 of 14 late |
Halle, 1986 | Observational retrospective | 10 | 1-3d | 42 | 27 of 30 | 90 | 4 of 9 | 2 of 30 acute; 5 of 42 severe late | |||
Onsrud, 2001 | Observational retrospective | 10 | 1 | 28 | 19 of 24 | 79 | 0 of 3 | 0 | 4 of 11 | 36 | GI: grade 1-2, 27 of 64; grade 2-4, 5 of 64 |
10 | 2c | 24 | |||||||||
10 | 3c | 1 | |||||||||
Mishra, 2005e | Observational retrospective | 10 | 1 | 100 | 50 of 67 | 74 | 23 of 48 | 47 | 46 of 69 | 66 | 10 patients had grade 3-4 toxicity |
10 | 2c | 61 | 80 | 59 | 47 | ||||||
10 | 3c | 33 | 100 | 50 | 34 | ||||||
Alternative fractionation | |||||||||||
Patricio, 1987f | Observational | 6, 5 | 2g,h | 56 | 33 of 35 | 94 | 5 of 11 | 45 | 16% serious complications | ||
Spanos, 1996f | Subgroup analysis of a prospective trial | 3, 7 | 4i | 61 | 37 of 49 | 76 | 11 of 36 | 31 | 3% acute toxicity; 7% late complications | ||
Grigsby, 2002f | Observational | 5 | 2j | 15 | 14 of 15 | 93 | No severe or acute toxicity |
Clinical Question R3A
Recommendation R3A: Limited setting with limited brachytherapy.
Discussion of R3.
Clinical Question R4
Recommendation R4: Setting without simulators.
Discussion of R4.
Post-treatment Follow-Up
Palliative Care
Special Commentary
Radiation Therapy Shortages
Palliative Care for Women With Advanced Cervical Cancer
Cost Implications
External Review
Guideline Implementation
Limitations of Research
Future Directions
Definition
Additional Resources
Acknowledgment
Data Supplement
Authors retain all rights in any data supplements associated with their articles
The ideas and opinions expressed in this Data Supplement do not necessarily reflect those of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). The mention of any product, service, or therapy in this Data Supplement should not be construed as an endorsement of the products mentioned. It is the responsibility of the treating physician or other health care provider, relying on independent experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine drug dosages and the best treatment for the patient. Readers are advised to check the appropriate medical literature and the product information currently provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify approved uses, the dosage, method, and duration of administration, or contraindications. Readers are also encouraged to contact the manufacturer with questions about the features or limitations of any products. ASCO and JGO assume no responsibility for any injury or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this publication or to any errors or omissions. Readers should contact the corresponding author with any comments related to Data Supplement materials.
Methodology Supplement
Authors' Disclosures of Potential Conflicts of Interest
Linus T. Chuang
Sarah Temin
Rolando Camacho
Alfonso Dueñas-Gonzalez
Sarah Feldman
Murat Gultekin
Vandana Gupta
Susan Horton
Graciela Jacob
Elizabeth A. Kidd
Kennedy Lishimpi
Carolyn Nakisige
Joo-Hyun Nam
Hextan Yuen Sheung Ngan
William Small
Gillian Thomas
Jonathan S. Berek
Appendix
Setting | |||
---|---|---|---|
Basic | Limited | Enhanced | Maximal |
Core resources or fundamental services absolutely necessary for any gynecologic health care system to function; basic-level services are typically applied in a single clinical interaction | Second-tier resources or services that produce major improvements in outcome, such as increased survival, but that are attainable with limited financial means and modest infrastructure; limited-level services may involve single or multiple clinical interactions | Third-tier resources or services that are optional but important; enhanced-level resources may produce minor improvements in outcome but increase the number and quality of therapeutic options and patient choices | May use guidelines for high-resource settings; high-level resources or services that may be used in some high-resource countries; this should be considered lower priority than those in the other settings based on cost or impracticality for limited-resource environment |
Member | Affiliation | Role or Area of Expertise |
---|---|---|
Jonathan S. Berek, MD, co-chair | Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA | Gynecologic oncology |
Linus T. Chuang, MD, co-Chair | Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY | Gynecologic oncology |
Rolando Camacho, MD | retired, Mallorca, Spain | Cancer control |
Alfonso Dueñas-Gonzalez, MD |
Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico | Medical oncology |
Sarah Feldman, MD | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA | Gynecologic oncology |
Murat Gultekin, MD | Turkish Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey | Cancer control and gynecologic oncology |
Susan Horton, PhD | University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada | Health economics |
Graciela Jacob, MD | Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina | Palliative care |
Elizabeth A. Kidd, MD | Stanford University, Stanford, CA | Radiation oncology |
Kennedy Lishimpi, MD | Cancer Diseases Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia | Medical oncology |
Carolyn Nakisige, MD | Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda | Medical oncology |
Joo-Hyun Nam, MD, PhD | Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea | Obstetrics and gynecology |
Hextan Yuen Sheung Ngan, MD |
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China | Obstetrics and gynecology |
William Small, MD | Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, IL | Radiation oncology |
Gillian Thomas, MD | Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada | Radiation oncology |
Vandana Gupta | V Care, Mumbai, India | Patient representative |
CLS | Stromal Invasion | Tumor size (cm) | No. (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
RT | No Additional Therapy | |||
Positive | Deep one-third | Any | 60 (43.0) | 68 (48.6) |
Positive | Middle one-third | ≥ 2 | 28 (20.4) | 37 (26.4) |
Negative | Deep or middle one-third | ≥ 4 | 48 (35.0) | 34 (29.3) |
Positive | Superficial one-third | ≥ 5 | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) |
Total | 137 (100.0) | 140 (100.0) |
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Journal of Global Oncology 2016 2:5, 311-340
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