Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study
Abstract
Background:
The relationship between coffee consumption and mortality in diverse European populations with variable coffee preparation methods is unclear.
Objective:
To examine whether coffee consumption is associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Design:
Prospective cohort study.
Setting:
10 European countries.
Participants:
521 330 persons enrolled in EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition).
Measurements:
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. The association of coffee consumption with serum biomarkers of liver function, inflammation, and metabolic health was evaluated in the EPIC Biomarkers subcohort (n = 14 800).
Results:
During a mean follow-up of 16.4 years, 41 693 deaths occurred. Compared with nonconsumers, participants in the highest quartile of coffee consumption had statistically significantly lower all-cause mortality (men: HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.82 to 0.95]; P for trend < 0.001; women: HR, 0.93 [CI, 0.87 to 0.98]; P for trend = 0.009). Inverse associations were also observed for digestive disease mortality for men (HR, 0.41 [CI, 0.32 to 0.54]; P for trend < 0.001) and women (HR, 0.60 [CI, 0.46 to 0.78]; P for trend < 0.001). Among women, there was a statistically significant inverse association of coffee drinking with circulatory disease mortality (HR, 0.78 [CI, 0.68 to 0.90]; P for trend < 0.001) and cerebrovascular disease mortality (HR, 0.70 [CI, 0.55 to 0.90]; P for trend = 0.002) and a positive association with ovarian cancer mortality (HR, 1.31 [CI, 1.07 to 1.61]; P for trend = 0.015). In the EPIC Biomarkers subcohort, higher coffee consumption was associated with lower serum alkaline phosphatase; alanine aminotransferase; aspartate aminotransferase; γ-glutamyltransferase; and, in women, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein(a), and glycated hemoglobin levels.
Limitations:
Reverse causality may have biased the findings; however, results did not differ after exclusion of participants who died within 8 years of baseline. Coffee-drinking habits were assessed only once.
Conclusion:
Coffee drinking was associated with reduced risk for death from various causes. This relationship did not vary by country.
Primary Funding Source:
European Commission Directorate-General for Health and Consumers and International Agency for Research on Cancer.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Annals of Internal Medicine
Volume 167 • Number 4 • 15 August 2017
Pages: 236 - 247
History
Published online: 11 July 2017
Published in issue: 15 August 2017
Keywords
- Aminotransferases
- Beverages
- Biochemistry
- Blood chemistry
- Brain diseases
- Cancer epidemiology
- Cerebrovascular diseases
- Diet
- Enzymes
- Enzymology
- Epidemiology
- High density lipoprotein
- Hospital medicine
- Lipoproteins
- Mortality
- Neurology
- Nutrition
- Population statistics
- Prevention, policy, and public health
- Proteins
- Pulmonary diseases
- Research and reporting methods
- Statistical methods
- Survival analysis
- Transferases
- Vital statistics
Copyright
© 2017 American College of Physicians.
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Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med.2017;167:236-247. [Epub 11 July 2017]. doi:10.7326/M16-2945
Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med.2017;167:236-247. [Epub 11 July 2017]. doi:10.7326/M16-2945
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